Comparisons of anhydrous ammonia with solid ammonium nitrate for spring barley and winter wheat 1967–70

SummaryFourteen trials on spring barley and eleven on winter wheat, grown in the east of Scotland, compared the effects on yield of liquified anhydrous ammonia and solid ammonium nitrate at various levels of application.For grain yield, the optimum N level in these trials was about 100–113 kg N/ha. The object of including in the trials N input levels higher than optimum was attained. Yield response to the two forms of N was similar for both wheat and barley at the different N input levels.Winter injection of anhydrous ammonia was less efficient than spring application. Injection of anhydrous ammonia into young wheat resulted in frequent reduction of plant population and, on occasion, loss of yield.At equivalent rates, anhydrous ammonia caused less lodging than ammonium nitrate; it also appeared to be less readily leached from the soil. Ammonium nitrate gave more rapid early growth and this led to a greater proneness to leaf disease.Considering the complexity of storage and injection equipment required to handle anhydrous ammonia, it is questionable if these agronomic advantages justify its use on cereals where rates of use do not also confer the benefits of cheaper unit cost of nitrogen.

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Prediction of intake by cattle from degradation characteristics of roughages

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s000335610000307x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 29-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

E. R. Ørskov ◽

G. W. Reid ◽

M. Kay

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Anhydrous Ammonia ◽

Exponential Equations ◽

Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTFive different straws consisting of two varieties of winter barley, two varieties of spring barley and one variety of winter wheat were chosen due to differences in degradation characteristics determined by using nylon bags incubated in the rumen of cattle and describing the straw using the equation: p = a + b (1 – e–ct). To increase variation in degradability, batches of the same straws were also treated with anhydrous ammonia in a sealed oven.The straws were subsequently offered ad libitum to groups of steers given a daily supplement of 1·5 kg concentrate and untreated straws were supplemented with urea. The dry-matter intake (DMI) of the straws varied from 3·4 to 5·7 kg/day, the digestible DMI from 1·4 to 3·5 kg/day and growth rate from 106 to 608 g/day.By using multiple regression of a, b, c from the exponential equations characterizing degradability of the straw, the correlation coefficients with DMI, digestible DMI and growth rate were 0·88, 0·96 and 0·95 respectively.

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY OF PERENNIAL LEGUMES AS PRECURSORS OF WINTER WHEAT GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS

Agriculture and Forestry ◽

10.37128/2707-5826-2020-2-15 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 167-176

Author(s):

Serhii Razanov

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Potassium Chloride ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Lead And Cadmium ◽

Intensive Farming

The aim of the research was to study the effect of the inclusion of different types of perennial leguminous plants as winter wheat precursors in the crop rotation on the rate of accumulation of heavy metals in the soil compared to traditional winter wheat predecessors. The objectives of the research are to develop measures to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils under conditions of modern crop rotation, limited by the number of crops grown and winter wheat. The accumulations of heavy metals in soils were calculated during the cultivation of the main crops of crop rotation with intensive fertilizer. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil was determined before and after the cultivation of legume precursors. Field studies were carried out during 2013-2017. On gray podzolized medium loamy soils of the Agronomichesky Research Institute of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. We calculated the volumes of heavy metals with optimal rates of mineral fertilizer application for the most common types of crops grown in crop rotation. Four types of perennial grasses were sown: sowing alfalfa, meadow clover, horned lamb, sainfoin and eastern goatskin. After their four years of use, winter wheat was sown. The control was the predecessors in the following sequence: winter wheat - sunflower - winter wheat - corn. Laboratory studies of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in soil were carried out in the Vinnytsia branch of the State Center for the Protection of Soil Fertility. Analysis of soil contamination with heavy metals during fertilization of major cereals showed that the amount of mineral fertilizers is from 257 kg/ha to 571 kg/ha for ammonium nitrate, from 175 to 225 kg/ha for double superphosphate and from 58 to 75 kg/ha on potassium chloride. According to the volume of mineral fertilizers used in the cultivation of winter wheat, 1944 mg / ha of lead and 339 mg / ha of cadmium enter the soil. Of these, with ammonium nitrate - 51.4% and 7.4%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41.3% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.3%. When growing corn per 1 ha with mineral fertilizers, 2357 mg of lead and 434 mg of cadmium are applied, of which with ammonium nitrate - 48.4% and 6.7%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 42% and 41% and with potassium chloride. - 9.6% and 51.8%. Cultivation of spring barley leads to the receipt of mineral fertilizers to soils 1458 mg/ha of lead and 327 mg/ha of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 35.2% and 4.0%, with double superphosphate - 52.8% and 42.8% and with potassium chloride - 12.0% and 53.2%. Mineral fertilization of winter rape leads to the entry into the soil per 1 ha of 2223 mg of lead and 390 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 51.4% and 7.4%, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.5%. With mineral fertilizers for growing sunflower in the soil per 1 ha gets 2073 mg of lead and 427 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 41.4% and 5.2%, double superphosphate - 47.8% and 42.2 % and potassium chloride - 10.8% and 52.6%. The positive effect of growing leguminous perennial herbs on the decrease in the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and grain of winter wheat has been established. Under the conditions of intensive farming by Vinnitskaya, lead and cadmium fall into the soil for the use of mineral fertilizers in accordance with 1944 mg/ha and 339 mg/ha for growing winter wheat, 2357 mg/ha and 434 mg/ha for growing corn, 1458 mg/ha and 327 mg/ha when growing spring barley, 2223 mg/ha and 390 mg/ha when growing sunflower. The four-year cultivation of perennial leguminous grasses under intensive farming reduced the concentration of lead in the soil from 1.33 to 3.2 times and cadmium from 37 to 54 times compared with cereal crops, which contributed to improving the quality of winter wheat grain by reducing the concentration of lead from 1 7 to 2.4 times and cadmium from 1.4 times to 2.1 times. Key words: legumes, precursors, winter wheat, heavy metals, pollution.

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EFFICIENCY OF BIOMODIFIED MINERAL FERTILIZERS IN THE CULTIVATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS ON THE CHERNOZEM REGIONS OF THE VOLGA FOREST-STEPPE

Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy ◽

10.18286/1816-4501-2020-4-73-79 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 73-79

Author(s):

А. Kh. Kulikova ◽

◽

G. V. Saidyasheva ◽

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Humus Content ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Pure Steam

Research on the effectiveness biomodified mineral fertilizers were carried out on the basis of Ulyanovsk SRIA – SamSC RAS branch during the rotation grain fallow five fields crop rotation: pure steam – winter wheat – spring wheat – barley – oats in 2013-2018. The field experiment scheme included options (except control): with the introduction of biologics BisolbiFit (introduction with seeds that were treated before sowing), azofoski N15P15K15, in pure form, modified with biopreparation azofoski in the same dose N15P15K15, half a dose of modified azofoski (N7, 5 P7, 5 K7, 5). The effectiveness of fertilizers and biopreparations in crop cultivation was studied on three backgrounds: natural (control), ammonium nitrate at a dose of 40 kg ai/ha (NH4NO3), and modified ammonium nitrate at a dose of 20 kg DW/ha. It was established that modification of azofoski with Bisolbifit biopreparation can significantly increase the coefficients of use of elements from it by plants. The latter allows to reduce the dose of fertilizer, without reducing the productivity of cultivated crops, twice. Long-term cultivation of crops using only mineral fertilizers and biological products led to a relative decrease in the humus content in the soil and its acidification. For 6 years, the content of humus in the arable layer of leached chernozem decreased by 0.12 %, and the acidity of the soil solution increased by 0.5 pHKCI units. In the conditions of the Volga forest-steppe, when cultivated on chernozems, the highest-yielding winter wheat is (up to 4.00 t / ha or more, in our experiments 3.88-4.80 t / ha). The average yield of spring wheat was 2.68-3.31 t / ha, spring barley 2.67-3.21 t / ha, oats 2.15-2.71 t / ha. The highest productivity of crop rotation was observed against a background with modified ammonium nitrate at a dose of 20 kg ai/ha (½NH4NO3) when applying modified azofoski (N15P15K15). Grain harvest for 2013-2018 in this variant was 13.36 t / ha, exceeding the control variant on this background by 1.31 t / ha.

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Feasibility of applying all nitrogen and phosphorus requirements at planting of no-till winter wheat

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p00-080 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 373-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. P. Lafond ◽

Y. T. Gan ◽

A. M. Johnston ◽

D. Domitruk ◽

F. C. Stevenson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Grain Protein ◽

P Fertilization ◽

Grain Protein Concentration ◽

Anhydrous Ammonia ◽

P Fertilizer

The recent advances in no-till seeding technology are providing new N management options for crop production on the prairies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential interaction between P and N fertilizer on winter wheat production in a one-pass seeding and fertilizing system and to determine the feasibility of side-banding all N requirements using urea or anhydrous ammonia at planting as compared with the current practice of broadcasting ammonium nitrate early in the spring. Three forms of N fertilizer (urea, anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate), three rates of N (50, 75 and 100 kg ha–1) and three rates of P (0, 9 and 17 kg P ha–1) were investigated. Urea and anhydrous ammonia were applied during the seeding operation, whereas ammonium nitrate was broadcast the following spring. Applying P fertilizer to the side and below the seed at planting with rates > 9 kg Pha–1 increased grain yield in 3 out of 6 site-years when ammonium nitrate was broadcast early in the spring. The positive yield response to P corresponded to soil test levels of 24 kg P ha–1. With soil test levels greater than 34 kg P ha–1, grain yield response to P fertilizer was not observed. When urea was banded at planting, together with P fertilizer, the yield increases with the increased P rates was shown only in 1 out of 6 site-years. At 5 of th e 6 site-years, grain protein concentration was not affected by P fertilizer; while for 1 site-year, the high rate of P fertilization decreased grain protein concentration. Responses of total grain N and P yields to P fertilization were parallel to the corresponding responses of P fertilization to grain yield, and were rarely associated with N or P concentrations in the grain. Applying N fertilizer at rates of 50 to 100 kg N ha–1 increased winter wheat grain yields by 3 to 8% in 3 out of 6 site-years. The high N rates increased grain protein concentrations in all 6 site-years. Grain protein concentration was 6% greater with N fertilizer applied as ammonium nitrate in early spring than when banding urea or anhydrous ammonia at planting. More consistent improvements in grain yield and grain protein concentration were obtained when the N fertilizer was applied as ammonium nitrate in the spring. Further research is required to determine the benefits of applying some of the crop’s N fertilizer requirements at planting, to reduce the risks of N stresses when the spring application is delayed because of adverse weather or soil conditions. Key words: Ammonium nitrate, anhydrous ammonia, grain yield, nitrogen timing, phosphorus, protein, urea

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EFFECT OF FERTILIZER FORM, METHOD AND TIMING OF APPLICATION ON BARLEY YIELD AND N UPTAKE UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss86-061 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 615-621 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. M. N. KUCEY

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Key Words ◽

N Uptake ◽

Growing Season ◽

Yield Response ◽

Anhydrous Ammonia ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Southern Alberta ◽

Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Key Words Nitrogen

Urea, ammonium nitrate, and anhydrous ammonia were compared as sources of N for barley in southern Alberta in spring and fall, using broadcast and banded applications. No significant difference in effect was found among fertilizers when they were banded at a depth of 15 cm. When broadcast, the granular forms of N were not as effective as equivalent rates and forms added in a band. Spring-applied N was more effective than fall-applied N in three of the eight comparisons made. N uptake accounted for between 18 and 54% of the added N in the 2 yr of the experiment. Fertilizer additions had no effect on barley yield when water was limited over the growing season. Key words: Nitrogen, urea, ammonium nitrate, anhydrous ammonia, yield response

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Field experiments comparing ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea combine-drilled with spring barley

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600018104 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 381-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. R. Devine ◽

M. R. J. Holmes

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Ammonium Sulphate ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Calcium Nitrate ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Early Growth ◽

Plant Population ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Grain Yields

1. Twenty-one experiments were carried out in various parts of England and Scotland in 1959–61 comparing two or more of the nitrogen sources ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea, combine-drilled in compound fertilizers for spring barley.2. Ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate combine-drilled at rates from 35 to 105 lb./acre of nitrogen checked early growth slightly in some of the experiments, with no important difference between the two sources, which also gave similar grain yields.3. Calcium nitrate and urea combine-drilled at 45 lb./acre of nitrogen had no large effect on early growth, while at 70 and 90 lb./acre both fertilizers seriously delayed brairding and reduced the plant population in many of the experiments, especially in eastern England. They gave lower yields than ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate in many of the experiments in which early growth was affected, and gave lower mean yields at all rates of application.4. In eleven of the experiments, broadcast applications of two or more of the four nitrogen fertilizers were compared. All sources gave similar mean yields.5. There was a slightly smaller yield from combine drilling than from broadcasting ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, and a markedly smaller yield from calcium nitrate and urea.

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Mineralizable-N in the soil under various leys and its effect on the yields of following wheat

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600012648 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 323-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. K. R. Gasser

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Grass Species ◽

Yield Response ◽

Fertilizer N ◽

Mineral N ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Mineralizable N

SUMMARYSoil samples taken in the autumn after ploughing ryegrass, clover, and ryegrass/clover leys were used to measure the mineral-N (ammonium-N + nitrate-N) in the fresh soil (mineral-Nfresh), the increase in mineral-N on incubating the fresh soils (Δmineral-Nfresh), and the increase in mineral-N on incubating the re-wetted air-dry soils (Δmineral -Nair-dry). Mineral-Nfresh and Δ mineral-Nair-dry were measured on further soil samples taken the following spring. Values of Δmineral-Nair-dry, not only correlated best with grain yields and N uptakes by wheat without fertilizer-N, but also with yield responses and fertilizer-N recovered from fertilizer-N applied to the winter wheat.Treatment of the ley altered measurements on samples taken in the autumn but not those taken the following spring.Soil samples taken in the autumn 1960 from under three-year grass leys were used to measure mineral-Nfresh, Δ mineral-Nfresh and Δ mineral-Nair-dry Spring wheat was grown in 1961 followed by spring barley in 1962. Further soil samples were taken in spring 1962 after cultivations were complete and before the barley was sown or fertilizers applied.A mineral-Nair-dry was the best measurement to use on soils from under grass leys. Values depended on grass species, and were increased by N applied to the ley. Differences had largely disappeared 18 months later. A mineral-Nalr.dry was positively correlated with grain yields of spring wheat grown both with and without fertilizer-N, and with the yield response or the nitrogen recovered from, a dressing of 56 lb N/acre.With fertilizer-N yields of winter wheat after the mixed leys tended to the same maximum value independently ofmineralizable-N in the soil. After grass leys maximum yields of spring wheat given fertilizer-N increased with increasing mineralizable-N in the soil.

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Variability of yields in cereal variety × fungicide trials

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600035280 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 100 (3) ◽

pp. 535-538 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hilary Mycroft

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Yield Variability ◽

Yield Response ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Fungicide Treatment ◽

Variety Performance ◽

Winter Wheat Varieties

SUMMARYYield variability of spring barley and winter wheat varieties is investigated in National Institute of Agricultural Botany trials sown to assess the influence on varieties of fungicide treatment. The extent of the variation in relative variety performance due to years and centres is estimated for untreated and treated yields and for yield response to fungicide. The consequences for the design of future trials systems are considered.

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