The effects of breed, breeding system and other factors on lamb mortality: 4. Factors influencing the incidence of infectious and non-infectious diseases as causes of death

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. M. Macleod ◽  
G. Wiener ◽  
Carol Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Fusobacterium Necrophorum ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Cross

SUMMARYThe incidence of various infectious and non-infectious diseases as causes of death in lambs up to 8 months of age was studied in relation to breed, inbreeding and other factors. The data from an upland grazing flock covered 6 years and involved the Scottish Blackface, Cheviot and Welsh Mountain breeds and the crosses among them.Infectious and non-infectious diseases were directly responsible for almost a quarter of the mortality and their presence contributed to many more deaths. The organisms mainly responsible were Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp. and Fusobacterium necrophorum.The incidence of infectious diseases in general and enteritis in particular varied significantly between the breeds and was lower in the cross-breds than in the purebreds. Variation between the breeds in the incidence of non-infectious diseases was statistically significant only in respect of digestive upsets for which there was a similar ranking of breeds to that for infectious disease.Inbreeding of the lamb (25–59%) significantly increased the incidence of infectious diseases, especially respiratory diseases, but not of non-infectious diseases. There was little difference between singles and twins in susceptibility to disease. The lower the birth weight of the lamb the greater the risk, particularly of non-infectious disease.

The effects of breed, breeding system and other factors on lamb mortality: 3. Factors influencing the incidence of weakly lambs as a cause of death

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Woolliams ◽  
G. Wiener ◽  
N. S. M. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Line Cross ◽  
Low Incidence

SUMMARYThe incidence of lamb mortality from weakness at birth, underdevelopment, exposure and starvation was examined over 6 years in an upland flock and analysed in relation to breed, breeding system and other factors. These causes accounted for more than a quarter of the deaths and contributed to many more.The frequency of death due to these causes was greater in lambs light at birth. The incidence of these causes of death differed significantly between the breeds, Scottish Blackface, Cheviot and Welsh Mountain and their crosses, but for the separate categories breed variation was significant only for the incidence of death by starvation, which was also less frequent in cross-breds than purebreds. Mortality from several of these causes was increased by inbreeding (25–59%), but decreased by crossing inbred lines. Lambs born to line-cross or other non-inbred dams had a relatively low incidence of these various causes of death. For underdeveloped lambs variation due to maternal inbreeding was significant. When classes were adjusted for difference in birth weight, breed variation in mortality was greatly enhanced but variation due to inbreeding much reduced.Slightly more twins than single-born lambs died from these causes and triplets fared worst, but such variation was significant only for death from exposure. Mortality from these causes varied significantly with parity of dam, being highest in the first, and mortality in males was slightly but not significantly higher than in females.

The effects of breed, breeding system and other factors on lamb mortality: 1. Causes of death and effects on the incidence of losses

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wiener ◽  
Carol Woolliams ◽  
N. S. M. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Upland Grassland ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYThe incidence of lamb mortality from birth to 8 months of age has been studied over a 6-year period in an upland, grassland flock of sheep comprising the Scottish Blackface, Cheviot and Welsh Mountain breeds and the crosses among these breeds. Each breed and cross-bred type was maintained at varying levels of inbreeding. Approximately half the lambs which died were stillborn or dead on the day of birth, nearly 40% died thereafter but before weaning and about 10% after weaning.Post-mortem examinations on 586 of the 632 lambs which died from among the 2453 born attributed death on average to two causes per lamb. Approximately 11% of the causes were stillbirths or delayed births; 11% were cases of dystokia; congenital defects of various types accounted for about 10% of the causes; 25% made reference to weakly lamb, exposure or starvation; 14% to infectious diseases and 16% to noninfectious diseases. The extent to which causes of death occur together is examined.Breeds differed in mortality rate with the Welsh the lowest and Cheviot the highest. Cross-breds were better than the average of the pure breeds but this advantage emerged only in the period between 3 days and. 6 weeks of age. Inbreeding, both of dam and of lamb, increased mortality. Lambs from dams which were crosses of inbred lines had the best survival. Litter size, type of rearing, parity of dam, sex of lamb and birth weight also had significant effects on mortality rate.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Response to Infectious Diseases: Focusing on the Case of SARS and MERS in South Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu-Myoung Lee ◽  
Kyujin Jung
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Disease Response ◽  
Response System ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Meta Analyses

Following the 2003 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea, this research aims to explore and examine the factors influencing the response to infectious diseases, which encompasses both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Through a qualitative research method, this research categorizes the factors as inputs, processes and outputs and applies them into the 2003 SARS and MERS outbreak in South Korea. As the results conducted meta-analyses to comprehensively analyze the correlations of factors influencing disaster response from a Korean context, the findings show that the legislative factor had direct and indirect influence on the overall process of infectious disease response and that Leadership of the central government, establishment of an intergovernmental response system, the need for communication, information sharing and disclosure and onsite response were identified as key factors influencing effective infectious disease response.

Infectious Disease-Related Deaths of Low Birth Weight Infants, United States, 1968 to 1982

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-303
Author(s):  
Janine M. Jason
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Tract Infections

Infant mortality rates in the United States are higher than in any other developed country. Low birth weight (LBW) is the primary determinant of infant mortality. Despite city, state, and federal programs to prevent LBW, decreases in infant mortality in the 1980s appear to be largely secondary to improved survival of LBW infants rather than to a decline in the rate of LBW births. Because prevention of mortality due to infectious disease is feasible, it was of interest to examine the role of infectious diseases in LBW infant mortality. US vital statistics mortality data for 1968 through 1982 were analyzed in terms of LBW infant mortality associated with infectious and noninfectious diseases. These analyses indicated that the rates of infectious disease-associated early neonatal and postneonatal LBW mortality increased during this time; late neonatal rates did not decline appreciably. Infectious diseases were associated with 4% of all LBW infant deaths in 1968; this had increased to 10% by 1982. Although LBW infant mortality rates associated with noninfectious diseases did not differ for white and black populations, infectious disease-associated mortality rates were consistently higher for blacks than whites in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Chorioamnionitis was involved in 28% of infectious disease-associated early neonatal LBW deaths. Sepsis was an increasingly listed cause of death in all infant age periods, whereas respiratory tract infections were decreasingly listed. Necrotizing enterocolitis increased as a cause of late neonatal mortality. These data suggest that infectious diseases are an increasing cause of LBW infant mortality and these deaths occur more frequently in the black population targeted by prevention programs. More research concerning specific causes and prevention of infections in the LBW infant may help reduce US infant mortality.

scholarly journals MAKALAH PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN TENTANG PENYAKIT MENULAR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addini Amira Putri
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
The World ◽  
Healthy Body

Purpose : infectious disease is a disease that must be wary of because it is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Some of the infectious diseases can be transmitted through the air, and in general, infectious diseases can cause death. This condition is getting worse with unhealthy environmental conditions that cause some acute infectious diseases that are dangerous to attack humans such as diseases originating in animals. hence, we must maintain a healthy body by maintaining personal hygiene and environment, eating healthy and nutritious food, and regular exercise. With that, we can avoid contracting infectious diseases or slow the spread.This disease can move from one person to another, transmission can occur directly or indirectly and can also be transmitted through intermediaries or liaison. Infectious diseases are usually characterized by the cause of a living disease and can move to attack the host (patient). Infectious diseases are caused by biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites and are not caused by physical factors such as burns or chemicals (poisoning).

Mechanisms involved in effects of antimicrobial peptides, bactenectins ChBac3.4, ChBac5, and mini-ChBac7.5Nb, on bacterial cells

2017 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
О.В. Шамова ◽  
М.С. Жаркова ◽  
П.М. Копейкин ◽  
Д.С. Орлов ◽  
Е.А. Корнева
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains

Антимикробные пептиды (АМП) системы врожденного иммунитета - соединения, играющие важную роль в патогенезе инфекционных заболеваний, так как обладают свойством инактивировать широкий спектр патогенных бактерий, обеспечивая противомикробную защиту живых организмов. В настоящее время АМП рассматриваются как потенциальные соединения-корректоры инфекционной патологии, вызываемой антибиотикорезистентными бактериями (АБР). Цель данной работы состояла в изученим механизмов антибактериального действия трех пептидов, принадлежащих к семейству бактенецинов - ChBac3.4, ChBac5 и mini-ChBac7.5Nb. Эти химически синтезированные пептиды являются аналогами природных пролин-богатых АМП, обнаруженных в лейкоцитах домашней козы Capra hircus и проявляющих высокую антимикробную активность, в том числе и в отношении грамотрицательных АБР. Методы. Минимальные ингибирующие и минимальные бактерицидные концентрации пептидов (МИК и МБК) определяли методом серийных разведений в жидкой питательной среде с последующим высевом на плотную питательную среду. Эффекты пептидов на проницаемость цитоплазматической мембраны бактерий для хромогенного маркера исследовали с использованием генетически модифицированного штамма Escherichia coli ML35p. Действие бактенецинов на метаболическую активность бактерий изучали с применением маркера резазурина. Результаты. Показано, что все исследованные пептиды проявляют высокую антимикробную активность в отношении Escherichia coli ML35p и антибиотикоустойчивых штаммов Escherichia coli ESBL и Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro, но их действие на бактериальные клетки разное. Использован комплекс методик, позволяющих наблюдать в режиме реального времени динамику действия бактенецинов в различных концентрациях (включая их МИК и МБК) на барьерную функцию цитоплазматической мембраны и на интенсивность метаболизма бактериальных клеток, что дало возможность выявить различия в характере воздействия бактенецинов, отличающихся по структуре молекулы, на исследуемые микроорганизмы. Установлено, что действие каждого из трех исследованных бактенецинов в бактерицидных концентрациях отличается по эффективности нарушения целостности бактериальных мембран и в скорости подавления метаболизма клеток. Заключение. Полученная информация дополнит существующие фундаментальные представления о механизмах действия пролин-богатых пептидов врожденного иммунитета, а также послужит основой для биотехнологических исследований, направленных на разработку на базе этих соединений новых антибиотических препаратов для коррекции инфекционных заболеваний, вызываемых АБР и являющимися причинами тяжелых внутрибольничных инфекций. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the innate immunity are compounds that play an important role in pathogenesis of infectious diseases due to their ability to inactivate a broad array of pathogenic bacteria, thereby providing anti-microbial host defense. AMPs are currently considered promising compounds for treatment of infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate molecular mechanisms of the antibacterial action of three peptides from the bactenecin family, ChBac3.4, ChBac5, and mini-ChBac7.5Nb. These chemically synthesized peptides are analogues of natural proline-rich AMPs previously discovered by the authors of the present study in leukocytes of the domestic goat, Capra hircus. These peptides exhibit a high antimicrobial activity, in particular, against antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Methods. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the peptides (MIC and MBC) were determined using the broth microdilution assay followed by subculturing on agar plates. Effects of the AMPs on bacterial cytoplasmic membrane permeability for a chromogenic marker were explored using a genetically modified strain, Escherichia coli ML35p. The effect of bactenecins on bacterial metabolic activity was studied using a resazurin marker. Results. All the studied peptides showed a high in vitro antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ML35p and antibiotic-resistant strains, Escherichia coli ESBL and Acinetobacter baumannii, but differed in features of their action on bacterial cells. The used combination of techniques allowed the real-time monitoring of effects of bactenecin at different concentrations (including their MIC and MBC) on the cell membrane barrier function and metabolic activity of bacteria. The differences in effects of these three structurally different bactenecins on the studied microorganisms implied that these peptides at bactericidal concentrations differed in their capability for disintegrating bacterial cell membranes and rate of inhibiting bacterial metabolism. Conclusion. The obtained information will supplement the existing basic concepts on mechanisms involved in effects of proline-rich peptides of the innate immunity. This information will also stimulate biotechnological research aimed at development of new antibiotics for treatment of infectious diseases, such as severe in-hospital infections, caused by antibiotic-resistant strains.

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