Study of long-term rotation effects in the Sudan Gezira

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Dutta Roy ◽  
A. Y. Kordofani
Keyword(s):  
Annual Increase ◽  
Average Annual Increase ◽  
Sudan Gezira

The exhausting effect of dura for a single year in a rotation was shown. Rotations including dura consistently yielded less than those including lubia or fallow. With 2 successive years of dura the reduction in yields of cotton was extremely large.Substantial increases in yields of cotton were obtained when the first fallow of the CFF rotation was replaced by lubia. The superiority of the rotation CLF appeared to be firmly established in the Gezira, where the soil was known to be deficient in nitrogen. By growing lubia, instead of leaving a fallow 2 years preceding cotton, an average annual increase of 0·65 k.p.f. of cotton was obtained. Itwas interesting to note that fertility of rotation CLF over CFF was still increasing.

scholarly journals Determination of the Influence of Cultural Techniques "Densities and Opening Standardʺ on Agrophysiological Parameters of Clones Pb 260, Irca 111 and Rrim 703

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Diarrassouba Moussa ◽  
Soumahin Eric Francis ◽  
Konan Djézou ◽  
N’guessan Kan Pulchérie ◽  
Moro Affia Perpetue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Average Annual Increase ◽  
Sustainable Improvement ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

To find out the effect of cultural techniques on agrophysiological parameters, four combinations ̏planting densities (low density or DF at 350 t/ha, normal density or DN at 510 t/ha) and opening standards (opening at 65cm and opening at 50 cm) ̋ were tested on Hevea brasiliensis clones PB 260, IRCA 111 and RRIM 703. This study was conducted for nine years with a split-plot experimental design of two treatments and two subtreatments repeated three times. The different combinations of treatments and subtreatments tested were low density (DN-50 cm), low density (DN-65 cm), normal density (DF-50 cm), normal density (DF- 65 cm). The parameters evaluated were the production at bleeding and per hectare, the average annual increase in circumference, the rate of tree losses and the rate of trees with dry notches. Production per tree was significantly higher at 350 t/ha and 65 cm opening (DF-65 cm), while per hectare production was higher at 510 t/ha. The girths of the different clones are stronger at DF and at the 65 cm opening. The rate of tree loss and the rate of trees with dry notch were low at the 510 t/ha density and the 65cm opening. The appropriate density and opening standard was "normal density 510 t/ha and opening to circumference 50 cm". The cultivation techniques especially the density and opening standard judiciously applied can participate in the sustainable improvement of rubber productivity of rubber plantations.

scholarly journals Changes in production and reproduction traits in population of the Slovak Spotted Cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
Jozef Bujko ◽  
Juraj Candrák ◽  
Július Žitný ◽  
Radovan Kasarda
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Stable Level ◽  
Average Annual Increase ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Reproduction Traits

The study aimed to examine the analyses of the trend in the numbers of dairy cows, production and reproductive traits in the population the Slovak Spotted cattle for period 2010 to 2019. The number of Slovak Spotted dairy cows is maintained on a relatively stable level in recent years. There was a decrease in the number of animals (12 428 in 2010), but not as strong as after 1990 (85 518). From 2017 number of animals is rising from 14,062, to 14,150 (2018) and 14,627 (2019), respectively. As compared to 2010 an increase of 13.15% in 2017, 13.86% and 17.68%, in 2018 and 2019 respectively was observed. Population size raised from 113.15% (2017) to 117.68% in 2019 respectively. The average annual increase in milk production between the years 2010 to 2019 was + 157.5 kg of milk (total 1,575 kg of milk), + 5.8 kg of fat (total 58 kg of fat) and + 6.1 kg of protein (total 61 kg of protein). Positive growth of milk production in recent years is slightly comparable with the trend of breeding improvement.

scholarly journals Ambulance Use by International Travelers in Japan: A Retrospective Descriptive Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Yusuke Oshita ◽  
Koki Tsuchiya ◽  
Koji Ishikawa ◽  
Kodai Hirabayashi ◽  
Tetsuya Nemoto
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Foreign Country ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Average Annual Increase ◽  
Ambulance Dispatch ◽  
Forest Mountain ◽  
Do So

Introduction: Reports indicate that 22%–64% of travelers experience some illness when in a foreign country. To date, no prior study has reported the use of ambulances by travelers or the epidemiology of travel-related injury. Methods: In this retrospective study, we aimed to describe ambulance use by international travelers, including the rates of travel-related injury and illness. To do so, ambulance dispatch data from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2018 was used. Results: Overall, of the 43201 cases of ambulance use during the study period, 524 (1.2%) were international travelers. Ambulance use by international travelers increased from 0.35% in 2010 (15/4311) to 2.54% in 2018 (125/4913), an average annual increase of 0.27%. Of the international travelers, 392 (74.8%) had minor complaints, 110 cases (21.0%) had moderate complaints, 280 (53.4%) had internal disease, and 223 cases (42.6%) had suffered trauma. Regarding location, 253 (48.3%) were from a hotel/lodge, 83 (15.8%) were from a road/parking, and 30 (5.7%) were in the forest/mountain. Conclusion: Most international travelers use ambulances for minor complaints, typically internal disease or trauma, and approximately half access the service from a hotel or lodge.

Observations on a Recent Increase in Plagiocephaly Without Synostosis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex A. Kane ◽  
Laura E. Mitchell ◽  
Kathleen P. Craven ◽  
Jeffrey L. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
American Academy ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Average Annual Increase ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics

Objective. To verify and determine the cause of an increase in the referral of infants with plagiocephaly without synostosis (PWS) to a single tertiary craniofacial center. Design. A chart review was performed for 269 infants with a diagnosis of PWS who presented to a single tertiary craniofacial center between 1979 and 1994. The pattern of referral for PWS was analyzed using both simple linear regression and time series regression analyses. In addition, the referral pattern for PWS was compared with that for infants seen at the same center who received a diagnosis of synostotic plagiocephaly. Changes in the distribution of several demographic, perinatal, and clinical variables during the study period were also assessed. Finally, in an effort to identify correlates of the risk of PWS developing, characteristics of patients who were Missouri residents and presented between 1992 and 1994 were evaluated and compared with those of the 1993 Missouri live birth cohort. Setting. The Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Deformities Institute, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University Medical Center. Results. The average annual number of referrals to our center for PWS in the period 1992 to 1994 was more than sixfold greater than that for the preceding 13 years. There was a statistically significant increase in the annual number of referrals to our center during the 16-year study period. Moreover, there was evidence that the average annual increase in referrals was significantly greater during the last 3 years (1992 through 1994) of the study than in the first 13 years. This shift in the referral patterns is roughly contemporaneous with the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations regarding infant sleep position. There was no evidence that either the mean number of referrals or the average annual increase in referrals for patients with synostosis changed during the study period. Among patients with PWS, the average age at presentation did not change during the study period. There were also no significant changes in the distribution of other demographic, perinatal, and clinical variables. When compared with the Missouri birth cohort, infants with PWS were significantly more likely to be boys and to have been delivered by forceps. There was also some evidence that patients with PWS were more likely to be born prematurely and to be products of multiple-gestation pregnancies. These associations were, however, of only borderline statistical significance. Conclusion. Referrals to our center for PWS increased markedly in 1992 relative to previous years. The temporal coincidence of this increase with the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation to avoid the prone sleeping position, to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, suggests a possible causal relationship. If this association is causal, education regarding the need for head position rotation coupled with that for sudden infant death syndrome should obviate positional PWS.

scholarly journals Evaluating compression or expansion of morbidity in Canada: trends in life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy from 1994 to 2010

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Steensma ◽  
Lidia Loukine ◽  
Bernard Choi
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Average Annual Increase ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
Expansion Of Morbidity

Introduction The objective of this study was to investigate whether morbidity in Canada, at the national and provincial levels, is compressing or expanding by tracking trends in life expectancy (LE) and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) from 1994 to 2010. “Compression” refers to a decrease in the proportion of life spent in an unhealthy state over time. It happens when HALE increases faster than LE. “Expansion” refers to an increase in the proportion of life spent in an unhealthy state that happens when HALE is stable or increases more slowly than LE. Methods We estimated LE using mortality and population data from Statistics Canada. We took health-related quality of life (i.e. morbidity) data used to calculate HALE from the National Population Health Survey (1994–1999) and the Canadian Community Health Survey (2000–2010). We built abridged life tables for seven time intervals, covering the period 1994 to 2010 and corresponding to the year of each available survey cycle, for females and males, and for each of the 10 Canadian provinces. National and provincial trends were assessed at birth, and at ages 20 years and 65 years. Results We observed an overall average annual increase in HALE that was statistically significant in both Canadian females and males at each of the three ages assessed, with the exception of females at birth. At birth, HALE increased an average of 0.2% (p = .08) and 0.3% (p $lt; .001) annually for females and males respectively over the 1994 to 2010 period. At the national level for all three age groups, we observed a statistically nonsignificant average annual increase in the proportion of life spent in an unhealthy state, with the exception of men at age 65, who experienced a non-significant decrease. At the provincial level at birth, we observed a significant increase in proportion of life spent in an unhealthy state for Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) and Prince Edward Island (PEI). Conclusion Our study did not detect a clear overall trend in compression or expansion of morbidity from 1994 to 2010 at the national level in Canada. However, our results suggested an expansion of morbidity in NL and PEI. Our study indicates the importance of continued tracking of the secular trends of life expectancy and HALE in Canada in order to verify the presence of compression or expansion of morbidity. Further study should be undertaken to understand what is driving the observed expansion of morbidity in NL and in PEI.

scholarly journals Evidence of a recent decline in UK emissions of hydrofluorocarbons determined by the InTEM inverse model and atmospheric measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 12739-12755
Author(s):  
Alistair J. Manning ◽  
Alison L. Redington ◽  
Daniel Say ◽  
Simon O'Doherty ◽  
Dickon Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Inverse Modelling ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Inventories ◽  
Hfc 134A ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Global Growth

Abstract. National greenhouse gas inventories (GHGIs) are submitted annually to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). They are estimated in compliance with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodological guidance using activity data, emission factors and facility-level measurements. For some sources, the outputs from these calculations are very uncertain. Inverse modelling techniques that use high-quality, long-term measurements of atmospheric gases have been developed to provide independent verification of national GHGIs. This is considered good practice by the IPCC as it helps national inventory compilers to verify reported emissions and to reduce emission uncertainty. Emission estimates from the InTEM (Inversion Technique for Emission Modelling) model are presented for the UK for the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) reported to the UNFCCC (HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-227ea, HFC-245fa, HFC-43-10mee and HFC-365mfc). These HFCs have high global warming potentials (GWPs), and the global background mole fractions of all but two are increasing, thus highlighting their relevance to the climate and a need for increasing the accuracy of emission estimation for regulatory purposes. This study presents evidence that the long-term annual increase in growth of HFC-134a has stopped and is now decreasing. For HFC-32 there is an early indication, its rapid global growth period has ended, and there is evidence that the annual increase in global growth for HFC-125 has slowed from 2018. The inverse modelling results indicate that the UK implementation of European Union regulation of HFC emissions has been successful in initiating a decline in UK emissions from 2018. Comparison of the total InTEM UK HFC emissions in 2020 with the average from 2009–2012 shows a drop of 35 %, indicating progress toward the target of a 79 % decrease in sales by 2030. The total InTEM HFC emission estimates (2008–2018) are on average 73 (62–83) % of, or 4.3 (2.7–5.9) Tg CO2-eq yr−1 lower than, the total HFC emission estimates from the UK GHGI. There are also significant discrepancies between the two estimates for the individual HFCs.

scholarly journals Inter-and Intra-annual Surface Velocity Variations at the Southern Grounding Line of Amery Ice Shelf from 2014 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Chi ◽  
Andrew G. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Feature Tracking ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Amery Ice Shelf ◽  
Velocity Surface ◽  
Grounding Line ◽  
Velocity Variations ◽  
Mass Discharge

Abstract. The ice flow rate through the grounding line of the Amery Ice Shelf (AIS) is vital to understanding the mass discharge received from its three primary tributary glaciers. Previous studies have indicated a stable multiyear average surface velocity distribution in the convergence area of AIS. However, the surface velocity variations, especially short-term fluctuations, in the AIS have been relatively undocumented. This study investigated inter-annual and intra-annual surface velocity variations along the southern segment of AIS grounding line from 2014 to 2018. Using feature tracking to derive surface velocity for five consecutive austral summers and winters, it was found that AIS’s upstream end has experienced a steady ~ 5 % inter-annual increase in surface velocity. Surface velocity increases were observed in 2014/2015 (0.25 ± 0.02 m/d) and in 2017/2018 (0.21 ± 0.02 m/d) respectively. Surface velocities in winters were lower than the summers except for 2016, which had a 0.12 m/d surface velocity decrease from winter to summer. Although flowing slower than the other two glaciers, Fisher Glacier exhibited the highest inter-annual increase (8.56 ± 4.36 %) and the largest intra-annual variation (−5.41 ± 5.65 %) in surface velocity of the three studied glaciers. While the surface velocity observed in 2018 was generally close to the observed velocity in 1989, the magnitude of velocity variations observed during the 2014–2018 period is similar to the differences in velocities measured at the grounding line since 1989. This indicates continued relative stability in the surface velocities at the grounding line of these three tributary glaciers but also indicates that caution should be applied when interpreting long-term differences based on a limited number of measurements. This study demonstrated the capability of feature tracking to monitor the multidecadal changes of surface velocity.

scholarly journals Increasing Prevalence and Direct Health Care Cost of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults: A Population-Based Study From a Western Canadian Province

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Amankwah Osei ◽  
Juan Nicolás Peña-Sánchez ◽  
Sharyle A Fowler ◽  
Nazeem Muhajarine ◽  
Gilaad G Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Average Annual Increase ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Care Costs

Abstract Objectives Our study aimed to calculate the prevalence and estimate the direct health care costs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and test if trends in the prevalence and direct health care costs of IBD increased over two decades in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Methods We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using administrative health data of Saskatchewan between 1999/2000 and 2016/2017 fiscal years. A validated case definition was used to identify prevalent IBD cases. Direct health care costs were estimated in 2013/2014 Canadian dollars. Generalized linear models with generalized estimating equations tested the trend. Annual prevalence rates and direct health care costs were estimated along with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results In 2016/2017, 6468 IBD cases were observed in our cohort; Crohn’s disease: 3663 (56.6%), ulcerative colitis: 2805 (43.4%). The prevalence of IBD increased from 341/100,000 (95%CI 340 to 341) in 1999/2000 to 664/100,000 (95%CI 663 to 665) population in 2016/2017, resulting in a 3.3% (95%CI 2.4 to 4.3) average annual increase. The estimated average health care cost for each IBD patient increased from $1879 (95%CI 1686 to 2093) in 1999/2000 to $7185 (95%CI 6733 to 7668) in 2016/2017, corresponding to an average annual increase of 9.5% (95%CI 8.9 to 10.1). Conclusions Our results provide relevant information and analysis on the burden of IBD in Saskatchewan. The evidence of the constant increasing prevalence and health care cost trends of IBD needs to be recognized by health care decision-makers to promote cost-effective health care policies at provincial and national levels and respond to the needs of patients living with IBD.

Changes in Sudan Gezira soil under irrigation

1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Jewitt ◽  
K. R. Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Sudan Gezira

The effect of different amounts of irrigation water on the salts in Gezira soil has been studied by comparison of different rotations in two long-term experiments at the Gezira Research Farm. The conclusion is drawn that none of the rotations studied shows any evidence of salts rising or accumulating in the profile. There is some evidence of a removal of salts from a 6 ft. profile.

National Trends in Antibiotic Use in Australian Residential Aged Care Facilities, 2005–2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet K Sluggett ◽  
Max Moldovan ◽  
David J Lynn ◽  
Lito E Papanicolas ◽  
Maria Crotty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Aged Care ◽  
Residential Aged Care ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Average Annual Increase ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Aged Care Facilities ◽  
Residential Aged Care Facilities ◽  
Systemic Antibiotics

Abstract Background Understanding current patterns of antibiotic use in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) is essential to inform stewardship activities, but limited utilization data exist. This study examined changes in prevalence and consumption of antibiotics in Australian RACFs between 2005–2006 and 2015–2016. Methods This population-based, repeated cross-sectional analysis included all long-term permanent residents of Australian RACFs between July 2005 and June 2016 who were aged ≥ 65 years. The yearly prevalence rate of antibiotic use and number of defined daily doses (DDDs) of systemic antibiotics per 1000 resident-days were determined annually from linked pharmaceutical claims data. Trends were assessed using ordinary least squares regression. Results This study included 502 752 residents from 3218 RACFs, with 424.9 million resident-days analyzed. Antibiotics were dispensed on 5 608 126 occasions during the study period, of which 88% were for oral use. Cefalexin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and trimethoprim were the most commonly dispensed antibiotics. The annual prevalence of antibiotic use increased from 63.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 63.3%–64.4%) to 70.3% (95% CI, 69.9%–70.7%) between 2005–2006 and 2015–2016 (0.8% average annual increase, P < .001). There was a 39% relative increase in total consumption of systemic antibiotics, with utilization increasing from 67.6 to 93.8 DDDs/1000 resident-days during the study period (average annual increase of 2.8 DDDs/1000 resident-days, P < .001). Conclusions This nationwide study showed substantial increases in both prevalence of use and total consumption of antibiotics in Australian RACFs between 2005 and 2016. The increasingly widespread use of antibiotics in Australian RACFs is concerning and points to a need for enhanced efforts to optimize antibiotic use in this setting.

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