A relationship between thyroid activity, acetate infusion and food intake in rams

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
B. E. A. Borhami ◽  
K. El-Shazly
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

SUMMARYSix mature rams were used in a 6 × 6 latin square experiment. They were put on a high concentrate ad lib. diet. Voluntary food intake was measured on the rams which received the following treatments: control, thiouracil, sodium acetate, thyroxine, sodium acetate plus thiouracil and sodium acetate plus thyroxine. Acetate was infused intraruminally at the level of 6·2 g/kg W0·75 per day for 4 successive days. Thyroxine was injected subcutaneously at the level of 0·3, 0·6, 0·9 and 0·9 mg/kg W0·75/day successively. Thiouracil was given orally as the propionyl derivative at a level of 0·03, 0·06, 0·06 and 0·06 g/kg W0·75/day successively.Respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature were measured before and 1 h after dosing. A period of at least 25 days was allowed between the trials. All the results were calculated as feed intake (g dry matter)/kg W0·75.Injection of thyroxine, sodium acetate and both together inhibited food intake significantly. Thiouracil showed no significant effect on feed intake but it relieved part of the depression caused by acetate. Pulse rate showed significant differences between treatments but rectal temperature and respiration rate did not change significantly. The results are discussed in the text.

scholarly journals Critical Temperature-Humidity Index Thresholds for Dry Cows in a Subtropical Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Ouellet ◽  
Izabella M. Toledo ◽  
Bethany Dado-Senn ◽  
Geoffrey E. Dahl ◽  
Jimena Laporta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Environmental Indices ◽  
Temperature Humidity Index ◽  
Humidity Index

The effects of heat stress on dry cows are profound and significantly contribute to lower overall welfare, productivity, and profitability of the dairy sector. Although dry cows are more thermotolerant than lactating cows due to their non-lactating state, similar environmental thresholds are currently used to estimate the degree of heat strain and cooling requirements. Records of dry cow studies conducted over 5 years in Gainesville, Florida, USA were pooled and analyzed to determine environmental thresholds at which dry cows exhibit signs of heat stress in a subtropical climate. Dry-pregnant multiparous dams were actively cooled (CL; shade of a freestall barn, fans and water soakers, n = 107) or not (HT; shade only, n = 111) during the last 7 weeks of gestation, concurrent with the entire dry period. Heat stress environmental indices, including ambient temperature, relative humidity, and temperature-humidity index (THI), and animal-based indices, including respiration rate, rectal temperature and daily dry matter intake were recorded in all studies. Simple correlations were performed between temperature-humidity index and each animal-based indicator. Differences in respiration rate, rectal temperature and dry matter intake between treatments were analyzed by multiple regression. Using segmented regression, temperature-humidity thresholds for significant changes in animal-based indicators of heat stress were estimated. Stronger significant correlations were found between the temperature-humidity index and all animal-based indices measured in HT dry cows (−0.22 ≤ r ≤ 0.35) relative to CL dry cows (−0.13 ≤ r ≤ 0.19). Although exposed to similar temperature-humidity index, rectal temperature (+0.3°C; P < 0.001) and respiration rate (+23 breaths/min; P < 0.001) were elevated in HT dry cows compared with CL cows whereas dry matter intake (−0.4 kg of dry matter/d; P = 0.003) was reduced. Temperature-humidity index thresholds at which respiration rate and rectal temperature began to change were both determined at a THI of 77 in HT dry cows. No significant temperature-humidity threshold was detected for dry matter intake. At a practical level, our results demonstrate that dry cow respiration rate and rectal temperature increased abruptly at a THI of 77 when provided only shade and managed in a subtropical climate. Therefore, in the absence of active cooling, dry cows should be closely monitored when or before THI reaches 77 to avoid further heat-stress related impairments during the dry period and the subsequent lactation and to mitigate potential carry-over effects on the offspring.

scholarly journals Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo S Goulart ◽  
Ricardo A M Vieira ◽  
Joao L P Daniel ◽  
Rafael C Amaral ◽  
Vanessa P Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Residence Times

Abstract The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of source and concentration of α-amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) from roughage on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics in beef cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets: 10% aNDF from corn silage (10CS); 20% aNDF from corn silage (20CS); or four diets containing 10% aNDF from corn silage and 10% aNDF from one of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). The parameters of passage and degradation kinetics were estimated based on a two-compartmental model with gamma- and exponential-distributed residence times. The nonlinear models were fitted by nonlinear least squares, and a linear mixed-effects model was fitted to all variables measured from the Latin square design that were related to intake, digestibility, digestion kinetic parameters, and residence times. Mean particle size (MPS) between roughage sources (CS, SCB, and SC) and coproducts (SH and LOCH) was affected (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SC, SH, or LOCH. Steers fed 20CS or LOCH diets had 16% and 20% greater DMI, respectively, (P < 0.05) than steers fed 10CS diet. Steers fed SCB consumed the least dry matter (DM). The SH and LOCH diets had lower MPS values (about 8.77 mm) in comparison to 20CS, SCB, and SC diets (about 13.08 mm) and, consequently, affected (P < 0.05) rumen content, ruminal in situ disappearance, nutrient digestibility, and solid fractional passage rate. Chewing time was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage sources and concentration. Lower values of distance travel inside the rumen (min/cm) were observed (P < 0.05) for the SCB and SC diets in comparison with any other diet. Except for SCB, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in rumen fill, among other treatments. Mean daily ruminal pH was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SCB, SC, and LOCH diets, and it ranged from 6.1 to 6.23. Total short-chain fatty acids concentration was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage source and concentration. Based on our results, we recommend that under Brazilian finishing diets, replacing roughage sources, except for SCB, based on aNDF concentration of the roughage in high-concentrate diets containing finely ground flint corn does not affect DMI.

The effect of increased rectal temperature on nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross and Shorthorn X Hereford steers fed on lucerne chaff

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

A study was made of the effect on nitrogen metabolism of increasing the rectal temperature of Brahman cross and British steers on controlled feed intake. When the rectal temperature of the British steers was 1.3 °C higher than that of the Brahman cross steers, they excreted 13.5 g urinary nitrogen per day more than the Brahman cross. When the Brahman cross steers had a rectal temperature 1.3 °C higher than the British, they excreted 8.7 g urinary nitrogen per day more than the British steers. At the same nitrogen intake there was no significant breed difference in the increase in urinary nitrogen per degree rise in rectal temperature. Increasing the rectal temperature had a small effect on appetite but did not affect the apparent nitrogen digestibility; the concentration of nitrogen in the faecal dry matter was higher under the heat treatment. The ambient temperature at which rectal temperatures were increased by 1.3 °C was about 31°C for the British steers and 45° for the Brahman cross steers. At the increased rectal temperature the Brahman cross steers drank significantly more water than the British steers although faecal and urinary water losses were similar.

Effect of humidity and exposure to sun on the pulse rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature and haemoglobin level in different sexes of cattle and buffalo

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Mullick
Keyword(s):  
Haemoglobin Level ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Dairy Animal

Observations in the shed were made for 3 years on groups of cattle and buffaloes of both sexes for pulse rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature and haemoglobin level during the summer months under low and high humid conditions.The average figures for these physiological reactions were always less for buffaloes than for cattle under both dry and humid conditions.Under high humidity conditions cattle cows showed a significant increase in the pulse rate and decrease in rectal temperature whereas respiration rate remained unchanged. In the buffalo cows these physiological reactions showed less change. In both the haemoglobin level was significantly lower during the rainy season.On exposure to direct sun, the buffalo reacted very badly; the Iberia index was 88 for cattle and 61 for buffalo.Because of the smaller variation in the physiological reactions due to increase in humidity at higher temperature in buffaloes (85–93° F.), this species may be considered a better dairy animal than cattle in humid tropical zones if they are protected from direct sun, which can be easily done by altering the time of grazing from day to night.

Food intake and ruminal osmolality in sheep: differentiation of the effect of osmolality from that of the products of maize silage fermentation

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Phillip ◽  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith ◽  
W. L. Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Ruminal Contractions

SUMMARYFive rumen-cannulated Cheviot lambs were used in two successive experiments to differentiate the effect of osmolality from the specific effects of the soluble compounds in maize silage on voluntary intake and ruminal motility. In Expt 1, extracts from fresh (FCE) and ensiled (CSE) maize were adjusted to pH 6·5 andtonicities of 200, 400, 800, and 1600 m-osmol/kg with NaCl, then infused into the rumen according to a 5×5 repeated latin-square design. Water was infused as the control. In Expt 2 solutions of NaCl, with tonicities similar to those in Expt 1, were also infused into the rumen. The lambs were fed ad libitum a diet of pelleted lucerne, but on the morning of infusion they were deprived of food for 4 h and infused continuously for 4 h commencing after 1 h of food deprivation. The infusion of FCE and CSE resulted in no significant difference in cumulative dry matter (D.M.) intake. However, increasing the tonicities of the infusates caused a linear increase (P < 0·05) in ruminal osmolality and a corresponding linear reduction in food intake during the first 30 min of feeding. Infusion of NaCl alone produced a similar effect on intake. The linear regression coefficients of food intake (Y) (g D.M./kg W0·75) against rumen osmolality (X) (m-osmol/kg) were –0·077±0·0085 (r2 = 0·78), –0·082±0·0095 (r2 = 0·76) and –0·073±0·0065 (r2 = 0·84) for FCE, CSE and NaCl, respectively, with no significant differences among the infusates. The frequencies of ruminal contractions during the infusion of FCE and CSE were similar (P > 0·05) and were unaffected (P > 0·05) by ruminal osmolality up to 550 m-osmol.

Seasonal variation of voluntary food intake and metabolic rate in three contrasting breeds of sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Iason ◽  
D. A. Sim ◽  
E. Foreman ◽  
P. Fenn ◽  
D. A. Elston
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractVoluntary food intake (VFI) of chopped timothy hay and metabolic rate were each measured in each month of the year in six non-breeding ewes of each of three breeds. Metabolic rate was measured using indirect calorimetry over a range of food intakes and adjusted for intake to an estimated maintenance metabolic rate (MMR). The breeds compared were the Dorset Horn (DT), Scottish Blackface (BF) and Shetland (SH), the first being less seasonal in reproductive and other characteristics than the other two which are hill or northern latitude breeds. There was significant overall variation between months in VFI which was higher in the summer (July to September) than in the winter (December to February) months (P < 0·001). There was a significant breed × month interaction (P < 0·01), the seasonal effect being most strongly observed in the BF and SH ewes, whose VFI in summer was proportionately 0-1 greater than the year-round mean but was 0-1 lower in the winter. The DT ewes showed much less seasonal variation in VFI. There was no overall difference in VFI between breeeds (DT: 43-7; BF: 49-5; SH: 48-1 g dry matter per M075 live weight per day, P > 0·1). Although MMR varied significantly between months (P < 0·001), there was no systematic variation between summer and winter. There was no significant breed × month interaction, but the MMR differed significantly (P < 0·001) between breeds giving a high overall MMR in BF (DT: 322-7; BF: 356-6; SH: 324-5 kf/kg M0·75 per day). No significant correlation existed (P > 0·05) between the monthly mean MMR and VFI in any of the breeds. The causal relationship between seasonal cycles of basal metabolic rate and VFI is questioned.

scholarly journals Evaluation of poultry litter on sorghum straw intake and dry matter disappearance using dry cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 584-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Álvarez Zapata ◽  
Jorge Combellas Láres
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Liquid Ammonia ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sorghum Straw

An experiment was carried out to evaluate supplementation of sorghum straw (SS) with poultry litter (PL) in a single offering/day, and minerals and their effects on feed intake, sorghum straw dry matter disappearance (DMD) in nylon bags and rumen liquid ammonia N concentration. A 4x4 latin square design with 17-day periods and four rumen fistulated stalled cows was used to compare four treatments: (0) SS alone, (M) SS + mineral mixture offered ad libitum (P) SS + 1 kg/day of a concentrate with 83.5 % PL and (PM) SS + supplements used in M and P. The concentrate was offered in one meal and rumen N concentration increased to just over 100 mg/L between 1 and 3 h after feeding, decreasing to less than 50 mg/L after 7 h, levels similar to those on treatments without PL. Dry matter disappearance at 72 h and feed intake increased by the addition of concentrate, but not by mineral supplementation. These results show that the effect of supplementation with PL was due mainly to degradable nitrogen and not by the minerals. A single offering/day is not enough to maintain recommended ammonia N concentrations during most of the day.

scholarly journals Feed intake of sheep receiving ration with addition of passion fruit peel meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar ◽  
Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽  
Gabriel Maciel Nunes ◽  
Jocilaine Garcia ◽  
Joilma Toniolo Honório De Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Breed Sheep

Part of the costs of animal production is food, and consequently, several alternatives have been examined for use as co-products, such as passion fruit peel meal (PFP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter (DMI), nutrient intake, feeding behavior, and physiological parameters of sheep receiving PFP in their ration. Four mixed breed sheep were with a mean body weight of 38.4 kg and distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square. The experimental diet was formulated with 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis), to contain 16% crude protein (CP) and 70% total digestible nutrients, with the addition of PFM to the feed at 0%, 1.6%, 5.8%, and 8.9% based on DMI. The addition of PFP did not affect (P > 0.05) DMI and nutrients, with an average DMI of 838.51 g d-1, 2.21% of body weight, and 54.59 g kg-0.75. The addition of PFP to the ration did not change the feed intake of DM and nutrients. The PFP did not change the ingestive behavior of sheep during the dawn, morning, and afternoon. However, an increase in the intake time and leisure time was observed during the night. PFP did not influence any of the physiological variables; however, the high temperature during the execution of the experiment caused animal discomfort both in the morning and in the afternoon.

scholarly journals PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF ETAWAH CROSSBRED PREGNANT GOAT ON SUPPLEMENTATION OF KATUK LEAVE MEAL (SAUROPUS ANDROGYNUS )AND ZN BIOCOMPLEX

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yacob Robert Noach ◽  
Heroini Titi Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Random Design ◽  
Variance Result

The experiment aimed  to know the physiological response of Etawah Crossbred pregnant goat were fed katuk  leave meal (Sauropus androgynus) and Zn biocomplex as supplement. Sixteen heads of Ettawa crossbred pregnant goat in early third  months pregnancy were used in this experiment with 38 ± 2.3 kg of body weight. Completely random design with  4 treatments and  4 replications were applied in this experiment. Those treatment were,  R0: farmer pattern fed (Leucaena + 0.5kg consentrate; R1: farmer pattern fed + 77.5g of katuk leave meal; R2: R1 + Zn biocomplex 1.03g/kg consentrate; dan R3: R1 + Zn biocomplex 2.06g/kg consentrate. Variable measured consist of  the respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature, using conventional method. Data were tabulated and analized by analysis of variance. Result showed that treatment have significant effect on respiration rate (P<.01)  but no significant on pulse rate and rectal temperature of Ettawa crossbred pregnant goat. The average of respiration rate  R0 to R3 were: 58.21;59.88; 61.80 and 63.31 breath/minute, respectively; average of pulse rate  R0 to R3 were: 79.0; 79.85;81.1 dan 82.1 breath/minute; average of rectal temperature  R0 to R3were:  38.3; 37.55; 38.27 and 38.36oC.  It can be concluded that there was increase in repiration rate of Etawah Crossbred pregnant goat due to supplementation of katuk leave meal and Zn biocomplex.

scholarly journals Effects of chromium supplementation on physiology, feed intake, and insulin related metabolism in growing pigs subjected to heat stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Liu ◽  
J. J. Cottrell ◽  
U. Wijesiriwardana ◽  
F. W. Kelly ◽  
S. S. Chauhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Intravenous Glucose

Abstract Improving insulin sensitivity may reduce impacts of heat stress (HS) in pigs by facilitating heat dissipation. Chromium (Cr) has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity in pigs. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate whether Cr supplementation can mitigate HS in growing pigs. Thirty-six gilts were randomly assigned to 2 diets containing 0 (control) or 400 ppb Cr. After 14 d the supplemented pigs were allocated to either 8 d thermoneutral (20°C constant; TN) or cyclic HS (35°C, 0900 h to 1700 h) conditions and continued their respective diet (n = 9 per group). Growth performance was recorded during the 14-d supplementation period. The physiological responses to HS were monitored by measuring respiration rate, rectal temperature, blood gas chemistry, and feed intake during thermal exposure. Kinetics of plasma glucose, insulin and NEFA were studied by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) on d 8 of thermal treatment. Results showed Cr alleviated the HS-increased rectal temperature (P &lt; 0.05) and respiration rate (P &lt; 0.01) at 1300 h and 1600 h during thermal exposure. However, Cr did not mitigate the reduction in average daily feed intake which was reduced by 35% during HS or the HS-induced respiratory alkalosis. Chromium tended to increase average daily gain (0.86 vs. 0.95 kg, P = 0.070) during the 14-d supplementation under TN conditions before thermal exposure, which might be associated with the potential of Cr in improving overall insulin sensitivity, as evidenced by a reduced insulin resistance index calculated by Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR; 0.65 vs. 0.51, P = 0.013) and a tendency of reduced fasting plasma insulin concentration (1.97 vs. 1.67 μU/mL, P = 0.094). Heat stress decreased the acute insulin releasing rate (P = 0.012) and consequently slowed glucose clearance rate (P = 0.035) during IVGTT. Besides, HS enlarged the values of area under the curve of NEFA during IVGTT (P &lt; 0.01), indicating a reduced lipid mobilization. In conclusion, HS reduced insulin response to IVGTT. Chromium supplementation exhibited a potential in improving insulin sensitivity and mitigating HS symptoms in growing pigs.

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