scholarly journals Change of the productive soil moisture amount under different agrophytocenoses in accordance with the used tillage system in short-term crop rotation

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
I. Prymak ◽  
M. Yermolaev ◽  
O. Panchenko ◽  
S. Obrajyy ◽  
M. Voytovik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Wheat Germination

The influence of four basic tillage systems and four fertilizer systems on changes in productive soil moisture and water consumption by agrophytocenoses was studied within years 2017–2020 in the fve-feld crop rotation on typical black soil (chernozems) of the Bila Tserkva NAU experimental feld. It is established that the productive moisture reserves in a meter layer of soil in the phase of soybean germination are almost the same for moldboard, differentiated, disk and shallow types of tillage, but quite lower for chisel one; in the phases of the budding beginning and maturity of grain this indicator is the lowest for moldboard tillage, and the highest for moldboardless tillage. In the phase of winter wheat germination, as well as earing and full ripeness of grain, this rate is almost at the same level for moldboard, differentiated and shallow tillage, and for chisel one – 9–12 % higher compared to the reference level; in the phase of spring vegetation restoration no noticeable difference between tillage options was recorded. In the phase of sunflower seedlings there was the largest amount of the productive moisture in a meter layer of soil in the conditions of moldboardless plowing; the rest of tillage have shown almost the same amount of productive moisture; in the phase of the flowering beginning and full maturity of seeds, they are 3–5 % higher for moldboardless plowing, and 2–3 and 4–6 % lower for differentiated and disk tillage respectively than the reference one. In the phases of tube yielding, earing and full ripeness of spring barley grain, it is 11, 5 and 4 % higher compared to the reference rate for moldboardless plowing, differentiated and disk tillage respectively. For moldboard, chisel, differentiated tillage and shallow tillage, the water consumption coefcient of soybeans was 109, 120, 113 and 131 mm/t respectively. With moldboardless, differentiated and disc tillage, it is 11,5 and 4 % higher in winter wheat, respectively, than the reference level. Crop rotation productivity for moldboard and differentiated tillage at the same level, and for moldboardless and disk – signifcantly lower. Key words: crop rotation, crop, tillage, fertilizers, productive moisture, water consumption coefcient, total water consumption, productivity.

Integration of Weed Management and Tillage Practices in Spring Barley Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew J. Lyon ◽  
Frank L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tillage System

Spring barley can be used to diversify and intensify winter wheat-based production systems in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of tillage system and weed management level (WML) on weed control and spring barley grain yield when grown in a winter wheat-spring barley-spring dry pea rotation. A long-term integrated pest management field study examined the effects of three WMLs (minimum, moderate, and maximum) and two tillage systems (conservation and conventional) on weed control and barley grain yield. Total weed biomass at harvest was 8.0 and 59.7 g m−2for the maximum and minimum WMLs, respectively, in the conservation tillage system, but was similar and averaged 12.2 g m−2for all three WMLs in the conventional tillage system. Despite greater weed biomass with minimum weed management in the conservation tillage system, barley grain yields averaged 5,060 and 4,780 kg ha−1for the conservation tillage and conventional tillage systems, respectively. The benefits of conservation tillage require adequate herbicide inputs.

Results from experiments with winter wheat, spring barley and grass, comparing a liquid N-fertilizer either alone or with added herbicide, and top-dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ without or with herbicide sprayed alone

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
S. C. R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Better Than

SummaryDuring 1970–3 three experiments with winter wheat, three with spring barley, two with permanent grass and one with perennial ryegrass measured the effects of a liquid N-fertilizer (26% N) sprayed over the leaves either alone or with a herbicide added to it. ‘Nitro-Chalk’ (21% N) was used as the standard for comparison. The liquid N-fertilizer was made from urea and ammonium nitrate; the herbicide was a mixture of dichlorprop and MCPA. Each experiment tested all combinations of the two N fertilizers applied to give 38, 75 or 113 kg N/ha without the herbicide and with either 2·8, 5·6 (recommended dose) or 8·4 1/ha of herbicide. The 24 treatments were applied to winter wheat at growth stages 4–5 of the Feekes scale, to barley at growth stage 5 and to grass in late spring and again to regrowth after cutting.Herbicide alone sometimes scorched the leaves but seldom badly. Liquid N-fertilizer nearly always scorched the leaves and the amount of scorch was increased by adding herbicide; scorch also was increased by increasing the amount of either and so was most severe when most liquid fertilizer and most herbicide were sprayed together; this damage did not decrease yields appreciably except when only 38 kg N/ha was given.Spraying the herbicide with the liquid fertilizer always gave slightly better weed control than herbicide alone in the wheat, but not always in the barley; in the grass, weed control was no better than from herbicide alone.‘Nitro-Chalk’ gave larger yields of wheat grain than the liquid N-fertilizer did in seven of nine comparisons without herbicide and in 20 of 27 with it, of barley grain in five of nine comparisons without herbicide and in 15 of 27 with it, of permanent grass in 25 of 27 comparisons without herbicide and in 70 of 81 with it, and of perennial ryegrass in nine of nine comparisons without herbicide and in 25 of 27 with it. Thus herbicide did not alter the advantage that ‘Nitro-Chalk’ had.Percentages of N in the crops were larger with ‘Nitro-Chalk’ than with the liquid N-fertilizer but were changed little by herbicide.

scholarly journals Crop rotation yield depending on from the receptions of biologization

2021 ◽  
Vol 344 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
E. V. Seminchenko
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Negative Balance ◽  
Pure Steam

Among the methods of cultivation that increase the productivity of crops, a prominent role is assigned to crop rotation. In a properly constructed crop rotation, the efficiency of all agrotechnical methods aimed at improving the use of land increases, the biological needs of crops are satisfied, the rational use of technology is achieved, and the cost of production is reduced [1]. The soils are low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and high in potassium. The humus content is 1.2–2.0%, pH = 7–8. Studies have shown that green manure (sweet clover, oats, phacelia) have a positive effect on the balance of organic matter. The negative balance of organic matter is noted for pure steam. The stock of productive moisture in the 0–0.3 cm soil layer varied from 4.1 to 29.5 mm for winter wheat, 28.1–32.7 mm for chickpea and 28–35.3 mm for spring barley, depending on the weather conditions. conditions and methods of biologization. On average, over three years, the highest yield was in winter wheat for a busy fallow (phacelia) and amounted to 1.0 t/ha, which depended on weather conditions. A reliable correlation was revealed for the factors of yield-precipitation; temperature; batteries, etc.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY OF PERENNIAL LEGUMES AS PRECURSORS OF WINTER WHEAT GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Serhii Razanov
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Intensive Farming

The aim of the research was to study the effect of the inclusion of different types of perennial leguminous plants as winter wheat precursors in the crop rotation on the rate of accumulation of heavy metals in the soil compared to traditional winter wheat predecessors. The objectives of the research are to develop measures to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils under conditions of modern crop rotation, limited by the number of crops grown and winter wheat. The accumulations of heavy metals in soils were calculated during the cultivation of the main crops of crop rotation with intensive fertilizer. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil was determined before and after the cultivation of legume precursors. Field studies were carried out during 2013-2017. On gray podzolized medium loamy soils of the Agronomichesky Research Institute of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. We calculated the volumes of heavy metals with optimal rates of mineral fertilizer application for the most common types of crops grown in crop rotation. Four types of perennial grasses were sown: sowing alfalfa, meadow clover, horned lamb, sainfoin and eastern goatskin. After their four years of use, winter wheat was sown. The control was the predecessors in the following sequence: winter wheat - sunflower - winter wheat - corn. Laboratory studies of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in soil were carried out in the Vinnytsia branch of the State Center for the Protection of Soil Fertility. Analysis of soil contamination with heavy metals during fertilization of major cereals showed that the amount of mineral fertilizers is from 257 kg/ha to 571 kg/ha for ammonium nitrate, from 175 to 225 kg/ha for double superphosphate and from 58 to 75 kg/ha on potassium chloride. According to the volume of mineral fertilizers used in the cultivation of winter wheat, 1944 mg / ha of lead and 339 mg / ha of cadmium enter the soil. Of these, with ammonium nitrate - 51.4% and 7.4%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41.3% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.3%. When growing corn per 1 ha with mineral fertilizers, 2357 mg of lead and 434 mg of cadmium are applied, of which with ammonium nitrate - 48.4% and 6.7%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 42% and 41% and with potassium chloride. - 9.6% and 51.8%. Cultivation of spring barley leads to the receipt of mineral fertilizers to soils 1458 mg/ha of lead and 327 mg/ha of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 35.2% and 4.0%, with double superphosphate - 52.8% and 42.8% and with potassium chloride - 12.0% and 53.2%. Mineral fertilization of winter rape leads to the entry into the soil per 1 ha of 2223 mg of lead and 390 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 51.4% and 7.4%, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.5%. With mineral fertilizers for growing sunflower in the soil per 1 ha gets 2073 mg of lead and 427 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 41.4% and 5.2%, double superphosphate - 47.8% and 42.2 % and potassium chloride - 10.8% and 52.6%. The positive effect of growing leguminous perennial herbs on the decrease in the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and grain of winter wheat has been established. Under the conditions of intensive farming by Vinnitskaya, lead and cadmium fall into the soil for the use of mineral fertilizers in accordance with 1944 mg/ha and 339 mg/ha for growing winter wheat, 2357 mg/ha and 434 mg/ha for growing corn, 1458 mg/ha and 327 mg/ha when growing spring barley, 2223 mg/ha and 390 mg/ha when growing sunflower. The four-year cultivation of perennial leguminous grasses under intensive farming reduced the concentration of lead in the soil from 1.33 to 3.2 times and cadmium from 37 to 54 times compared with cereal crops, which contributed to improving the quality of winter wheat grain by reducing the concentration of lead from 1 7 to 2.4 times and cadmium from 1.4 times to 2.1 times. Key words: legumes, precursors, winter wheat, heavy metals, pollution.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE LINKS OF FIELD CROP ROTATION ON THE AGROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Екатерина Данилец ◽  
Ekaterina Danilec
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Peasant Farm ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Aggregate Composition

The influence of the links of field crop rotation on the agrophysical properties of the soil in the zone of unstable moistening is relevant. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the obtained recommendations by enterprises in the cultivation of crops in order to obtain stable yields in the zone of unstable moisture. The experiment was conducted in the zone of unstable moisture in 2015-2018 on the plots of “Yurchenko” farm. The cultivation of winter wheat in a clean pair, leguminous crops, flax and in re-sowing in the zone of unstable moistening of Stavropol territory is analyzed. A study was conducted of the effect of the links of field crop rotation on the aggregate composition, water resistance and soil moisture. During the years of research, flax as a precursor of winter wheat showed a decrease in the coefficient of soil structure and the formation of a lumpy fraction. Pea is a favorable predecessor that increases the agrophysical properties of the soil. Improving the crop rotation in the “Yurchenko” peasant farm in the Aleksandrovsky district will improve the agrophysical indicators of soil fertility, therefore, to get higher yields and cultivate winter wheat profitably.

scholarly journals The effect of soil conservation tillage on soil moisture dynamics under single cropping and crop rotation

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kováč ◽  
M. Macák ◽  
M. Švančárková
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Moisture Dynamics ◽  
No Till ◽  
Moisture Dynamics

During 1993–1995 the effect of conventional tillage, reduced till, mulch till and no-till technology on soil moisture dynamics has been studied in field experiment on Haplic chernozems near Piešťany. The tillage treatments were evaluated under a single cropping of maize and spring barley – common peas – winter wheat crop rotation. Soil samples for gravimetric determination of moisture content were collected from six layers up to 0.8 m, three times per year (April–July). The soil moisture was highly significantly influenced in order of importance by date of sampling, year, growing crops, tillage treatments, soil layer and by interactions year × crops, year × date of sampling, crops × date of sampling, tillage × date of sampling, year × tillage, date of sampling × layer and significant influences by interactions, tillage × crops. The soil under conventional tillage had significantly higher moisture content than tested reduced till, mulch till and no-till treatments. The significant influence of maize stand on better soil humidity condition (16.35%) in comparison to crops grown in a crop rotation (in average 14.10%) has been ascertained.

scholarly journals Effect of leguminous crop and fertilization on soil organic carbon in 30-years field experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pikuła ◽  
A. Rutkowska
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Organic Carbon Content

The paper presents the results of over 30-years of field experiment on soil organic carbon accumulation under different crop rotation, manure and mineral N fertilization. The experiment was conducted with two crop rotations: A – recognized as soil exhausting from humus (potatoes, winter wheat, spring barley and corn) and B enriching soil with humus (potatoes, winter wheat, spring barley, and clover with grass mixture). In each crop rotation, five rates of manure – 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t/ha and four rates of mineral fertilizers N1, N2, N3 and N4 were applied. At the beginning of the experiment in 1979, the initial organic carbon content amounted to 0.74%, and after 33 years dropped to 0.61% in crop rotation without legumes. On the contrary, in crop rotation with clover – grass mixture, the tendency to stabilization of organic carbon quantity in soil was observed with the highest value 0.79% and the lowest one 0.72%. It was found that crop rotation enriching soil with humus produced organic matter ever more than those depleting the soil with humus, regardless of the manure fertilization. Mineral fertilization has modified soil organic carbon content.

scholarly journals Taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices in assessment of weed communities

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-258
Author(s):  
Magdalena Jastrzębska ◽  
Maria Wanic ◽  
Wiesław P. Jastrzębski ◽  
Marta K. Kostrzewska
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Taxonomic Distinctness ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Barley Crop

This paper contains an analysis of taxonomic weed biodiversity in the cultivation of spring barley in the period of 1990-2004, grown in crop rotation after potato with a 25% share of this cereal (potato - spring barley - field pea - winter triticale) as well as in crop rotation with its 75% share (potato - spring barley - spring barley - spring barley) in which barley was grown once and twice after the same barley crop. No weed control was used in the present experiment. Every year in the spring (at full emergence of the cereal crop) and before harvest, the species composition and the numbers of individual weed species were determined, as well as weed biomass before harvest. On this basis, the taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices were calculated. Potato/barley crop rotation with a 25% share of this cereal and growing spring barley once and twice after the same barley crop did not differentiate taxonomic weed biodiversity. However, it was positively correlated with rainfall abundance during the growing season and negatively correlated with mean temperature. The taxonomic diversity indices were positively correlated with species richness and species diversity, whereas the taxonomic distinctness indices did not generally show any relationship with these measures. Spring barley grain yield did not depend on taxonomic biodiversity of weed communities.

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