The effect of protein level in creep feed on the growth rate and body composition of sucking pigs

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthea W. W. Whitelaw ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
A. S. Jones ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Large White ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Ad Libitum

1. Three creep feeds containing 14, 18 and 22% crude protein of similar protein quality (as measured by total lysine and total methionine plus cystino content) but with similar levels of other nutrients were given ad libitum to 210 pigs, the progeny of thirty large White sows from 21 to 56 days old.2. At 21 days old, each litter was reduced to seven piglets by killing one, two or three pigs at random. The whole pig was analysed for protein, ether extract, ash and dry matter.3. At 56 days, 3 further pigs were killed in each litter and analysed in a similar manner.

The nutrition of the early weaned lamb:III. The effect of ad libitum intake of diets varying in protein concentration on performance and on body composition at different live weights

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

SUMMARY1. Fifty lambs weaned at about 5 weeks of age were fed ad libitum on mixtures of barley and fish meal containing either 11·0, 15·7 or 19·4% crude protein in dry matter. Male and female lambs on each diet were killed at intervals, starting after they had been on the diets for 3 weeks. The last to be killed had attained a live weight of about 55 kg.2. The mean rate of voluntary feed consumption was less at all live weights for the lambs on the diet containing 11·0% crude protein than for those on the other diets and the difference was statistically significant at live weights of 30 and 35 kg. Mean rates of live-weight gain on the low, medium and high protein diets were respectively 191, 270 and 330 g per day for the male lambs and 177, 225 and 301 g per day for the females, the increase with protein concentration being highly significant. Feed conversion rate (kg feed/kg gain) over the whole experiment increased with increasing weight at slaughter. After adjustment for this effect the mean values showed significant dietary effects, and were least on the highest protein concentration.3. The percentages (y) of nitrogen or of ether extract in the dry matter of the carcass or of the whole empty body were found to be related non-linearly to the empty-body weight (x) at time of slaughter. The relationships were satisfactorily described by equations of the form y = A + Be-Cx, where A, B and C were fitted constants. The relationships for males and females had to be fitted separately, but a common value of A could be used with each of the three groups of male lambs and similarly for the three female groups.4. These relationships were used to obtain estimates of the nitrogen, ether extract and energy content of empty-body gain per unit live-weight gain. The estimated percentages of energy retained as fat were of the order of 76–83%, in agreement with ARC estimates (1965), except for male lambs between 14 and 20 kg live weight on medium or high-protein diets, for which the estimates were only 62 and 63%.5. The implications of these relationships are discussed with particular reference to the finding of dietary effects on body composition during the growth period of the lambs and to the tendency for these differences in body composition to diminish as mature live weight was approached. The differences in body composition between male and female lambs showed no such tendency to diminish.

Mature body composition of the Gallego sheep breed of Galicia (north-west Spain)

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 179-179
Author(s):  
M. R. Cropper ◽  
N. Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
North West ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Mature Size

Taylor (1980) indicated the importance of mature size in the description of animals and its usefulness for standardising growth parameters. The mature size and body composition of the Gallego breed, a small meat-producing type first described by Mason (1967), have never been estimated under defined management conditions. Therefore, using the scaling rules and results of Thonney, Taylor, Murray and McClelland (1987) as a guide, a study was made to determine whether the reputation of Gallego lambs for producing lean carcases was borne out in the composition of mature animals.Twenty-one ewes (mean liveweight, LW, 32.7, sd 5.4 kg) and eight rams (LW 47.6, sd 8.6 kg) were selected as cast animals on the basis of age ( >4 years), body condition score (BCS, >1.75), health and teeth status and group-fed on concentrate (180 g crude protein/ kg dry-matter) and hay ad libitum. LW was measured fortnightly. When all animals had a LW and BCS which were stable for 2 months, 3 subgroups were slaughtered monthly. Weights of wool, body organs and hot carcase (HC) were recorded. Dissection of the cold carcase (CC) into commercial joints (Cabrero Poveda, 1984) and total lean, bone and fat.

EFFECTS OF MONENSIN AND RYEGRASS STRAW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. SHQUEIR ◽  
D. L. THOMAS ◽  
W. H. KENNICK
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Feedlot Lambs

Sixty single-reared lambs sired by Hampshire rams were used to study the effects of monensin and ryegrass straw on feedlot performance. Two levels of monensin (0 and 27.5 ppm) and two levels of ryegrass straw (0 and 25%) were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Each of the four pelleted diets was fed ad libitum to 15 lambs. Monensin-fed lambs had lower (P < 0.10) feed intakes, smaller (P < 0.05) loin eye areas and higher (P < 0.10) carcass quality grades than lambs not fed monensin. Although the difference was not significant (P > 0.10), monensin-fed lambs also had improved feed efficiencies over lambs not fed monensin. Crude protein, ether extract and crude fiber digestibilities of the diets were increased by the addition of monensin. Lambs fed ryegrass straw had lower (P < 0.01) average daily carcass gains, lower (P < 0.10) carcass quality grades, lower (P < 0.05) dressing percentages and smaller (P < 0.10) loin eye areas than lambs not fed ryegrass straw. Diet total digestible nutrients and dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract digestibilities were reduced (P < 0.05) when ryegrass straw was present. Key words: Sheep, feedlot lambs, ryegrass straw, monensin

Nutritional manipulation of lamb growth and its effect on body composition and carcase quality

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 71-71
Author(s):  
M. Cropper ◽  
M.D. Lloyd ◽  
G.C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Lamb Growth

The growth rate and body composition of lambs depend on their rate of feed intake and the composition of the feed given. The purpose of the experiment described here was to test predictions of the growth and composition of lambs given feeds of two protein contents at three levels of feeding.73 Scottish Blackface wethers were abruptly weaned at 49 days of age and an average live weight (LW) of 18 (sd 2.2) kg. Six, chosen to cover the range in initial liveweight, were killed and those remaining were put into individual pens and fed in one of six ways. Two feeds with 140g CP/kg fresh weight (FW), called LP, and 220 g CP/kg FW, called HP, were used. They were formulated using barley, maize and soyabean meal, and hay at 150g/kg FW, and were calculated to yield 11.8 MJ ME/kg FW. Each feed was given ad libitum (AL) and at daily rates of 1.2 or 0.8 kg FW. The numbers of sheepstarted were: ALHP, n = 8; ALLP, n = 8; 1.2 HP, n = 12, 1.2 LP, n = 13, 0.8 HP, n = 14, 0.8 LP, n = 12. Sheep were killed from each treatment at 5 kg LW intervals from 25 to 50 kg. After slaughter the weights of gut-fill and organs were taken and the carcase physically dissected into lean, bone and fat. The chemical composition - dry matter and the ash, N, lipid and gross energy contents of the dry matter - of the whole empty body, excluding wool, was measured. Wool weights were determined. The intakes and weights of each sheep were measured twice weekly.

Reproductive performance of pigs selected for components of efficient lean growth

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 14-14
Author(s):  
J. C. Kerr ◽  
N. D. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Large White ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Lean Growth ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Litter Traits ◽  
And Control

This study determined the correlated responses in reproductive performance after five generations of divergent selection for components of efficient lean growth rate in Large White pigs.Data were collected from five generations of pigs divergently selected for daily food intake (DFI), lean food conversion (LFC), lean growth rate on ad-libitum feeding (LGA) and lean growth rate on restricted or scale feeding (LGS). In each selection group, there were high, low and control lines, each consisting of 10 boars and 20 gilts. Animals were mated at around 9.5 months of age. Pregnant gilts were fed 2.5 kg daily and farrowed sows up to 3.5 kg twice daily of a 160 g/kg DM crude protein and 132 MJ/kg DM digestible energy ration. Animals were farrowed at 414 (s.d. 19.7) days of age, on average. No cross fostering was practised. Piglets were offered creep feed containing 235 g/kg DM crude protein and 160 MJ/kg DM digestible energy from 14 days and were weaned at an average of 35 (s.d. 3) days. Litter traits were measured on 1220 selected Large White gilts, with 13030 piglet birth weights and 9951 weaning weights.

Full-fat canola seed meal as a protein source for weaner and grower - finisher pig

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Brand ◽  
J. P. van der Merwe ◽  
D. A. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Weaner Pigs ◽  
Matter Basis

Summary. Full-fat canola seed (Brassica napus cv. Oscar) (260 g/kg crude protein and 410 g/kg ether extract) was evaluated as an alternative protein source in diets fed to weaner and grower–finisher pigs. Four diets for weaner pigs were formulated on an iso-nutrient (about 198.9 g/kg crude protein, 15.2 g/kg lysine, 8.3 g/kg methionine and cystine and 2.4 g/kg tryptophan on a dry matter basis) and iso-energy basis (16.2 MJ/kg dry matter digestible energy) to substitute full-fat soybean with increasing levels of full-fat canola seed meal (0, 8, 16 and 24%). Similarly, 4 diets for grower–finisher pigs were formulated on an iso-energy and iso-nutrient basis (about 14.9 MJ/kg dry matter digestible energy, 178 g/kg crude protein, 10 g/kg lysine, 6.8 g/kg methionine and cystine and 2.2 g/kg tryptophan on a dry matter basis), where soybean oilcake meal was similarly substituted. Weaner pigs (n = 80) were fed ad libitum from 9.6 to 26.7 kg liveweight. Piglets were kept in groups of 4 (2 gilts and 2 castrated boars combined at random) in cages (1.5 by 1 m) with solid floors, fitted with a self-feeder and equipped with an automatic water nipple. Grower–finisher pigs (n = 52), individually housed in flat deck-type cages (1.6 by 1.0 m), fitted with a self-feeder and equipped with an automatic water nipple, were fed ad libitum from 22.9 to 91.1 kg, whereafter pigs were slaughtered, carcass characteristics determined and back-fat samples taken. Energy and nitrogen metabolism data were evaluated in a digestion and metabolism trial for the 4 grower–finisher diets. No significant difference in the intake, growth rate or feed conversion of weaner pigs was observed. The dry matter digestibility of the grower–finisher diet differed significantly (P<0.05) between diets and decreased linearly by 4.5% (P<0.01; SEb = 0.36) for each incremental increase in the canola inclusion level. The digestible energy content of the diets was not affected. Regression analysis revealed a linear decrease [2 g N/day (P<0.01; SEb = 0.18)] in nitrogen retention rate for each increment increase in canola inclusion. The inclusion of up to 24% canola had no significant effect on feed intake, liveweight gain or feed conversion ratio of grower–finisher pigs, although regression analysis revealed a linear decrease of 21.7 (SEb = 5.9) g/day in growth rate with increasing canola levels. Inclusion levels of 16% in diets for grower–finisher pigs were recommended for maximum efficiency. The back-fat of pigs consuming diets with 16 and 24% full-fat canola in their diets had 13% (P<0.05) higher iodine numbers than pigs that received 0 and 8% full-fat canola in their diets. Generally, all saturated fatty acids decreased while monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased, with increasing levels of canola in the diets.

The effect of three levels of intake of Ostertagia Circumcincta Larvae on growth rate, food intake and body composition of growing lambs

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Coop ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
K. W. Angus
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Initial Control ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYForty-eight 4-month-old lambs, reared worm-free from birth, were allocated to six groups and offered ad libitum a complete diet containing 139 g crude protein/kg D.M. One group was killed at the outset as initial control (CI). Further groups, ALC, 1, 2, 3 and 4 were dosed daily for 84 days with zero, 1000, 3000, 5000 and 5000 larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta, respectively. Lambs in group 4 also received anthelmintic (fenbendazole, 5 mg/kg) on days 21, 42, 63 and 84. Lambs were killed after 98 days and their carcasses and those of the initial controls analysed for fat, protein and mineral contents.

Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
G. L. Mabey ◽  
R. Rose Innes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Accra Plains

SummaryDigestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.

DIGESTIBILITY OF RYE AND ITS VALUE IN PELLETED RATIONS FOR PIGS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Friend ◽  
T. M. MacIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Daily Gain

Digestibility and N-retention were determined with eight barrows fed rye and barley in a crossover experiment. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility coefficients for rye were higher than those for barley, but differences in N-retention were negligible. The coefficients obtained by indirect measurement were higher than those determined directly. Seventy-two pigs were used in a factorial experiment to determine the effect on production of feeding two grades of rye at 0, 30 and 60% of pelleted and non-pelleted finisher rations. Weight gains by barrows compared with gilts were affected less by the addition of rye to the rations. The growth rate of gilts was reduced by the inclusion of 30% rye in non-pelleted but not in pelleted rations. The use of No. 2 grade rye appeared to have restricted rate of gain less than did No. 3 grade rye. The feeding value of rye was improved by pelleting, since the daily gain of 0.75 kg obtained by feeding a 30% rye, pelleted ration equalled that from pigs fed a 0% rye, non-pelleted ration.

scholarly journals Intake and digestibility of crossbred goats finished on caatinga grassland receiving feed supplementation during dry season

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Cézar da SILVA ◽  
Adriana GUIM ◽  
Gladston Rafael de Arruda SANTOS ◽  
Evaristo Jorge de Oliveira SOUZA ◽  
Stela Antas URBANO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Substitution Effect ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Feed Supplementation ◽  
Total Carbohydrates

SUMMARY It was evaluated the effect of feed supplementation at 0.4; 0.8 and 1.2% of body weight (BW) on intake and digestibility of crossbred goats finished on caatinga, in relation to crossbred goats not supplemented (0.0% of BW). Thirty-two crossbred, Anglo-Nubian goats were used, eight months old and with body weight of 18 ± 2.5 kg, organised into randomised blocks, which were kept on 37 hectares of caatinga from 7 h to 16 h. Intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fibre, total carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients was influenced (P<0.05) by the levels of feed supplementation, with linear increases of 202.31; 179.42; 25.05; 11.83; 35.79; 12.27; 142.63 and 166.79 g animal-1 day-1 respectively. There was a substitution effect (P<0.05) on dry matter intake when using feed supplementation at 0.7% BW. Feed supplementation resulted in positive linear effect (P<0.05) for digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates, total digestible-nutrient content and digestible energy, with an increase of 17.15; 16.64; 19.07; 44.74; 15.15 and 17.56% for dry matter, and 0.69 Mcal kg-1 of dry matter respectively. Final body weight, total gain and average daily gain, showed a linear increase (P<.005) of 2.60, 3.09 and 0.036 kg per percentage point of each additional level of supplement. Feed supplementation increases the intake and digestibility of total dry matter and nutrients, a fact that makes greater performance possible, and recommends use up to a level of 0.7% BW to avoid any substitution effect.

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