The effects of breed, breeding system and other factors on lamb mortality: 3. Factors influencing the incidence of weakly lambs as a cause of death

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Woolliams ◽  
G. Wiener ◽  
N. S. M. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Line Cross ◽  
Low Incidence

SUMMARYThe incidence of lamb mortality from weakness at birth, underdevelopment, exposure and starvation was examined over 6 years in an upland flock and analysed in relation to breed, breeding system and other factors. These causes accounted for more than a quarter of the deaths and contributed to many more.The frequency of death due to these causes was greater in lambs light at birth. The incidence of these causes of death differed significantly between the breeds, Scottish Blackface, Cheviot and Welsh Mountain and their crosses, but for the separate categories breed variation was significant only for the incidence of death by starvation, which was also less frequent in cross-breds than purebreds. Mortality from several of these causes was increased by inbreeding (25–59%), but decreased by crossing inbred lines. Lambs born to line-cross or other non-inbred dams had a relatively low incidence of these various causes of death. For underdeveloped lambs variation due to maternal inbreeding was significant. When classes were adjusted for difference in birth weight, breed variation in mortality was greatly enhanced but variation due to inbreeding much reduced.Slightly more twins than single-born lambs died from these causes and triplets fared worst, but such variation was significant only for death from exposure. Mortality from these causes varied significantly with parity of dam, being highest in the first, and mortality in males was slightly but not significantly higher than in females.

The effects of breed, breeding system and other factors on lamb mortality: 1. Causes of death and effects on the incidence of losses

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wiener ◽  
Carol Woolliams ◽  
N. S. M. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Upland Grassland ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYThe incidence of lamb mortality from birth to 8 months of age has been studied over a 6-year period in an upland, grassland flock of sheep comprising the Scottish Blackface, Cheviot and Welsh Mountain breeds and the crosses among these breeds. Each breed and cross-bred type was maintained at varying levels of inbreeding. Approximately half the lambs which died were stillborn or dead on the day of birth, nearly 40% died thereafter but before weaning and about 10% after weaning.Post-mortem examinations on 586 of the 632 lambs which died from among the 2453 born attributed death on average to two causes per lamb. Approximately 11% of the causes were stillbirths or delayed births; 11% were cases of dystokia; congenital defects of various types accounted for about 10% of the causes; 25% made reference to weakly lamb, exposure or starvation; 14% to infectious diseases and 16% to noninfectious diseases. The extent to which causes of death occur together is examined.Breeds differed in mortality rate with the Welsh the lowest and Cheviot the highest. Cross-breds were better than the average of the pure breeds but this advantage emerged only in the period between 3 days and. 6 weeks of age. Inbreeding, both of dam and of lamb, increased mortality. Lambs from dams which were crosses of inbred lines had the best survival. Litter size, type of rearing, parity of dam, sex of lamb and birth weight also had significant effects on mortality rate.

The effects of breed, breeding system and other factors on lamb mortality: 4. Factors influencing the incidence of infectious and non-infectious diseases as causes of death

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. M. Macleod ◽  
G. Wiener ◽  
Carol Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Fusobacterium Necrophorum ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Cross

SUMMARYThe incidence of various infectious and non-infectious diseases as causes of death in lambs up to 8 months of age was studied in relation to breed, inbreeding and other factors. The data from an upland grazing flock covered 6 years and involved the Scottish Blackface, Cheviot and Welsh Mountain breeds and the crosses among them.Infectious and non-infectious diseases were directly responsible for almost a quarter of the mortality and their presence contributed to many more deaths. The organisms mainly responsible were Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp. and Fusobacterium necrophorum.The incidence of infectious diseases in general and enteritis in particular varied significantly between the breeds and was lower in the cross-breds than in the purebreds. Variation between the breeds in the incidence of non-infectious diseases was statistically significant only in respect of digestive upsets for which there was a similar ranking of breeds to that for infectious disease.Inbreeding of the lamb (25–59%) significantly increased the incidence of infectious diseases, especially respiratory diseases, but not of non-infectious diseases. There was little difference between singles and twins in susceptibility to disease. The lower the birth weight of the lamb the greater the risk, particularly of non-infectious disease.

The effects of breed, breeding system and other factors on lamb mortality: 2. Factors influencing the incidence of delayed birth, dystokia, congenital defects and miscellaneous causes of early death

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Woolliams ◽  
G. Wiener ◽  
N. S. M. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Skeletal Defects ◽  
Brain Haemorrhage ◽  
Birth Type

SUMMARYThe incidence of a number of causes of death of lambs around the time of birth was examined in relation to breed, inbreeding, birth weight, birth type, sex of lamb, week of birth and parity. Data were from a grazing flock on an upland farm over a 6-year period. The breeds were the Scottish Blackface, Cheviot, and Welsh Mountain and the crosses among them. Each breed and cross was maintained at five levels of inbreeding ranging from zero to 59% inbreeding coefficient.The incidence of delayed birth varied significantly among the breeds and crosses with the Welsh having the lowest incidence. Compared with the pure breeds the crosses showed a lower incidence of both delayed birth and preparturient deaths, but significantly only for the latter.Dystokia was classified according to whether it arose from the relative dimensions of lamb and dam or from malpresentation. For both types the heaviest lambs had the highest incidence but the association with birth weight was much stronger for dystokia involving dimensions. Breed variation was not significant, but cross-breds had the highest frequency for the dimensions category and the lowest for malpresentation. Singles were at greater risk than twins as were lambs born to a first parity.Congenital defects as a cause of death were divided into six categories. Only skeletal defects varied significantly among breeds and the incidence increased with inbreeding, but crosses of inbred lines did not have the lowest frequency. For congenital defects overall and for hydrocephalus and hydronephrosis in particular, line crosses (noninbred) had the lowest incidence and 25% inbred lambs the highest, the frequency declining with further inbreeding. None of the other factors considered affected variation in the incidence of any of these defects to a significant extent.Liver rupture and brain haemorrhage were most frequent in heavy lambs, singles and lambs born to a first parity dam.

Factors influencing birth weight in newborns of diabetic and non-diabetic women a population based study

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fraser ◽  
S. Weitzman ◽  
J. R. Leiberman ◽  
E. Eschwege
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Factors Influencing

scholarly journals Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sefer Elezkurtaj ◽  
Selina Greuel ◽  
Jana Ihlow ◽  
Edward Georg Michaelis ◽  
Philip Bischoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Diffuse Alveolar Damage ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Full Body

AbstractInfection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has been associated with more than two million deaths worldwide. Patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome. However, detailed information on causes of death and the contribution of pre-existing health conditions to death yet is missing, which can be reliably established by autopsy only. We performed full body autopsies on 26 patients that had died after SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 at the Charité University Hospital Berlin, Germany, or at associated teaching hospitals. We systematically evaluated causes of death and pre-existing health conditions. Additionally, clinical records and death certificates were evaluated. We report findings on causes of death and comorbidities of 26 decedents that had clinically presented with severe COVID-19. We found that septic shock and multi organ failure was the most common immediate cause of death, often due to suppurative pulmonary infection. Respiratory failure due to diffuse alveolar damage presented as immediate cause of death in fewer cases. Several comorbidities, such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and obesity were present in the vast majority of patients. Our findings reveal that causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities. We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.

scholarly journals 643 Autopsy review of chimeric-antigen receptor T cell therapy: a single institution experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A680-A680
Author(s):  
KiBeom Kwon ◽  
David Woolston ◽  
Alexandre Hirayama ◽  
Damian Green ◽  
David Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Single Institution ◽  
T Cell Therapy ◽  
Car T Cell ◽  
Car T Cell Therapy ◽  
Car T

BackgroundOur institution has treated over 300 patients with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy (CAR T-cell therapy) since 2013. Phase I and II trials were primarily based on heavily treated patients with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), aggressive diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and multiple myeloma (MM) who had failed multiple lines of prior chemotherapy and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In these relapsed and/or refractory patients, CAR-T therapy resulted in complete remission in 93% of B-ALL, 60% of DLBCL, and ~80% of MM. Our Pathology Group at Fred Hutch have reviewed and diagnosed various patients with interesting relapse or complications as a result of CAR T-cell therapy. Here we present a retrospective review of autopsies from CAR T-cell therapy.MethodsA search for all autopsies conducted on patients from Seattle Cancer Care Alliance/University of Washington Medical Center was performed using the keywords ‘CAR T’ and ‘Chimeric-antigen’. Our inclusion criteria were patients treated with CAR T-cell therapy. Pathology and clinical records were reviewed for cause of death, disease and treatment timelines, microbiology data, cytokine levels, other pathology biopsies, and pertinent laboratory values. Histologic tissues were reviewed.ResultsTwelve autopsies were performed since 2013. Patient characteristics and causes of death are summarized in table 1. The most common cause of death was due to infectious causes (n=6). Two patients (Patients 10 and 11) had cardiovascular related deaths. Six patients (Patients 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 12) suffered from CRS in their post-infusion course, four of whom (Patients 1, 2, 7, 10) had CRS directly attributed as the cause of death. CRS was further complicated by immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) in 5 patients (Patients 1, 5, 6, 7, and 12). CRS with ICANS was the second most common cause of death in patients treated with CAR T-cells. Three patients (Patients 1, 4, 9) had progression of disease that attributed to cause of death.Abstract 643 Table 1Patient characteristics: age, sex, original diagnosis, CAR target, cause of death, and days post-CAR T-cell infusion at time of deathConclusionsCAR T-cell therapy is a highly effective treatment even for patients who have relapsed and/or refractory disease. Post-therapy complications range in severity and may be fatal in rare instances as in the patients summarized in this study. Infection, CRS with ICANS are the most common causes of death in our single institution study.Ethics ApprovalThe study was approved by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center’s Institutional Review Board, approval number 1837ConsentWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this abstract and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.

ANALYSIS OF FETAL AND NEONATAL DEATHS IN 4117 CONSECUTIVE BIRTHS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192
Author(s):  
HERBERT C. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Postmortem Examinations

An analysis of the significant causes of death in 4117 consecutive births was made; there were 66 fetal deaths and 85 neonatal deaths. A significant cause of death was determined in 51 fetuses and 56 live-born infants. Eighty-five per cent of the live-born infants who weighed over 1000 gm. at birth and had postmortem examinations had causes of death which were considered to be significant. Almost half of the live-born premature infants with birth weights between 1000 and 2500 gm. were considered to have had more than one significant cause of death. The so-called significant causes of death among live-born infants differed from those determined for fetuses dying before birth. Among the former, pathologic conditions in the infants were determined four times more frequently than in those dying before birth and, in the latter, maternal complications of pregnancy and labor were diagnosed as significant causes of death five times more frequently than in infants dying in the neonatal period. Hyaline-like material in the lung was considered to be the most frequent significant cause of death in live-born premature infants; congenital malformation and anoxia resulting from complications of labor were the most frequently determined significant causes of death in live-born full term infants. No differences were found in the significant causes of death in premature and full term fetuses. Anoxia resulting from accidental and unexpected interruption of the blood flow in the placenta and umbilical cord and from dystocia was the most frequently determined significant cause of death in both groups. A plea has been made for the adoption by obstetricians, pathologists and pediatricians of a formal uniform plan of classifying the causes of fetal and neonatal death which would divest current efforts to determine the cause of death of as much vague terminology and arbitrary opinion as possible.

scholarly journals Causes of Mortality in Older People With Intellectual Disability: Results From the HA-ID Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyt Oppewal ◽  
Josje D. Schoufour ◽  
Hanne J.K. van der Maarl ◽  
Heleen M. Evenhuis ◽  
Thessa I.M. Hilgenkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract We aim to provide insight into the cause-specific mortality of older adults with intellectual disability (ID), with and without Down syndrome (DS), and compare this to the general population. Immediate and primary cause of death were collected through medical files of 1,050 older adults with ID, 5 years after the start of the Healthy Ageing and Intellectual Disabilities (HA-ID) study. During the follow-up period, 207 (19.7%) participants died, of whom 54 (26.1%) had DS. Respiratory failure was the most common immediate cause of death (43.4%), followed by dehydration/malnutrition (20.8%), and cardiovascular diseases (9.4%). In adults with DS, the most common cause was respiratory disease (73.3%), infectious and bacterial diseases (4.4%), and diseases of the digestive system (4.4%). Diseases of the respiratory system also formed the largest group of primary causes of death (32.1%; 80.4% was due to pneumonia), followed by neoplasms (17.6%), and diseases of the circulatory system (8.2%). In adults with DS, the main primary cause was also respiratory diseases (51.1%), followed by dementia (22.2%).

scholarly journals Ten Famous Composers of the Romantic Era and their Cause of Death

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest K.J. Pauwels
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
The World ◽  
Romantic Era ◽  
Clinically Significant

The musical composers in the Romantic Era (1800-1910) strived for compositions that expressed human life, including happiness, harmony and despair. They lived in a period in which freedom of thinking, expression of emotion and inspiration by nature predominate. During this period, intensive trading with other parts of the world brought new microorganisms along, which made infections and epidemics very common. This article serves to address the cause of death and relevant biographic data of a number of well- known Romantic composers. Primarily, this review refers to clinically significant findings using reports that were retrieved from Pubmed, Embase and Google over the 19th, 20th and 21st century till 14th June 2021. Here, this text dwells on diseases and the cause of death of ten composers, namely Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Brahms, Liszt, Mahler and Bruckner. It is evident that, in the sight of modern medicine, symptoms and forensic facts are not complete, but witnesses' reports and recent medical research have provided passable and plausible clarity. Although many questions will remain unanswered, it appears that the diseases of these composers and their causes of death have their origins in alcohol abuses, age, epidemics (like tuberculosis) and syphilis.

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