The application of an improved artificial rumen technique to the study of the effects of non-protein nitrogen on fermentation and nitrogen distribution in the rumen

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
T. W. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Distribution ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Presence And Absence

SummaryAn artificial rumen technique which simulated in vivo conditions was applied to the study of the effects of non-protein nitrogen on fermentation and nitrogen distribution in the rumen. Using this technique it was possible to reproduce in vitro a series of biochemical and other effects on fermentation that had been produced in vivo by the addition of various sources and levels of non-protein nitrogen to the rumen. It was shown that with a basal diet of cellulose, protein was synthesized from urea both in the presence and absence of starch over a period of 24 h and a typical rumen fermentation pattern was maintained.

scholarly journals The Antimethanogenic Nitrocompounds Can be Cleaved into Nitrite by Rumen Microorganisms: A Comparison of Nitroethane, 2-Nitroethanol, and 2-Nitro-1-propanol

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Zhen-Wei Zhang ◽  
Yan-Lu Wang ◽  
Wei-Kang Wang ◽  
Yong-Yang Chen ◽  
Xue-Meng Si ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compartment Model ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
The One

A class of aliphatic short chain nitrocompounds have been reported as being capable of CH4 reduction both in vitro and in vivo. However, the laboratory evidence associated with the metabolic fate of nitrocompounds in the rumen has not been well documented. The present study was conducted to compare in vitro degradation and metabolism of nitroethane (NE), 2-nitroethanol (NEOH), and 2-nitro-1-propanol (NPOH) incubated with mixed rumen microorganisms of dairy cows. After 10 mM supplementation of nitrocompounds, a serious of batch cultures were carried out for 120 h under the presence of two substrates differing in the ratio of maize meal to alfalfa hay (HF, 1:4; LF, 4:1). Compared to the control, methane production was reduced by 59% in NPOH and by >97% in both NE and NEOH, and such antimethanogenic effects were more pronounced in the LF than the HF group. Although NE, NEOH, and NPOH addition did not alter total VFA production, the rumen fermentation pattern shifted toward increasing propionate and butyrate and decreasing acetate production. The kinetic disappearance of each nitrocompound was well fitted to the one-compartment model, and the disappearance rate (k, %/h) of NE was 2.6 to 5.2 times greater than those of NEOH and NPOH. Higher intermediates of nitrite occurred in NEOH in comparison with NPOH and NE while ammonia N production was lowest in NEOH. Consequently, a stepwise accumulation of bacterial crude protein (BCP) in response to the nitrocompound addition was observed in both the HF and LF group. In brief, both NE and NEOH in comparison with NPOH presented greater antimethanogenic activity via the shift of rumen fermentation. In addition, the present study provided the first direct evidence that rumen microbes were able to cleave these nitrocompounds into nitrite, and the subsequent metabolism of nitrite into ammonia N may enhance the growth of rumen microbes or promote microbial activities.

scholarly journals The Effect of Zinc and/or Herbal Nutraceuticals on Rumen Fermentation, Microbiota and Histopathology in Lambs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Petrič ◽  
Dominika Mravčáková ◽  
Katarína Kucková ◽  
Svetlana Kišidayová ◽  
Adam Cieslak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Medicinal Herbs ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Artemisia Absinthium ◽  
Organic Zinc ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing organic zinc and a mixture of medicinal herbs on rumen microbial fermentation and histopathology in lambs.Methods: Twenty-eight lambs were divided into four groups: unsupplemented animals (Control), animals supplemented with organic zinc (Zn, 70 mg Zn/kg diet), animals supplemented with a mix of dry medicinal herbs (Herbs, 100 g DM/d) and animals supplemented with both zinc and herbs (Zn+Herbs). Each lamb was fed a basal diet composed of meadow hay (700 g DM/d) and barley (300 g DM/d). Fumaria officinalis L. (FO), Malva sylvestris L. (MS), Artemisia absinthium L. (AA) and Matricaria chamomilla L. (MC) were mixed in equal proportions. The lambs were slaughtered after 70 days of the experiment. The rumen content was used to determine the fermentation parameters in vitro and in vivo and to quantify the microbes by molecular and microscopic methods. Samples of fresh rumen tissue were used for histopathological evaluation.Results: Quantitative analyses of the bioactive compounds identified 3.961, 0.654, 6.482 and 12.084 g/kg DM phenolic acids and 12.211, 6.479, 0.349 and 2.442 g/kg DM flavonoids in FO, MS, AA and MC, respectively. The alkaloids content in FO was 6.015 g/kg DM. The effect of diets on values of total gas, methane and n-butyrate in vitro was observed (P < 0.046 and P < 0.001, respectively). Relative quantification by real-time PCR revealed a decrease in the total rumen bacterial population in the lambs in the Zn and Zn+Herbs groups (P < 0.05). A shift in the relative abundance of Ruminococcus albus, Streptococcus bovis, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and R. flavefaciens was observed in the Zn group. Morphological observation showed focal mixed infiltration of inflammatory cells within the lamina propria of the rumen in the Zn+Herbs group. Conclusion: The effect of the organic zinc and the herbal mix on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro was not confirmed in vivo because the rumen microbiota of lambs probably adapted to the zinc-supplemented diets. However, long-term supplementation of a diet combining zinc and medicinal herbs can diminish the health of the ruminal epithelium of lambs.

scholarly journals Effects of Microalgae Species on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Pattern and Methane Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekin Sucu
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Proximate And Mineral Composition

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to establish the effects of two types of microalgae [Chlorella vulgaris (AI), C. variabilis (AII) and their combination (AI+AII)] with two substrates (wheat and corn silages) on rumen fermentation, gas and methane production. To each substrate, one of 3 algae treatment was supplemented at 0% and 25% of the total incubated dry matter. A series of 5 measurement points (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h) were completed and the gas production was monitored. The proximate and mineral composition of microalgae and substrates were examined. At 48 h incubation rumen fermentation variables and CH4 production were also assessed. When compared with wheat silage, corn silage caused an increase in gas production (P<0.05). Ruminal gas production decreased in the algae groups when compared to the controls (0% algae, wheat and corn silages, P<0.05). Among algae, C. vulgaris had the strongest effect, decreasing gas production by 34%. Among algae, the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and CH4 production were found to be lower in C. variabilis (P<0.001). Ammonia-N increased with the algae inclusion (P<0.05). But, the ruminal gas production, pH, acetate, the total VFA, CH4 and rumen fermentation efficiency were not affected by the substrate and algae interaction (P>0.05). The propionate was the highest (P<0.05) for corn silage when incubated with C. vulgaris. Ruminal butyrate was the lowest for the wheat silage when incubated with the mixture of algae (P<0.05). The NH3-N was the highest in corn silage when incubated with all algae types (P<0.05). Careful selection and combination of substrate and algae may positively manipulate rumen fermentation and may inhibit CH4 production. Further research is needed to validate these results in vivo.

scholarly journals Clostridium butyricum Improves Rumen Fermentation and Growth Performance of Heat-Stressed Goats In Vitro and In Vivo

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3261
Author(s):  
Liyuan Cai ◽  
Rudy Hartanto ◽  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Desheng Qi
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Clostridium Butyricum ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Clostridium butyricum on rumen fermentation and the growth performance of heat-stressed goats. The in vitro fermentation was carried out using Clostridium butyricum supplement at 0% (CG), 0.025% (CB1), 0.05% (CB2), 0.10% (CB3), and 0.20% (CB4) of the dry matter (DM) weight of basal diet. Results showed that ruminal pH and the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, as well as the acetic acid to propionic acid ratio were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in CB2 and CB3 compared with the CG group. Additionally, significant increases (p < 0.05) in the degradability of DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were observed in CB2 and CB3 compared with the CG group. For the in vivo study, 12 heat-stressed goats were divided equally into three groups: the control (HS1) was fed the basal diet, and groups HS2 and HS3 were fed with 0.05% and 0.10% Clostridium butyricum added to the basal diet, respectively. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 3 Latin square. Similar effects on rumen fermentation and digestibility parameters were obtained with 0.05% of Clostridium butyricum supplement compared to the in vitro study. Moreover, the dry matter intake and average daily gain were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in HS2 compared with other groups. These results indicated that an effective dose of Clostridium butyricum supplement (0.05%) could improve the rumen fermentation and growth performance of heat-stressed goats.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Dietary Supplementation of Both Natural or Nano-Zeolite in Goat Diets: Effects on Ruminal Fermentation and Nutrients Digestibility

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2215
Author(s):  
Amr El-Nile ◽  
Mahmoud Elazab ◽  
Hani El-Zaiat ◽  
Kheir El-Din El-Azrak ◽  
Alaa Elkomy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Vitro Experiment ◽  
In Vitro Experiment

This study aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo dietary supplementation with different levels of natural or nano-zeolite forms on rumen fermentation patterns and nutrient digestibility. In the in vitro experiment, a basal diet (50% concentrate: 50% forage) was incubated without additives (control) and with natural zeolite (10, 20, 30 g/kg DM) or nano-zeolite (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0 g/kg DM) for 24 h to assess their effect on ruminal fermentation, feed degradability, and gas and methane production using a semi-automatic system of in vitro gas production (GP). The most effective doses obtained from the in vitro experiment were evaluated in vivo using 30 Barki goats (26 ± 0.9 SE kg body weight). Goats were allocated into three dietary treatments (n = 10/treatment) as follows: control (basal diet without any supplementations), natural zeolite (20 g/kg DM diet), and nano-zeolite (0.40 g/kg DM diet). The in vitro results revealed that only the nano-zeolite supplementation form quadratically (p= 0.004) increased GP, and the level of 0.5 g/kg DM had the highest GP value compared to the control. Both zeolite forms affected the CH4 production, linear, and quadratic reductions (p < 0.05) in CH4 (mL/g DM), consistent with linear increases in truly degraded organic matter (TDOM) (p = 0.09), and propionate molar proportions (p = 0.007) were observed by nano zeolite treatment, while the natural form of zeolite resulted in a linear CH4 reduction consistent with a linear decrease (p = 0.004) in NH3-N, linear increases in TDOM (p = 0.09), and propionate molar proportions (p = 0.004). Results of the in vivo experiment demonstrated that the nutrient digestibility was similar among all treatments. Nano zeolite enhanced (p < 0.05) the total short-chain fatty acids and butyrate concentrations, while both zeolite forms decreased (p < 0.001) NH3-N compared to the control. These results suggested that both zeolite supplementation forms favorably modified the rumen fermentation in different patterns.

67 Current Status and Future Prospective of the Use of Plant Bioactive Compounds in Dairy and Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Sergio Calsamiglia ◽  
Maria Rodriguez-Prado ◽  
Gonzalo Fernandez-Turren ◽  
Lorena Castillejos
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the last 20 years there has been extensive in vitro research on the effects of plant extracts and essential oils on rumen microbial fermentation. The main objectives have been to improve energy metabolism through a reduction in methane emissions and an increase in propionate production; and to improve protein metabolism by reducing proteolysis and deamination. While the positive results from in vitro studies has stimulated the release of commercial products based on blends of essential oils, there is limited in vivo evidence on the rumen fermentation and production performance effects. A literature search was conducted to select in vivo studies where information on rumen fermentation and animal performance was reported. For dairy cattle, we identified 37 studies of which 21 were adequate to test production performance. Ten studies reported increases and 3 decreases in milk yield. For beef cattle, we identified 20 studies with rumen fermentation profile and 22 with performance data. Average daily gain improved in 7 and decreased in 1 study. Only 1 out of 16 studies reported an improvement in feed efficiency. Data indicate that out of more than 500 products tested in vitro, only around 20 have been tested in vivo in different mixtures and doses. The use of statistical approaches will allow to describe the conditions, doses and responses in dairy and beef cattle performance. The search for postruminal effects offers another alternative use. Evidence for effects on the intestinal and systemic effects on the immune system and antioxidant status (i.e., capsicum, garlic, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde curcuma, catechins, anethol or pinene), and in the modulation of metabolic regulation (capsicum, cinnamaldehyde, curcuma or garlic) may open the opportunity for future applications. However, stability of the product in the GI tract, description of the mechanisms of action and the impact of these changes on performance needs to be further demonstrated.

A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
A. R. Robblee ◽  
J. C. Wood ◽  
W. C. Kay ◽  
S. K. Chakrabartty
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.

Hydrocortisone abolishes the angiotensin II-mediated potentiation of endothelin-I in bovine bronchi

2000 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
A. J. BROWN ◽  
J. E. NALLY
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Asthmatic Patients ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Evoked Contractions

Angiotensin II potentiates methacholine-evoked bronchoconstriction both in bovine airways in vitro and in asthmatic patients in vivo. Angiotensin II also potentiates endothelin-1-evoked contractions in vitro, but fails to alter such contractions in vivo. One possible confounding factor in patients is their use of inhaled corticosteroids. Accordingly the present study examined the effects of hydrocortisone (cortisol) on contractions evoked by methacholine and endothelin-1 in the presence and absence of angiotensin II. Contractions of rings of isolated bovine airways were measured isometrically in organ baths. Concentration–response curves were obtained for endothelin-1 or methacholine in the presence and absence of angiotensin II, hydrocortisone and a combination of angiotensin II and hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone abolished the angiotensin II-mediated potentiation of endothelin-1-evoked, but not methacholine-evoked, contractions. Hydrocortisone alone evoked the enhancement of methacholine responses, similar to the effect produced by angiotensin II. While species differences may exist, our present results suggest that the use of corticosteroids can have a profound effect on the interaction between angiotensin II and endothelin-1. Accordingly, the presence of inhaled corticosteroids might explain the differences between the results obtained in vitro and in vivo.

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