The progeny testing of dairy bulls at different levels of production

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Mason ◽  
Alan Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
Different Levels

1. An analysis has been made of milk records from 13,000 cows bred by artificial insemination in Denmark.2. The herds were divided into three equal groups on the basis of their average production. The variance of yield within herds increased as the average yield increased, but the coefficient of variation declined slightly. The genetic variance was more than five times as large in the high-yielding herds than in the low, and correspondingly the heritabilities in low, medium and high herds were 0·05, 0·15 and 0·22 respectively. These were estimated from the variation observed between progeny groups of the same 152 bulls at each production level.3. No evidence was obtained of any sire-herd interaction for yield, either within or between management levels. The true ranking of bulls for breeding value was apparently the same at all levels.4. The heritability of fat content in the three groups was 0·27, 0·47 and 0·49 respectively, and no evidence of sire-herd interaction was found.5. The contemporary comparison method of assessing A.I. bulls for yield was found to have the accuracy expected in theory.6. These results are discussed in relation to those of other workers with which there are some discrepancies. On our results, a policy of choosing bulls on the basis of their daughters' performance in high-yielding herds should be the most satisfactory way of progeny-testing bulls used in artificial insemination.

Progeny testing dairy bulls at different management levels

1960 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Robertson ◽  
L. K. O'Connor ◽  
J. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
True Breeding ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
Different Levels

1. Records used to compile the Contemporary Comparisons of 57 Friesian, 8 English Ayrshire and 11 Scottish Ayrshire A.I. bulls, each with at least 100 ‘effective daughters’ were analysed.2. For each bull, the herd-years were divided into three equal groups on the basis of the average heifer yield of both daughters and contemporaries (high-, medium-, and low-producing herd-years) and three independent Contemporary Comparisons were calculated for each bull, one at each of the three yield levels.3. In the data from England and Wales, the mean Contemporary Comparison declined with increasing mean level of production. This decline was such as to imply that some 20% of the differences in production between herds were genetic in origin. A possible explanation lies in the gradual change from Dairy Shorthorn to Friesian and Ayrshire which has taken place in England and Wales, but not in Scotland, during the last 15 years.4. The variance within progeny groups within herd-years increased from the low level to the high but the coefficient of variation decreased slightly. The variance between sires also increased with the mean level of production but almost exactly in parallel with that within sires so that the heritability and consequently the accuracy of the progeny test for milk yield was effectively the same at all production levels.5. The correlation between the true breeding values of the bulls at the different levels was very close to one.6. From these results it is concluded that there is no need to provide special strains within breeds to suit particular management levels or to concentrate progeny testing in the higher-producing herds and that daughter records from all herds, irrespective of level of production, can be used with equal confidence.

Progeny Testing of Dairy Bulls at Different Levels of Management

1954 ◽  
Vol 1954 ◽  
pp. 83-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
European Cattle

There are two schools of thought concerning the most appropriate environment in which to select breeding animals. One says ‘ Always select animals under environmental conditions similar to those where they are to be used ‘. The other says ‘ Select breeding animals in the optimum environment so that they have the best chance of revealing their genetic capabilities ‘. Experiments on growth of laboratory mice and experience with European cattle in the tropics have shown the advisability of the first course in these cases. In regard to hill sheep and dairy cattle in Britain, on the other hand, practice favours the second course, but there is little experimental evidence to support it.

scholarly journals A simulation study for optimizing the use of dairy bulls in breeding programs

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
J. Juga ◽  
J. Syväjärvi ◽  
V. Vilva
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Genetic Response ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
Lactation Record

Different breeding program alternatives in dairy cattle population were studied by simulation. Traits studied were milk production and a low heritability trait that is negatively correlated with milk production, e.g. fertility. The variable factors in the study were the number of young bulls to be tested, the number of daughters per bull in progeny testing, the number of tested bulls to be used and the weights for selected traits in an overall index of the bull’s breeding value. The influence of variable factors on genetic response in milk production and fertility was studied by calculating the average of real genotypic values on both traits for all cows born in the same year and having a complete first lactation record. This was done for a 25 year period. The population structure used in simulation was like the Finnish milk recorded Ayrshire population in which there are ca. 250000 cows. The genetic response in milk production was improved by increasing the selection intensity amongst bulls. The negative effect of selection for milk yield on fertility could be decreased by giving the fertility a larger indexed weight. If the milk production had a weight of 1 and genetic correlation between traits was —0.20 then increasing the weight of fertility from 0.1 to 0.3 did not affect significantly the response in milk production.

scholarly journals An Overview of Livestock Improvement and Extension Management Technologies: Panacea for Attaining Food Security and Industrial Development in Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Age A. I. ◽  
Unongo E. A.
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Value Evaluation ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Pedigree Selection

<p class="StandardTextkrperSAR">This paper is an overview of livestock improvement and extension management technologies that are aimed at attainment of Food security and industrial development in Nigeria. It demystifies the concept of livestock improvement and examines the rationale for embarking on livestock improvement; and it also highlights livestock improvement management technologies that are sinequa non for attaining food security and industrial development in Nigeria. The paper recommends adoption of cross breeding of improved breeds of livestock; Pedigree selection, artificial insemination, establishment of progeny-testing stations and adoption of performance testing and livestock breeding value evaluation.</p>

Heritability of milk yield and composition at different levels and variability of production

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Hill ◽  
M. R. Edwards ◽  
M.-K. A. Ahmed ◽  
R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACTAnalyses of variance were conducted on first lactation milk, fat and protein production records in England and Wales of daughters of British Friesian sires. Herds were split on milk yield into high and low levels of mean production and, in subsequent analyses, into high and low levels of within herd variance and coefficient of variation using all first lactation records. Data were then extracted on daughters of 798 young sires undergoing progeny test and on 118 widely used proven sires to generate connections. Least squares analyses were conducted within levels and genetic correlations estimated from the covariance of sire effects. W ith data split on mean yield, the heritability of milk yield was 0·24 at the low level and 0·30 at the high level, that of log transformed yield being 0·25 and 0·35 respectively.With data split on variance the corresponding figures were 0·24, 0·30, 0·27 and 0·36 respectively, and when split on coefficient of variation, 0·22,0·26,0·26 and 0·32. There were similar increases for fat and protein yield, proportionately smaller increases for fat and protein content.Genetic correlations were close to 1·0 between high and low levels for all traits on all criteria of data splitting. As a consequence progeny testing of bulls is rather more accurate at high mean or variance of production levels and data can be combined optimally without scaling. Cows of the highest predicted value using an index will be found in high variance herds.

The progeny testing of dairy bulls—a comparison of tests on father and son

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Fat Content ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Ayrshire Breed ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Comparison Of Tests ◽  
Father And Son

1. A comparison has been made of the progenytest figures for father and son in the Friesian breed.2. There was a significant regression of contemporary comparison of son on contemporary comparison of father (0·22) and on r.b.v. of father (16·4 lb. per unit of r.b.v.), though both figures were about one-quarter lower than expected. The observed figures were consistent with a heritability of heifer yield of 0·19. The regression of contemporary comparison of son on the average production of the herds in which his half-sibs were milked was small and not significantly different from zero.3. For fat content, the regression of son's daughter average on father's daughter average was 0·32, in agreement with expectation.4. A less-detailed analysis for the Ayrshire breed on the above points gave essentially similar results.5. The possible extent of selection on the basis of progeny-test results was looked into. For yield, the selection was small, leading to a probable improvement of 1–2 gal. a year. For fat content, the probable increase was 0·01% a year.6. A method is described for evaluating the progeny test of a son in relation to his father's own progeny-test results, which can serve as a method of combining the progeny-test figures from different bulls.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION IN BREEDING SOWS

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 254-259
Author(s):  
V. O. Melnik ◽  
O. O. Kravchenko ◽  
О. S. Kohut
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Intrauterine Insemination ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Large White ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Breeding Farms

Improving of fertility indicators and reproductive qualities of sows during artificial insemination in farms of different specializations is very topical issue. The introduction of artificial insemination of sows on breeding farms by the spermdoses of optimum volume, by the frozen-thawed and sex sperm requires the introduction of innovative reproductive technologies. The use of economical methods of artificial insemination of sows using a minimum number of sperm in a small volume of spermdose in order to achieve high rates of fertility and prolificacy was proven in numerous experiments of the authors. Significantly reduced spermdose may be sufficient if the sperm enters deep enough into the uterus. Vitality of sperm does not depend on the size of spermdose, but the best place for sperm to survive one oviducts where they keep the fertilizing capacity from 9 to 27 hours. So deep intrauterine insemination of sows improves conditions for sperm survival The aim was to study the feasibility and justification for widespread implementation in to production on breeding farms of intrauterine insemination of sows morder to increase their fertilization and prolificacy and  to save the boar sperm with the highest index of breeding values. Experiments were conducted in terms of selection and genetic center of Agrofirm "Mig-Service-Agro" in Mykolaiv region. In the experiment used 65 sows of live weight of 280-320 kg wiht 2-4 farrowing were. Sows in sexual hunting were showed once daily in the morning using a boar-prober. Artificial insemination was performed twice: the first time - in the afternoon and at 14-16 p.m. The second time – in the morning of the next day at 9-10 am. For artificial insemination of sows were ed using experimental spermodes with volume of 40 ml which contained 1.5 billion of a Active sperm. For the dilution of sperm was used Durasperm - KRUUSE (Denmark) the period of sperm perpetuation is 5-7 days. To enter the were semen used catheters Magaplus S, (Spain) for intrauterine insemination of sows. Analysis shows that the period from weaning to insemination has significant difference comparing sows of large White breed with Landrace breed (p <0.001), with genotype sows F1 (p <0.01) and sows of the Duroc breed (p <0.05). For all selected 65 sows duration of suckling period, was estimated which averaged 32.2 days and the average time from weaning of pigs to their sexual inclination and the first intrauterine insemination 6.8 days that meets the physiological norm. After intrauterine insemination of sows of then 48 farrowed, which wich made for 73.9%. іncluding live 5 emergency farrow  were obtained, representing 10.4% of all amount. Percentage of farrow is considered physiologically normal – 80%, or more of total insemined sows. The very low percentage of farrow 53.3% had of sows F1, and the highest percentage was found by sows of the Duroc breed – 85.7%. Pregnency of sows were received just 17, which made 26.1% and highest percentage – 46.7% was set by sows F1. Analysis of the pregnancy sows shows that on average it is 116.2 days was the longest – 117.1 days was set in Landrace breed sows and the short est 115.5 days in Large White breed, but the difference is not significant. 571 pigs were received, іncluding live 451 head, which is 78.9%. The largest percentage of іncluding live piglets obtained from sows F1 – 82.5%, and the lowest in Landrace breeds – 77.0% and Large White – 77.3%. Exit of all piglets per sow without emergency farrowings is 12.2, іncluding live – 9,8. The highest yield were obtained piglets from sows F1 – 13.1, іncluding live – 10.9, the lowest yield of sows of the Duroc breed – 10.6, іncluding live 9.1, which has significant difference compared with the control (IDPs) and other breeds.  After intrauterine insemination 8 sows showed cyclic deregulation in 20-25 days, ie repeated sexual hunt took place on average 22.3 days. These sows were inseminated by not fractional way, they farrowed and an average litter just 13.1 piglets per sow, іncluding live - 11.3 was obtained. Repeating after intrauterine insemination on 45-48-49 day in the sexual hunt came about three sows for artificial insemination by not fractional method 3 farrowed and was obtained output – 13.3 piglets, іncluding live – 11.7. It should be noted that the best sow Large White breed №12 after intrauterine insemination bore 16 pigs, іncluding live 11, sow of Landrace breed №1556 – 18 pigs, іncluding live 12, Duroc №5888 – 13 pigs, іncluding live 11, sow F1 №167 – 20 pigs, іncluding live 14 pigs. Breeding requires more careful handling with major sows taking into account their breeding value and cost, that’s why we believe that there is no need to risk causing injury genitals with intrauterine insemination if a sufficient number of spermdoses of boars-sires exist.

The use of progeny testing with artificial insemination in dairy cattle

1950 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Robertson ◽  
J. M. Rendel
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Progeny Testing

Responses of multi-trait selection in open nucleus schemes for dairy cattle breeding

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. E. Meuwissen ◽  
J. A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Secondary Traits ◽  
Open Nucleus

AbstractResponses of selection for milk production and secondary traits were predicted in open nucleus schemes using a deterministic model. Secondary traits considered were: traits recorded during lactation (e.g. mastitis resistance; calving ease); traits recorded in the nucleus only (e.g. food intake); traits recorded early in life (e.g. growth rate); and traits recorded late in life (e.g. longevity). Also, genotype × environment interactions between nucleus and commercial herds and predictors of merit in juveniles were considered.Extension of the breeding goal to include an uncorrelated secondary trait, which was recorded at each lactation, had the same heritability as milk production (assumed throughout to be 0·25) and half its economic value, increased total economic gain by a factor of 0·12. This increase was only 0·04, if the heritability of the secondary trait was 0·1. The situation for traits of low heritability was not improved by progeny testing of young bulls due to the short optimized generation intervals. Gain increased only by a factor of 0·04, if the economic value was 0·25.Including a secondary trait of heritability 0·25 and a genetic correlation with yield of 0·5 in the index, only increased economic response rates by a factor of 0·04. However, when the genetic correlation was –0·5 the benefits were greater with increases of 0·09, 0·10 and 0·22 for heritabilities of 0·05, 0·10 and 0·25, respectively. Hence, including traits with low heritability but with strong negative correlations with yield, which might apply to fertility and disease resistance, increased rates of gain moderately.If an uncorrelated secondary trait was recorded in the nucleus only, e.g. food intake, and had half the economic value of milk production, total gains increased by a factor of 0·10. Hence, recording of secondary traits can be restricted to the nucleus with only minor loss of gain. The extra economic benefit was greatest from secondary traits measured early in life compared with late in life, e.g. longevity, with benefits increased by factors of 0·24 and 0·06, respectively.Open nucleus schemes are robust in the presence of genotype × environment interactions between nucleus and commercial herds, if the breeding value estimation method accounts for these interactions, juvenile indicator traits of milk production may increase rates of gain by a factor of 0·11, if the heritability of the indicator trait is 0·25 and the correlation with milk production is 0·5.

Genetic Differences between Bull-Breeding Herds

1955 ◽  
Vol 1955 ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Robertson ◽  
A. T. G. McArthur
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Breed Improvement

In the analysis of the causes of variation between cows of a given breed in milk production, differences between herds pose some difficult problems. The nature of this variation is of importance from several points of view in the discussion of breed improvement. The situation is complicated by the fact that the herds of any breed type do not form a uniform group but can be classified roughly into a sort of ‘social structure’ (Robertson and Asker, 1951). The discussion of variation between all herds of a given breed type can then be broken down into the variation between strata and that between herds in the same stratum. From the analysis of production data from herds using artificial insemination (Robertson and Rendel, 1954; Korkman, 1953) there is evidence that the genetic component is a small proportion of the total variance in these herds; and also that in Great Britain the genetic difference in yield between the dominant group of herds (which provide many of the bulls used in A.I.) and the herds using A.I. is small. This is in agreement with studies on breed structure. In this paper we shall discuss the genetic differences between members of the small group of important herds which dominate each breed. These usually supply a high proportion of the bulls used. If we have good estimates of the breeding values of such bulls from the production records of their progeny, we can then examine the different breeding herds according to the breeding value of the bulls bred in them. Evidence of this type has been presented for Jersey bulls in New Zealand (Castle, 1952) but without statistical analysis of the results, although inspection suggests that there are definite differences between studs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document