scholarly journals A simulation study for optimizing the use of dairy bulls in breeding programs

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
J. Juga ◽  
J. Syväjärvi ◽  
V. Vilva
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Genetic Response ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
Lactation Record

Different breeding program alternatives in dairy cattle population were studied by simulation. Traits studied were milk production and a low heritability trait that is negatively correlated with milk production, e.g. fertility. The variable factors in the study were the number of young bulls to be tested, the number of daughters per bull in progeny testing, the number of tested bulls to be used and the weights for selected traits in an overall index of the bull’s breeding value. The influence of variable factors on genetic response in milk production and fertility was studied by calculating the average of real genotypic values on both traits for all cows born in the same year and having a complete first lactation record. This was done for a 25 year period. The population structure used in simulation was like the Finnish milk recorded Ayrshire population in which there are ca. 250000 cows. The genetic response in milk production was improved by increasing the selection intensity amongst bulls. The negative effect of selection for milk yield on fertility could be decreased by giving the fertility a larger indexed weight. If the milk production had a weight of 1 and genetic correlation between traits was —0.20 then increasing the weight of fertility from 0.1 to 0.3 did not affect significantly the response in milk production.

The progeny testing of dairy bulls at different levels of production

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Mason ◽  
Alan Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
Different Levels

1. An analysis has been made of milk records from 13,000 cows bred by artificial insemination in Denmark.2. The herds were divided into three equal groups on the basis of their average production. The variance of yield within herds increased as the average yield increased, but the coefficient of variation declined slightly. The genetic variance was more than five times as large in the high-yielding herds than in the low, and correspondingly the heritabilities in low, medium and high herds were 0·05, 0·15 and 0·22 respectively. These were estimated from the variation observed between progeny groups of the same 152 bulls at each production level.3. No evidence was obtained of any sire-herd interaction for yield, either within or between management levels. The true ranking of bulls for breeding value was apparently the same at all levels.4. The heritability of fat content in the three groups was 0·27, 0·47 and 0·49 respectively, and no evidence of sire-herd interaction was found.5. The contemporary comparison method of assessing A.I. bulls for yield was found to have the accuracy expected in theory.6. These results are discussed in relation to those of other workers with which there are some discrepancies. On our results, a policy of choosing bulls on the basis of their daughters' performance in high-yielding herds should be the most satisfactory way of progeny-testing bulls used in artificial insemination.

Responses of multi-trait selection in open nucleus schemes for dairy cattle breeding

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. E. Meuwissen ◽  
J. A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Secondary Traits ◽  
Open Nucleus

AbstractResponses of selection for milk production and secondary traits were predicted in open nucleus schemes using a deterministic model. Secondary traits considered were: traits recorded during lactation (e.g. mastitis resistance; calving ease); traits recorded in the nucleus only (e.g. food intake); traits recorded early in life (e.g. growth rate); and traits recorded late in life (e.g. longevity). Also, genotype × environment interactions between nucleus and commercial herds and predictors of merit in juveniles were considered.Extension of the breeding goal to include an uncorrelated secondary trait, which was recorded at each lactation, had the same heritability as milk production (assumed throughout to be 0·25) and half its economic value, increased total economic gain by a factor of 0·12. This increase was only 0·04, if the heritability of the secondary trait was 0·1. The situation for traits of low heritability was not improved by progeny testing of young bulls due to the short optimized generation intervals. Gain increased only by a factor of 0·04, if the economic value was 0·25.Including a secondary trait of heritability 0·25 and a genetic correlation with yield of 0·5 in the index, only increased economic response rates by a factor of 0·04. However, when the genetic correlation was –0·5 the benefits were greater with increases of 0·09, 0·10 and 0·22 for heritabilities of 0·05, 0·10 and 0·25, respectively. Hence, including traits with low heritability but with strong negative correlations with yield, which might apply to fertility and disease resistance, increased rates of gain moderately.If an uncorrelated secondary trait was recorded in the nucleus only, e.g. food intake, and had half the economic value of milk production, total gains increased by a factor of 0·10. Hence, recording of secondary traits can be restricted to the nucleus with only minor loss of gain. The extra economic benefit was greatest from secondary traits measured early in life compared with late in life, e.g. longevity, with benefits increased by factors of 0·24 and 0·06, respectively.Open nucleus schemes are robust in the presence of genotype × environment interactions between nucleus and commercial herds, if the breeding value estimation method accounts for these interactions, juvenile indicator traits of milk production may increase rates of gain by a factor of 0·11, if the heritability of the indicator trait is 0·25 and the correlation with milk production is 0·5.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of genomic selection for milk production traits of Holstein dairy cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Mi Lee ◽  
Chang-Gwon Dang ◽  
Mohammad Z. Alam ◽  
You-Sam Kim ◽  
Kwang-Hyeon Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Estimated Breeding Value

Objective: This study was conducted to test the efficiency of genomic selection for milk production traits in a Korean Holstein cattle population.Methods: A total of 506,481 milk production records from 293,855 animals (2,090 heads with single nucleotide polymorphism information) were used to estimate breeding value by single step best linear unbiased prediction.Results: The heritability estimates for milk, fat, and protein yields in the first parity were 0.28, 0.26, and 0.23, respectively. As the parity increased, the heritability decreased for all milk production traits. The estimated generation intervals of sire for the production of bulls (L<sub>SB</sub>) and that for the production of cows (L<sub>SC</sub>) were 7.9 and 8.1 years, respectively, and the estimated generation intervals of dams for the production of bulls (L<sub>DB</sub>) and cows (L<sub>DC</sub>) were 4.9 and 4.2 years, respectively. In the overall data set, the reliability of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) increased by 9% on average over that of estimated breeding value (EBV), and increased by 7% in cows with test records, about 4% in bulls with progeny records, and 13% in heifers without test records. The difference in the reliability between GEBV and EBV was especially significant for the data from young bulls, i.e. 17% on average for milk (39% vs 22%), fat (39% vs 22%), and protein (37% vs 22%) yields, respectively. When selected for the milk yield using GEBV, the genetic gain increased about 7.1% over the gain with the EBV in the cows with test records, and by 2.9% in bulls with progeny records, while the genetic gain increased by about 24.2% in heifers without test records and by 35% in young bulls without progeny records.Conclusion: More genetic gains can be expected through the use of GEBV than EBV, and genomic selection was more effective in the selection of young bulls and heifers without test records.

scholarly journals 189 Choices ahead for dairy cattle breeding programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Michael M Lohuis
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Selection For

Abstract Dairy cattle breeding programs have been transformed from conventional progeny-testing schemes to genomic selection paired with nucleus herd breeding in the span of one decade. This was spurred by the simultaneous advances in low-cost SNP genotyping, genomic selection methodology and reproductive biotechnologies. The rates of genetic progress have approximately doubled in this time but so have increases in inbreeding levels. This was driven by intense competition between AI studs and farmer adherence to common selection indices which has concentrated selection on very elite segments of juvenile age groups. This has led to speculation on the need for alternative indices and selection for novel traits in order to differentiate breeding programs and customize selection for unique farm conditions. This will be made more possible by the advent of on-farm sensor technology and artificial intelligence algorithms. Large commercial dairies are increasingly experimenting with crossbreeding with varying levels of success and this will require a new approach by breeding programs to focus both on purebred and crossbred performance. In addition, the potential exists for use of gene-editing to further enable value-added traits to be added into breeding programs. In parallel with breeding program advancements, consumer trends are also changing to include more interest in specialty dairy products with implied differences in digestibility, health or environmental impacts. Identifying technologies and traits that will add value either on the farm as well as at the consumer level will be a challenge for today’s breeders and producers. Some new technologies, such as gene editing, can pose consumer acceptance challenges if they are perceived to be used carelessly or for the wrong reasons. Careful choices will need to be made to continue to improve profitability, functionality and health of dairy cattle while also meeting higher consumer standards for animal welfare, health and the environment.

Will genetics offer a permanent solution to breech strike?

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Richards ◽  
K. D. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Fleece Weight

There are several options for managing flystrike other than mulesing. Breeding for plainer animals that do not require mulesing is an attractive, permanent long-term solution. Breech wrinkle is the key predisposing factor for breech and tail strike. Little effort has been made to reduce wrinkle score in sheep because mulesing was so successful and because there is a perception that reducing wrinkle score will reduce fleece weight. Fleece weight will be reduced if single-trait selection for wrinkle is applied, but if breech wrinkle is included in an index, the negative effect of wrinkle on other production traits can be minimised using the same method as that used to accommodate the negative correlation between fibre diameter and fleece weight. Breeding programs for reduced breech wrinkle should be used in combination with short-term tactical management strategies, especially during the initial stages of the breeding program. The need for tactical management will decrease as the program progresses. This approach can be applied using information that can be recorded easily and at low cost.

scholarly journals Milk protein genes CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN3, LGB and their relation to genetic values of milk production parameters in Czech Fleckvieh

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kučerová ◽  
A. Matějíček ◽  
Jandurová OM ◽  
P. Sørensen ◽  
E. Němcová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Milk Protein Genes

Genotypes of milk protein genes, alpha<sub>S1</sub>-casein (CSN1S1), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3) and beta-lactoglobulin (LGB), were detected in 440 individuals of Czech Fleckvieh breed using a PCR-RFLP method. Breeding values of genotyped animals were obtained from the Official Database of Progeny Testing. A granddaughter design including 5 grandsires, 33 sons and 402 granddaughters was used for evaluation. Statistical analysis was carried out in SAS program using a restricted maximum likelihood method (REML). The aim of this study was to determine allele and genotype frequencies of observed genes and to find the relation between genotypes of genes and milk production parameters expressed by the breeding values of animals. The positive findings of frequencies of CSN3 allele B (0.38) and genotype BB (13%) were detected in the observed population. Significant differences were found between genotypes of loci CSN1S1, CSN2 and CSN3 and breeding values for milk production parameters. Genotypes of LGB locus were not significantly related to any of the milk production parameters. Significant effects were found between CSN1S1 locus and average breeding value for milk yield, CSN2 locus and breeding values for all parameters except for protein content and CSN3 locus and breeding values for protein content and protein yield. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic constitution of Czech Fleckvieh breed and help with the application of the information to breeding. &nbsp; &nbsp;

Effect of the sire on the subsequent lactation performance in the dam

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Basu ◽  
S. S. Tomar
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Sire Evaluation ◽  
Service Period

ABSTRACTThe effects of 18 buffalo sires, used in 2 years of a progeny-testing programme, on the subsequent lactation performances of their mates, were investigated from a study of 685 lactation records. The traits studied were: milk production, lactation length, length of post partum anoestrus, number of services per conception and length of service period (calving to conception). Parity of calving and sire had a significant effect on 305-day milk yield and lactation length of the mates. Between the 2 years, the sires did not differ for any of the traits of their mates. Although the breeding value of the sires, high or low, did not differ significantly, the sires with high breeding value tended to depress the milk production in the subsequent lactation of their mates and vice versa (r= −0·05). The birth weight of the calves significantly affected milk production. It was concluded that all methods of sire evaluation are likely to be biased by the effect of sires.

Relationship between sires transmitting ability and daughter performance in a high yielding dairy herd

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 11-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Persaud ◽  
G Simm ◽  
H Parkinson ◽  
W G Hill
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Milk Solids

In the UK feed accounts for 0.80 to 0.90 of the variable costs of dairy production. In recent years the imposition of milk quotas has served to emphasise the importance of efficient milk and milk solids production. In field progeny testing schemes, sires’ transmitting ability or breeding value can be predicted for milk production traits, but not for feed Intake or for efficiency of milk production. As breeders continue to select on production traits, using sires of high genetic merit for production, the important question then is, ‘what correlated response occurs in gross efficiency and in feed consumption?’.

scholarly journals BULLS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC USEFUL SIGNS COWS DAUGHTERS OF POLYESTER FATHER

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dairy Bulls

Among the most important parts of improving breeding Ukrainian Red Dairy breed is not the most important place belongs to the intensive use of bull-sires with high breeding value, which is determined by the capacity daughters. Materials and methods of research. Studies conducted on materials zotehnichnoho primary accounting and breeding breeding farm "Zarya" Kherson region for the period 2010-2012. The object of the research was the daughter of the Ukrainian Red dairy bulls, Holstein (red and white suit), Angler and Red Steppe breeds. Studied cows milk production estimated by yields for the full complete (minimum of 240 days) lactation, content and output of milk fat and protein for 305 days and at higher daily milk yield. Results. The study revealed a significant level of intergroup differentiation and specificity for milk production, reproductive ability, soundings and indices of body structure cows daughters of different bulls. Specifically found that the highest milk yield inherent daughters bull V.Din Et Reda 5661918, which is almost twice prevailed worst analogues daughters Radar 4439 respectively 2484 kg of milk, 93.0 kg of milk fat and milk protein 66.9 kg. The highest daily yield characteristic daughters H.Ch.Herri 5839897, and the lowest - for daughters Radar 4439. The difference in this case was 9.4 kg of milk. Inter-group differentiation on fat and protein in milk is low and under 0.12 and 0.22% by live weight - 14 kg. The difference between  the grounds daughters play different bulls more clearly expressed and 232 days is the age of first calving for the daughters Zenit 1113 and at a rate of 0.201 reproductive capacity for daughters H.Ch.Herri 5839897. It should be noted that although the daughters Zenit 1113 and were the youngest among firstborn both had the lowest rate of reproductive capacity after the first calving. Research has found that the highest measurements of height at withers and depth of chest inherent daughters bull Sharpe 9713, prevailing daughters Zenit 1113 respectively by 5.8 and 2.9 cm. For indirect soundings chest width body length and chest girth advantage daughter had Grybka 696, and the largest width in maklakah typical for daughters of Napoleon 1647. Inter-differentiation daughters by different bulls metacarpus circumference small and is just 0.4 cm, due what difference the index kostystosti as insignificant and is only 1%. Conclusions. Found significant levels of intergroup differentiation and specificity studied groups of cows his father napivsester the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of milk productivity, exterior, reproductive capacity and live weight.

ESTIMASI NILAI HERITABILITAS BOBOT IKAN MAS VARIETAS PUNTEN DALAM PROGRAM SELEKSI INDIVIDU

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Estu Nugroho ◽  
Budi Setyono ◽  
Mochammad Su’eb ◽  
Tri Heru Prihadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Base Population ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Weight Trait ◽  
Population Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Weight Trait ◽  
Selection Of

Program pemuliaan ikan mas varietas Punten dilakukan dengan seleksi individu terhadap karakter bobot ikan. Pembentukan populasi dasar untuk kegiatan seleksi dilakukan dengan memijahkan secara massal induk ikan mas yang terdiri atas 20 induk betina dan 21 induk jantan yang dikoleksi dari daerah Punten, Kepanjen (delapan betina dan enam jantan), Kediri (tujuh betina dan 12 jantan), Sragen (27 betina dan 10 jantan), dan Blitar (15 betina dan 11 jantan). Larva umur 10 hari dipelihara selama empat bulan. Selanjutnya dilakukan penjarangan sebesar 50% dan benih dipelihara selama 14 bulan untuk dilakukan seleksi dengan panduan hasil sampling 250 ekor individu setiap populasi. Seleksi terhadap calon induk dilakukan saat umur 18 bulan pada populasi jantan dan betina secara terpisah dengan memilih berdasarkan 10% bobot ikan yang terbaik. Calon induk yang terseleksi kemudian dipelihara hingga matang gonad, kemudian dipilih sebanyak 150 pasang dan dipijahkan secara massal. Didapatkan respons positif dari hasil seleksi berdasarkan bobot ikan, yaitu 49,89 g atau 3,66% (populasi ikan jantan) dan 168,47 g atau 11,43% (populasi ikan betina). Nilai heritabilitas untuk bobot ikan adalah 0,238 (jantan) dan 0,505 (betina).Punten carp breeding programs were carried out by individual selection for body weight trait. The base population for selection activities were conducted by mass breeding of parent consisted of 20 female and 21 male collected from area Punten, eight female and six male (Kepanjen), seven female and 12 male (Kediri), 27 female and 10 male (Sragen), 15 female and 11 male (Blitar). Larvae 10 days old reared for four moths. Then after spacing out 50% of total harvest, the offspring reared for 14 months for selection activity based on the sampling of 250 individual each population. Selection of broodstock candidates performed since 18 months age on male and female populations separately by selecting based on 10% of fish with best body weight. Candidates selected broodstocks were then maintained until mature. In oder to produce the next generation 150 pairs were sets and held for mass spawning. The results revealed that selection response were positive, 49.89 g (3.66%) for male and 168.47 (11.43%) for female. Heritability for body weight is 0.238 (male) and 0.505 (female).

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