Influence of cotton-seed meal and barley grain supplements on intake, digestion, live-weight gain and wool growth in sheep fed NaOH-treated oat and wheat straw diets

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Amaning-Kwarteng ◽  
R. C. Kellaway
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Cotton Seed Meal ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Weight Gains

SummaryGrowth and digestibility trials were conducted to investigate responses of young cross-bred sheep to alkali-treated straws and supplements. Oat and wheat straws were coarsely milled, sprayed with NaOH solution and then sprayed with a solution containing N, S, P, Cu and Co, and mixed with powdered limestone. The treated straws were fedad libitumwith no supplement (0) or with 150 g/day of either cotton-seed meal (CSM) or whole barley grain (B). In a preliminary trial to study the effect of frequency of ort collection on intake of treated straw, consumption decreased (P< 0·05) when frequency of ort collection was reduced from once daily to once weekly. This was associated with an increase in the neutral detergent fibre content of the orts. During the growth trial, which lasted 105 days, intake of treated straw increased by 34%.When no supplement was fed, digestibility of treated oat straw was higher (P < 0·05) and dry-matter intake lower (P< 0·05) than that of treated wheat straw. However, calculated intakes of metabolizable energy (ME) and measurements of growth and wool production were similar on the two straws (P> 0·05).When supplements were fed, there was no effect on intake of the treated straws. Mean live-weight gains were 51·4, 80·2 and 77·3 g/day on treatments 0, CSM and B respectively (P< 0·01). This was associated with higher intakes of ME (P< 0·01) which accounted for 73% of the variation in live-weight gains. Mean clean wool growth was 7·6, 10·5 and 9·3 g/day on treatments 0, CSM and B respectively (P< 0·01). This effect was associated more with nitrogen (N) absorption than with ME intake (80 and 48% of the variation in wool growth respectively).It was concluded that the treated straws provided sufficient nutrients for modest growth in young sheep, that the supplements had no effect on intake of the treated straws and that additional live-weight gain and wool growth obtained by feeding CSM and B were associated with energy intake and nitrogen absorbed respectively.

Utilization of low quality roughages: effects of alkali treatment of wheat straw on intake by and growth rate of cattle, with and without a supplement of cotton-seed meal

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sriskandarajah ◽  
R. C. Kellaway
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Cotton Seed Meal ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

SUMMARYEffects of treating wheat straw with caustic soda solution and of providing a cottonseed meal supplement were studied with 40 Friesian heifers (280 kg live weight) in individual pens. Responses were measured in terms of food intake, growth rate and food conversion ratio.Wheat straw was coarsely-milled and fedad libitum, untreated (U) or alkali-treated (T); both types of straw were supplemented with urea and minerals. Half the animals on each type of straw were fed 500 g cotton-seed meal (C/day.Straw intake was higher with T than with U (P< 0·01) and unaffected by the cotton-seed meal supplement, being 4·53, 4·71, 6·58 and 6·56 kg/day on treatments U, UC, T and TC respectively. Alkali treatment and the cotton-seed meal supplement improved live-weight change (P< 0·001), being –6, 189, 334 and 495 g/day respectively.In vivodigestible organic matter in the dry matter, calculated from lignin ratios, was 59, 60, 64 and 64 respectively.Rumen VFA concentrations were significantly higher, molar proportions of acetic acid lower, propionic andn-butyrie acids higher in animals on T than on U. Plasma urea and rumen ammonia concentrations were lower on treatment T than on U.It was concluded that wheat straw which is coarsely-milled, NaOH-treated and sprayed with urea and minerals provides sufficient nutrients to allow cattle to grow and that additional gain obtained by feeding cotton-seed meal was predictable in terms of its energy contribution to the diet.

The production and management of Stylosanthes gracilis at Shika, Nigeria:II. In savanna grassland

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Haggar ◽  
P. N. De Leeuw ◽  
E. Agishi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Night Period

SUMMARYIn an 80 acres (32·4 ha) grazing trial carried out over a 2-year period significant increases in cattle live-weight gains were achieved following the oversowing of savanna grassland by 4 lb/acre (1·8 kg/ha) of Stylosanthes gracilis (stylo) seed. The beneficial effects of the stylo was particularly apparent during the early part of the dry season. The early growth and subsequent survival of the stylo was not outstanding.Better results were achieved in a second experiment where stylo was grown as a pure crop and ration-grazed in the dry season in association with unimproved savanna. The live-weight gain of cattle grazing the stylo only during the 12 h night period was the same as cattle receiving 1·8 lb (0·82 kg) whole cotton seed per day. In general, cattle live-weight gains were directly proportional to the time spent on the stylo.

The effect of winter food level on compensatory growth of weaned, suckled calves grazed at two sward heights

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
E. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Winter Food ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Winter Feeding

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted with weaned, suckled calves to investigate the effect of feeding level during the post-weaning winter on their subsequent performance when continuously grazed on pasture maintained at two sward heights. Low, medium and high levels of winter feeding resulted in winter live-weight gains of 0·31, 0·58 and 0·79 (s.e. 0·027) kg/day (P < 0·001) during the 152-day winter in experiment 1 and 0·44, 0·69 and 0·84 (s.e. 0·029) kg/day (P < 0·001) for 189 days in experiment 2. During summer (93 days in experiment 1 and 87 days in experiment 2) there was a significant effect of winter food level on performance when live-weight gains were 1·10, 1·02, 0·87 and 1·35, 1·23 and 1·19 (s.e. 0·060) kg/day for the low, medium and high winter food levels on the short and tall swards respectively in experiment 1 (P < 0·01) and 0·86, 0·66, 0·51 and 1·26, 1·18 and 0·91 (s.e. 0090) kg/day in experiment 2 (P < 0·001). The cattle showing compensatory growth had higher herbage intakes and it is postulated that this occurred because of a negative association between body fat and herbage intake. Sward height had a large positive effect on herbage intake and live-weight gain and it is concluded that for maximum intake on ryegrass swards, herbage height should be at least 8 cm. Lower levels of winter live-weight gain delayed the time to slaughter, but allowed cattle to achieve heavier carcass weights at a fixed level of fatness.It is concluded that there is no single optimum winter food level for weaned, suckled calves but that the choice will depend upon several factors, including availability of winter and summer food resources, the length of the winter feeding period, the desired date of slaughter and type of carcass to be produced.

scholarly journals Effect of breed on growth performance and carcass composition of Aberdeen Angus, Charolais,Herefordand Simmental bulls

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bartoň ◽  
D. Řehák ◽  
V. Teslík ◽  
D. Bureš ◽  
R. Zahrádková
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Dressing Percentage

Breed effects on live weight gain, slaughter characteristics and carcass composition were compared in Aberdeen Angus, Charolais, Hereford and Simmental bulls. The experiment extended over 2 years and involved totally 96 animals. The target slaughter live weights were determined 550 kg for earlier maturing breeds Aberdeen Angus and Hereford and 630 kg for later maturing breeds Charolais and Simmental. Charolais and Simmental gained more rapidly (P &lt; 0.05) than Aberdeen Angus while Hereford were intermediate. Hereford had lower (P &lt; 0.05) dressing percentage than the other breeds. Percentages of grade I meat were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in Charolais and Simmental. The highest percentage of separable fat was recorded in Hereford (P &lt; 0.05). Charolais and Simmental had lower (P &lt; 0.05) thickness of subcutaneous fat over MLLT than Aberdeen Angus andHereford. The later maturing bulls generally tended to achieve higher live weight gains during the experiment, produced less fat and had higher percentage of meat from high priced joints in comparison with earlier maturing animals. &nbsp;

A study of subclinical worm infestation in sheep: Part II. The ‘tolerance’ level of infestation

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. W. Spedding ◽  
T. H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Worm Infestation ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Different Levels

1. The live-weight gain of lambs initially infected at five different levels was compared with that of similar but worm-free animals, under conditions of set-stocking at a high rate per acre.2. Over a period of 9 months the worm-free controls gained 67·7% more weight than the total infected group, but the live-weight gains of the five levels did not appear to be related to their original infection or to their egg counts.3. Although a few nematode eggs were detected in the faeces of some control lambs, reinfection was negligible under the conditions of this experiment.4. It was concluded that a marked depression of productivity may be associated with an egg count as low as 114 e.p.g. in sheep 4–7 months of age.

The effect of Haemonchus contortus infection on haematological parameters in young Merino sheep and its significance for productivity

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. A. Albers ◽  
G. D. Gray ◽  
L. F. Le Jambre ◽  
I. A. Barger ◽  
J. S. F. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts ◽  
Iron Concentrations

ABSTRACTFaecal egg counts, haematocrits, erythrocyte potassium contents and serum iron concentrations were determined in 1005, 3- to 5-month-old Merino lambs infected with a single dose of 11 000 Haemonchus contortus larvae. Live-weight gain and wool growth also were recorded. Lambs were infected in six different groups over a 3-year period. When infections were terminated after 5 weeks, faecal egg counts in the six infected groups had reached a peak of 5170 to 20 339 eggs per g (average 12 909), haematocrits had declined to between 196 and 309 ml/1 (average 233), erythrocyte potassium contents had risen to between 16·7 and 37·5 mequiv. per 1 (average 31·5) and serum iron concentrations, in some cases following an erratic course, had dropped to between 0·512 and 1·546 mg/1 (average 0·946).Of the three haematological parameters, haematocrit correlated best with faecal egg count (r = 0·7 in four of six infected groups). However, in two groups with low faecal egg counts this correlation was much lower (r = 0·3). Erythrocyte potassium concentration and serum iron concentration significantly correlated with variability of haematocrit not accounted for by faecal egg count, suggesting that both erythropoiesis and iron availability influence the degree of anaemia.The effect of H. contortus infection on productivity of lambs was best predicted by haematocrits: for each further 0·01 proportional decrease in haematocrit, a 0·03 reduction of live-weight gain over a 9-week post-infection period, a 0·007 reduction in clean wool growth and a 0·004 reduction in fibre diameter over a 4- to 9-week period were observed. Some evidence was obtained indicating a tolerance level of anaemia at approximately 280 ml/1 packed cell volume.

A comparison of the performance of suckled lambs with lambs weaned at seven weeks of age and either grazed or given concentrates

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

SUMMARY1. Seventy-two Blackface ewes with 96 Greyface (Border Leicester ♂ × Blackface ♀) lambs were allocated to three groups. Twenty-four ewes with 32 suckling lambs were set-stocked on 2·4 hectares (ha) of grass (A); 32 lambs were weaned and set-stocked on 2·4 ha of grass (B) and 32 lambs were weaned, housed and given concentrates (C). Beef cows with calves were used to control the grass in the two grazing groups.2. The average initial live weight of the lambs was 18 kg. Treatments had a significant effect on performance, the live-weight gains per lamb over the initial 35 days being 11·2, 9·1 and 5·9 kg for groups A, B and C respectively. The total gains over 70 days, when the suckled lambs (A) were weaned, were 17·6, 15·5 and 14·3 kg.3. The total live-weight gain per ha from lambs and calves over 88 days was higher on treatment B than on treatment A. The lambs weaned on to grass took 9 days longer than the suckled lambs to reach a slaughter weight of 42 kg and had significantly poorer killing-out percentages.4.The lambs given concentrates had an overall food conversion efficiency of 4·89 kg concentrates per kg live-weight gain.

Rearing of dairy cattle. 4. Effect of concentrate supplementation on the live-weight gain and feed intake of calves offered roughages ad libitum

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Weight Gains

SUMMARYThe effects of three levels of concentrate supplementation on the live-weight gain and intake of roughages of 12-week-old British Friesian female calves were examined. Each supplement was offered for 12 weeks to two replicates of five calves which were group fed. The following six roughages were studied; high quality hay, dried grass wafers, grass silage, barley straw, poor quality hay and maize silage. The digestibility of the roughages was measured with sheep by total collection of faeces.Increasing the level of concentrate supplementation gave linear increases in live-weight gains of calves with all roughages, the greatest response occurring with roughages of low digestibility. The intake of roughage was depressed by increasing the level of concentrate supplementation, the greatest depressions occurring with roughages of high digestibility. Live-weight gains and roughage intakes were higher with dried grass wafers and lower with maize silage than would be expected from their respective digestibility coefficients.Multiple regression equations were calculated to relate live-weight gains or roughage intakes to concentrate intake and roughage digestibility. These equations predict from the digestibility of a roughage, the amount of concentrates required daily to produce a given live-weight gain, and the amount of roughage which is eaten under these circumstances.

Effect of winter environment on growth of young beef cattle 1. Effects of exposure during winter to rain or wind and rain combined on performance of 9-month-old Friesian steers fed on two planes of nutrition

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. McCarrick ◽  
M. J. Drennan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Weight Gains

SUMMARYThree experiments were conducted to compare the performance of 9-month-old Friesian steers wintered in three environments, (a) conventional cattle houses, (b) wind-sheltered roofless sawdust pads and (c) unsheltered roofless sawdust pads. Within each environment animals were fed on two planes of nutrition.In each experiment, winter live-weight gains of animals accommodated on the three winter environments were similar as were weight changes during the subsequent four weeks at grass in Experiments 2 and 3.No interaction on live-weight gain was found between plane of nutrition and winter environment. Health of outwintered animals was good throughout. The response to feeding barley with hay in these experiments (obtained by comparing low-plane with high-plane treatment groups) showed that on average 5·5 kg of barley dry matter were required to produce 1 kg of additional live-weight gain above that obtained from hay fed alone.

The effect of daylength on the growth of lambs. 5. Skeletal long photoperiod

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Brinklow ◽  
R. Jones ◽  
J. M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
The Third ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Long Photoperiod

ABSTRACTFour experiments were carried out, with a total of 98 Suffolk-cross lambs fed at a restricted level, to study the effects of skeletal long photoperiod (7 h light: 10 h dark: 1 h light: 6 h dark) compared with short photoperiod (8 h light: 16 h dark) on growth and blood levels of hormones. The experiments started when the lambs were from 2 to 10 months of age and continued for 9 to 14 weeks.In the first experiment, the weight gains of both females and castrated males were significantly increased by skeletal long photoperiod. Plasma prolactin was increased and cortisol decreased by skeletal long photoperiod.Experiment 2 included females and castrated males; prolactin was stimulated by skeletal long photoperiod and there was a significant positive correlation between live-weight gain and prolactin.The weight gains and carcass characteristics of the female lambs used in the third experiment were not affected by photoperiod. Live-weight gain was negatively related to plasma cortisol.In experiment 4, there were 12 intact males and 12 castrated males. The intact animals grew significantly faster; skeletal long photoperiod caused a depression in testosterone levels in plasma even though it tended to increase live-weight gain.When the data from all four experiments were pooled, it was found that skeletal long photoperiod gave a significant increase in live-weight gain in animals whose pineal gland was intact (40 per photoperiod; 138 v. 113 g/day); there was no effect on gut fill at slaughter and the increase in carcass weight (0·5 kg) was not significant.

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