Nitrogen efficiency of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate for maize (Zea mays) in humid and subhumid regions of Nigeria

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Arora ◽  
L. A. Nnadi ◽  
A. S. R. Juo
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
N Source

SummaryField experiments on efficiency of fertilizer N applied as calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and urea to no-tillage maize (Zea mays) were conducted under humid (Onne) and subhumid (Mokwa) conditions. At both the locations the rate of N was 150 kg/ha.A comparison of apparent crop recovery of applied N indicated that CAN was a more effective N source than urea under subhumid conditions (Mokwa) but that urea was more effective under humid conditions (Onne). In 1981, percentages of applied N recovered by the maize crop at Onne were 28 and 50% from CAN and urea, respectively, whereas the recovery at Mokwa was 46 and 34%, respectively. Total recovery by crop and soil (0–120cm) of CAN at Onne with divided application was equivalent to that at Mokwa with single application at planting (54%). However, the total recovery of urea was much lower at Mokwa (40%) than at Onne (60%). The results in 1982 followed similar trends. Excessive N leaching loss from CAN under humid conditions and volatilization loss from urea under subhumid conditions are considered to be the reasons for poor efficiency of fertilizer N.

THE EFFECTS OF 2-CHLORO-6 (TRICHLOROMETHYL)-PYRIDINE (’N-SERVE’) AND N FERTILIZERS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF CANADIAN OILSEED RAPE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 979-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. BAILEY
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Meal Protein

’N-Serve’ has been shown to reduce losses of applied N-fertilizer and thereby increase fertilizer N-utilization by plants. This study was undertaken to test the effects of ’N-Serve’ on fertilizer N efficiency in oilseed rape production and quality. Field experiments were conducted on two chernozemic soils over 4 yr in Manitoba. The oilseed rape cultivars Tower (Brassica napus L.) and Torch (B. campestris) were used in the study. Spring and fall applied ammonium nitrate, urea and fluid-N, with and without ’N-Serve’ delayed flowering and increased the herbage yield of both oilseed rape cultivars. The number of days from full pod to maturity was increased with application of N fertilizers, but the number of days from flowering to full pod was constant. Increased herbage yield and total plant N at flowering was reflected in increased seed yield and meal protein content, but decreased oil content. ’N-Serve’ applied with and without N fertilizer reduced oil content and oil yield. However, when ’N-Serve’ was applied in the fall with urea and fluid-N it improved their efficiency, resulting in higher seed yields and meal protein content equivalent to that of spring applications. ’N-Serve’ used with fall applied ammonium nitrate or with all three sources of spring applied N had no similar effect. It is concluded that ’N-Serve’ should not be applied to oilseed rape, mainly because of its negative effect on seed oil content.Key words: Oilseed rape, ammonium nitrate, urea, fluid-N, chernozemic soil, protein, oil

scholarly journals The impact of nitrogen fertilizer injection on kernel yield and yield formation of maize

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. Kubešová ◽  
J. Balík ◽  
O. Sedlář ◽  
L. Peklová
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Yield Formation ◽  
The Impact

In field experiments over three vegetation periods (2010–2012) we studied impact of the CULTAN (controlled uptake long term ammonium nutrition) method on yield and yield parameters of kernel maize. The field experiments were conducted at three sites with different soil-climatic conditions. CULTAN treatments were fertilized once with the total amount of nitrogen using an injection machine (at the canopy height of 20 cm) and compared to conventional fertilization with calcium ammonium nitrate application at pre-sowing preparations. In all treatments the amount of nitrogen was the same, 140 kg N/ha. In 2010 at Humpolec site, CULTAN urea ammonium nitrate + inhibitor of nitrification treatment gave by 20.5% higher number of ears compared to CULTAN urea ammonium nitrate treatment. In 2011 at Ivanovice all CULTAN treatments reached statistically significantly higher number of kernels per ear. The higher 1000 kernel weight at CULTAN treatments was observed in 2012 at the Ivanovice site; a statistically significant difference between conventional and CULTAN urea ammonium nitrate + inhibitor of nitrification treatment was observed. Fertilization of maize with nitrogen using the CULTAN method under the conditions of the Czech Republic provides the same yield certainty as the conventional surface application and the CULTAN method of fertilization increases the yield certainty at delayed sowing. Harvest index was statistically significantly influenced by year, fertilization treatment and site.

scholarly journals Ammonia loss from urea in grassland and its mitigation by the new urease inhibitor 2-NPT

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (8) ◽  
pp. 1453-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SCHRAML ◽  
R. GUTSER ◽  
H. MAIER ◽  
U. SCHMIDHALTER
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Ammonia Loss ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dynamic Chamber ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
Phosphoric Triamide ◽  
Urea Granules

SUMMARYFollowing the surface application of granulated urea to grassland, high ammonia (NH3) losses of up to 30% have been reported. The addition of a urease inhibitor (UI) to urea granules could be a way to abate these losses. Field experiments were conducted at two intensive grassland sites in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the potential of the new UI N-(2-nitrophenyl) phosphoric triamide (2-NPT; concentrations of 0·75, 1·0 and 1·5 g N/kg) to reduce NH3 emissions resulting from the application of granulated urea. Ammonia losses were continuously measured on plots fertilized with urea, urea + 2-NPT, calcium ammonium nitrate and a control (0N). The measurements were made with a dynamic chamber system. All measurement periods were started after a period of precipitation with a following rainless period being forecasted. Results over measurement periods of 10 days following fertilization are presented. Ammonia losses following the application of granulated urea varied between 4·6 and 11·8 kg N/ha, corresponding to 4·2 up to 14·0% of the applied nitrogen. The addition of 2-NPT to urea granules at three concentrations significantly reduced NH3 losses by 69–100%. Comparable losses of NH3 were observed for urea containing the UI 2-NPT as well as calcium ammonium nitrate, and were not significantly different from the control treatment. No relationships between losses, meteorological factors and soil moisture were observed. The addition of the UI 2-NPT to urea granules applied on grassland effectively reduced NH3 losses.

RESPONSE OF BROMEGRASS TO N, P AND S FERTILIZER ON A GRAY LUVISOLIC SOIL IN NORTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. UKRAINETZ ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER ◽  
M. MONREAL
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Single Application ◽  
N Source ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Second Year ◽  
N Use

A 9-yr study was conducted on a Gray Luvisolic loam at Loon Lake, Saskatchewan to determine the effect of ammonium nitrate-N (34–0–0) and urea-N (46–0–0) on bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) production and nutrient quality, N recovery, and N use efficiency when the N was applied either annually or as a single application at the start of the experiment. The effects of phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) were also assessed. Each N source was applied at single rates of 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha−1 N and annual rates of 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha−1 N. The ammonium nitrate was also applied as a single dose at rates of 600 and 1000 kg ha−1 N. Phosphorus and S were applied every second year at 224 kg ha−1 P2O5 and 45 kg ha−1 S. Forage dry matter yields were positively related to precipitation received in May and July, and April–May, but negatively related to June precipitation. Forage dry matter production was greater over the first 8-yr period for annual N applications than for a single application receiving an equivalent amount of N; but fertilizer N recovered in forage over the same period was similar (about 30%) for the two methods of application. Dry matter yields were 19% greater after 4 yr and 26% greater after 8 yr when ammonium nitrate was used compared to urea. Recovery of fertilizer N in forage also favored the ammonium nitrate source. The application of low to moderate N rates depressed forage N and P concentrations when yield response was high but concentrations were increased by the highest rates of N fertilizer and by repeated annual applications of N. Toxic concentrations of NO3-N occurred in bromegrass in the first year when N was applied at or above 400 kg ha−1 as one application and also in the second year when N was applied at 800 kg ha−1. When N was applied annually at 200 kg ha−1, NO3-toxicity became a potential problem in later years as soil mineral N accumulated. Phosphorus and S fertilizers increased dry matter yields of forage; P fertilizer increased and S decreased forage P concentration. Annual N applications resulted in more uniform year-to-year yields and N uptake response compared to a single application and provided greater dry matter production without loss of nutritive quality. It was concluded that, in contrast to reports in the literature, the response of forage grasses to N is not site specific.Key words: N source, N recovery, N application method, N use efficiency, phosphorus, sulfur

Time and source of nitrogen application in rice and wheat

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. P. Meelu ◽  
S. Saggar ◽  
M. S. Maskina ◽  
R. S. Rekhi
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
N Application ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate

SummaryThe results of four field experiments conducted for 2 or 3 years on two soils, loamy sand (Typic Ustipsamments) and silty clay loam (Natric Ustochrept) showed that in rice, application of N in three equal amounts was more efficient than one or two applications, irrespective of source of N and type of soil. The results further showed that application of the first dose of N 7 days after transplanting rice was more beneficial than its application at transplanting. Calcium ammonium nitrate was significantly inferior to urea and/or ammonium sulphate for rice in both soils. There were no significant differences in wheat yield, N concentration or uptake due to time and source of N application.

The effect of rate, form and timing of fertilizer N on nitrogen uptake and grain N content in spring malting barley

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. McTaggart ◽  
K. A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out on six sites in eastern Scotland between 1987 and 1989 to determine the effect of nitrogen on the yield, N uptake and grain N concentration of spring barley grown for malting. The effects of fertilizer applications at rates from 0 to 150 kg N ha-1 and the timing of application were studied, using three fertilizer forms: calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate. Calcium nitrate applications significantly increased grain N concentrations (P < 0·05), and grain yields (P < 0·01 and 0·05) at two sites, above the values obtained with the other fertilizers, but there was no effect at the other sites. Split applications of calcium nitrate increased yields above those from single applications in some treatments at two sites. At low rates, recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer was greatest when applied as calcium nitrate. Recovery fell at higher rates in calcium nitrate treatments, but rose in ammonium sulphate treatments. Uptake of fertilizer N, during the period of stem elongation in June, was significantly greater (P < 0·05) in the calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate treatments. Maximum uptake was usually reached by the time of anthesis. Uptake of soil N was not as great during the early sampling periods, but continued up to harvest in most treatments. There was evidence of losses, between anthesis and harvest, of fertilizer N previously taken up by the crop. The uptake of soil N remained constant over the range of fertilizer treatments except with ammonium sulphate, where there was evidence of increased uptake at higher fertilizer rates, possibly due to ‘pool substitution’ of 15N-labelled fertilizer. The variation in soil N uptake between sites was greater than the variation in fertilizer N uptake caused by different forms of fertilizer and different application times.

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF BROMEGRASS HAY IN CENTRAL ALBERTA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. MALHI ◽  
D. K. McBEATH ◽  
V. S. BARON
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Yield And Quality

Field experiments were conducted at four locations in central Alberta to determine the effect of N applications on dry matter yield and quality of bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) hay. Ammonium nitrate was broadcast in early spring for 5 yr at rates of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 kg N ha−1. In addition, fertilizer N was applied at 200 and 400 kg ha−1 only in the initial year to determine residual effects. Total dry matter yield (TDY) increased with increasing fertilizer N rates maximizing at 150 to 200, 100 to 150, 50 to 100 and 100 to 150 kg N ha−1 at Lacombe, Joffre, Botha, and Rocky Mountain House, respectively. Protein concentration and protein yield in bromegrass hay also increased with increasing N applications. Over the 4-yr period, TDY with initial N applications were generally lower than with the same total amount of N applied with annual rates. The residual effect of initial rates of N lasted only 2–3 yr following fertilizer application. With the exception of the Botha location, levels of NO3-N potentially toxic to livestock (>0.226%) were produced only in the first year. Potentially toxic NO3-N levels did not generally occur at those rates required to maximize TDY.Key words: Ammonium nitrate fertilizer, Bromus inermis, dry matter yield, nitrate-N concentration, protein concentration, protein yield

scholarly journals Fate of a 15N-labeled Urea Pulse in Heavily Fertilized Banana Crops

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Line Raphael ◽  
Sylvie Recous ◽  
Harry Ozier-Lafontaine ◽  
Jorge Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Available N ◽  
Banana Crops

Banana crops in the Caribbean are characterized by the use of high rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization which causes severe environmental damages. The aim of this study was to assess the fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE) of banana crops in the field. To do so, a field trial was carried out during the first (GS1) and the fourth (GS4) growing seasons of banana crops, and the fate of a 15N-labeled pulse applied late in the growing season (flowering stage) was determined. At harvest, NUE (average 24% 15N applied) and the total recovery of fertilizer 15N in the soil–plant system (i.e., 40% in GS1 and 62% in GS4) were low. Low NUE resulted mainly from the dilution in a large soil mineral N pool derived from earlier applications of the labeled-N fertilizer applied at flowering, combined with leaching caused by numerous high-intensity rainfall events (>20 mm d−1). Crop residues from previous cycles present at time of fertilizer application in the fourth growing season, promoted fertilizer N immobilization, which in turn favored fertilizer N recovery by decreasing N leaching. The results suggest that N fertilization after the first season could be reduced by 30% (i.e., −90 kg N ha−1) corresponding to the suppression of two applications from flowering to harvest with the current fertilizer management, as available N derived from earlier applications is sufficient to meet plant requirements.

Effectiveness of Adjuvants with Nicosulfuron and Primisulfuron for Wirestem Muhly (Muhlenbergia frondosa) Control in No-Till Corn (Zea mays)

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay K. Nandula ◽  
William S. Curran ◽  
Gregory W. Roth ◽  
Nathan L. Hartwig
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Evaluation Period ◽  
No Till ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nicosulfuron and primisulfuron with different adjuvants on wirestem muhly control. The adjuvants evaluated with the two herbicides included a nonionic surfactant, crop-oil concentrate, crop-oil concentrate plus urea-ammonium nitrate, methylated vegetable-oil concentrate, and organosilicone methylated vegetable-oil concentrate. In the greenhouse, nicosulfuron and primisulfuron performance was similar, although small differences occurred between adjuvants and herbicides. In the field, changing adjuvant affected nicosulfuron performance more than primisulfuron and in general, greater control was achieved with nicosulfuron than with primisulfuron. Among adjuvants, methylated vegetable-oil concentrate provided greater wirestem muhly control with nicosulfuron and sometimes primisulfuron compared to the others, while the nonionic surfactant was the least effective with both herbicides. Regardless of adjuvant, none of the field-applied treatments controlled wirestem muhly much beyond the 12 wk-evaluation period.

EFFECT OF DATE OF APPLICATION ON THE FATE OF 15N-LABELLED UREA AND POTASSIUM NITRATE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. NYBORG ◽  
S.S. MALHI ◽  
E.D. SOLBERG
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total Recovery

Previous work in north-central Alberta showed large losses of fall-applied 15N-labelled N fertilizers over the winter, but determination was not made for the summer season. The objective of the present study was to discover the amount of 15N loss during both the non-cropped winter season and during the following cropped season. Field experiments were conducted at two sites with 15N-labelled urea and potassium nitrate (KNO3) applied in early October, late October, late winter and in the spring. The 15N-labelled fertilizers at 50 kg N ha−1 were incorporated into the soil. Plots were sown to barley in spring and harvested when mature. Recovery of 15N in soil samples taken before sowing in spring indicated over-winter N losses from October-applied N at both locations and especially with KNO3. At the Breton site spring recovery of 15N in soil from the October application was 69% with urea and only 30% with KNO3. The mechanism of N loss was primarily denitrification. The amount of 15N immobilized in the soil was greater with urea than KNO3 for both sites. The total recovery of October- or late winter-applied 15N fertilizer at harvest (plants plus soil) was low, with a range of 7–71%. The recovery from spring application was near-complete at the Innisfail site (≥ 84%) but at Breton, which had heavy rain and saturated soil in late June, recovery was low with urea (56%) and especially low with KNO3 (10%). It was estimated that 8 of 45 site-years had sufficient precipitation during June to cause prolonged soil saturation and consequent N loss. In all, major losses of 15N occurred in the non-cropped over-winter period at both sites, and occurred in the cropped season at one site. Key words: Denitrification, fall application of N, leaching, 15N, 15N balance, N fertilizer, N losses, winter application of N

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