scholarly journals Estimation of feed intake by cattle using controlled-release capsules containing n-alkanes or chromium sesquioxide

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. M. FERREIRA ◽  
M. OLIVÁN ◽  
M. A. M. RODRIGUES ◽  
K. OSORO ◽  
H. DOVE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Friesian Cows

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the utilization of the n-alkane technique and the chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3)/acid insoluble ash (AIA) procedure to estimate feed intake of meadow hay by two breeds of cattle. The animals were housed in individual pens, and offered known amounts of meadow hay as the sole diet component. One group of 4 Barrosã cows (average weight, 457±24 kg) and another group of 4 Holstein–Friesian cows (average weight, 635±148 kg) were dosed with intra-ruminal controlled-release capsules (CRC) that contained alkane markers or Cr2O3 in separate capsules. During intake estimation, meadow hay and faeces were sampled twice daily. There was no significant effect of grab sampling time on the meadow hay intake estimation, due to the fact that no differences were observed in the faecal marker concentrations.The mean real intakes, measured as the difference between the dry weight of feed offered each day and the dry weight of daily feed refusal, were 5·64 and 7·76 kg DM/day for Barrosã and Holstein–Friesian cows, respectively. For Barrosã cows the mean estimated intakes when using the CRC release rates documented by the manufacturer (MRR) were 5·66, 6·59 and 6·90 kg DM/day, using the Cr2O3/AIA procedure, C31[ratio ]C32 and C33[ratio ]C32 n-alkane pairs, respectively. For Holstein–Friesian cows the same markers gave values of 7·72, 8·51 and 8·95 kg DM/day, respectively. Mean daily intake estimation was improved when the release rate calculated as the reduction rate in CRCs payload performed in a additional experiment (CRR), was used. The differences from the real intake values, obtained using C31[ratio ]C32 and C33[ratio ]C32 alkane pairs, decreased from 950 and 1260 g/day to 140 and 420 g/day, respectively, for Barrosã cows and from 750 and 1190 g/day to 290 and 90 g/day for Holstein–Friesian cows. The intake estimation using the Cr2O3/AIA procedure was not affected by correcting the CRC release rate, because the release rates of both MRR and the CRR were similar.The results indicate that controlled-release capsules provide a uniform marker release in cattle, but also suggest that to obtain accurate estimates of intake, it is better to measure release rates within the context of particular experiments.

scholarly journals Quality Traits of Longissimus thoracis and lumborum and Gluteus medium Muscles from Cull Dairy Holstein-Friesian Cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Carlos Santos ◽  
Carlos Moniz ◽  
Cristina Roseiro ◽  
Vera Medeiros ◽  
Isabel Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aging Time ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Meat Tenderness ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sensorial Attributes ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Friesian Cows

<em>Longissimus thoracis</em> and <em>lumborum</em> (LTL) and <em>Gluteus medius</em> (Gm) muscles of culled dairy cows, differing in production status (Ps) at slaughter and carcass weight were assessed for intramuscular fat and myoglobin, color, shear force (SF) and sensorial characteristics, after being aged for 2, 7, 14, 28 and 42 days. Meat from dried-off cows was lighter, redder and had higher yellowness and chroma (<em>P </em>&lt; 0.05) than lactating cows. Meat of finished fed cows improved in color in relation to counterparts directly slaughtered, but not significantly. Color parameters increased with aging time and the mean values of LTL and Gm significantly differed mostly among lactating cows. SF of meat was affected by aging time, muscle type, Ps and by their respective interactions (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), with a greater impact in LTL muscle. Meat from LTL muscle of dried-off cows had lower SF (47.30 N) than that of lactating cows (65.61 N) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), but such differences were not significant for Gm muscle. Meat tenderness of finished fed cows was higher than counterparts not finished (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). Main effects and the results from their interactions were significant for all sensorial attributes (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001).

scholarly journals Coefficients of relationship and inbreeding among Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. VAHLSTEN ◽  
E. MÄNTYSAARI ◽  
I. STRANDÉN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Pedigree Data ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Coefficient Of Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Friesian Cows

Pedigree data from national breeding value evaluations were used in calculation of the coefficient and rate of inbreeding, average coefficient and rate of relationship and generation intervals for the Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle populations. The data had 1,366,555 Ayrshire and 377,869 Holstein-Friesian animals. The mean coefficient of inbreeding for Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian animals born in the 1990s was 2.29% and 0.90%, respectively, and the trend was towards higher inbreeding values. The average coefficient of relationship, mean increase in inbreeding and generation interval was calculated for bulls born between 1976 and 1999, and for cows born between 1986 and 1999. The mean coefficient of relationship of Ayrshire bulls increased 2.22 %-units per generation and inbreeding increased 0.20 %-units per generation during the years studied. The mean coefficient of relationship of Finnish Holstein-Friesian bulls increased 0.96 %-units per generation and inbreeding 0.17 %-units per generation. The mean coefficient of relationship and inbreeding of Ayrshire cows increased 0.38 %-units and 0.31 %-units per generation, respectively. For Holstein-Friesian cows the mean coefficient of relationship and inbreeding increased 0.25 %-units and 0.11 %-units per generation, respectively. Results show that inbreeding is low and it is increasing slowly in both breeds. However, especially the coefficients of relationship of Ayrshire bulls are high in some age classes and this may lead into faster increase in coefficients of inbreeding.;

Digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows given diets of grass silage and whole crop wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
J D Sutton ◽  
A L Abdalla ◽  
R H Phipps ◽  
S B Cammell ◽  
D J Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Friesian Cows

Whole crop wheat (WCW) appears to offer an attractive alternative forage to grass silage for dairy cows, particularly in those areas where maize silage cannot be grown. However in previous feeding trials the inclusion of WCW with grass silage has increased food intake but has not led to a corresponding increase in milk yield (Phipps et al,1993). As part of a programme to try to overcome the low efficiency of diets containing WCW, the present experiment was designed to examine the effects on feed intake and digestibility and milk production of the step-wise replacement of GS by urea-treated WCW.Winter wheat (cv Hussar), harvested at 620g DM/kg fresh weight and preserved with 20 or 40 g urea/kg DM (WCW-2, WCW-4) was compared with first-cut perennial ryegrass silage (GS). Six multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in mid-lactation were offered six diets over three 4-week periods in an incomplete change-over design. Diets were 6kg DM concentrates daily with forages ad lib. Treatments (DM basis) were GS alone, 2:1 GS:WCW-2 or WCW-4, 1:2 GS: WCW-2 or WCW-4, and WCW-4 alone. Feed intake and milk production were measured in weeks 3 and 4 and digestibility in week 4.

scholarly journals Plant Growth and Leachate Electrical Conductivity and pH as Influenced by Controlled-release Fertilizer Blends and Coating Technologies

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey Grable ◽  
Joshua Knight ◽  
Dewayne L. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Polymer Coating ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Polymer Coatings ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Although controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) have been used in container-grown ornamental plants for decades, new coating technologies and blends of fertilizers coated for specific release rates are being employed to customize fertility for specific environments and crops. A study was conducted in the transitional climate of Kentucky to determine the nutrient release rates of three controlled-release blends of 8- to 9-month release and growth response of ‘Double Play Pink’ japanese spirea (Spiraea japonica) and ‘Smaragd’ arbovitae (Thuja occidentalis). Fertilizer 1 (16N–3.5P–8.3K–1.8Mg + trace elements) and Fertilizer 2 (18N–3.1P–8.3K–1.8Mg + trace elements) were prototype blends with different experimental polymer coatings. Fertilizer 3 was a blend of 18N–2.2P–6.6K–1.1Ca–1.4Mg–5.8S + trace elements, which combined 100% resin-coated prills with a polymer coating. Fertilizer 4 was commercially available 15N–3.9P–10K–1.3Mg–6S + trace elements. Fertilizer 3 released its nutrients earlier in the 12-week study than the other three fertilizers and resulted in lower shoot dry weight in both species. The new polymer coating technologies show promise for delivering a predicted release rate and are appropriate for container production of these woody shrubs in Kentucky. An interesting side note of this experiment was that leachate pH measurements across treatments averaged 1.2 units lower for arbovitae (6.3) than for japanese spirea (7.5) at week 12. It was assumed that chemical and/or biological reactions at the root/substrate interface in arbovitae moderated pH increases over the study.

The effects of raising post-oestrus progesterone concentrations on luteal activity in post-partum dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Darwash ◽  
G. L. Ward ◽  
G. E. Lamming ◽  
J. A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Phase Length ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractIn order to investigate the rationale of manipulating post-ovulation progesterone (P4) concentrations, luteal activity was measured in 10 Holstein-Friesian cows treated with a progesterone-releasing device (CIDR, 1·9 g P4) inserted on the morning of day 2 post-oestrus for a period of 7 days and compared with 10 untreated control animals. Milk samples were collected daily during afternoon milking from 7 days pre- to 24 days post-oestrus and P4 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The milk P4 profiles were used to assess the effects of early post-oestrus P4 elevation on five intervals of the luteal phase. In the treated (T) and control (C) animals, the mean interval from oestrus to P4 rise (≥3 μg/l), was 2·38 (s.e. 0·18) and 4·90 (s.e. 0·28) days, respectively, (P < 0·01). The mean interval from oestrus to the attainment of peak P4 concentrations was not significantly different (P > 0·05) between the T (14·75 (s.e. 1-62) days) and С (14·30 (s.e. 0·70) days) animals, with cows in the T group showing a more variable (F7 9 = 4-30, P < 0·05) interval to the occurrence of the peak. The interval from peak P4 to corpus luteum (CL) regression (when P4 fell below ≥3 μg/l) was not significantly different between the T (4·13 (s.e. 1·30 days) and С (5·60 (s.e. 0·88) days) groups. Furthermore, CIDR insertion did not alter luteal phase length, number of days with P4 concentrations ≥3 μg/l (T = 16·50 (s.e. 0·80) v.C = 15·00 (s.e. 0·47) days) or the interval from oestrus to CL regression (T = 18·88 (s.e. 0·79) v.C = 19·90 (s.e. 0·41) days). We conclude that treatment with CIDR 2 days after oestrus successfully increased the availability of P4 to cows without significantly affecting luteal phase characteristics.

FEED INPUT AND MILK OUTPUT OF DAIRY COWS FED FIVE LEVELS OF GRAIN

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. HIRONAKA ◽  
G. C. KOZUB ◽  
S. B. SLEN
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Class Average ◽  
Friesian Cows

Forty Holstein–Friesian cows were fed concentrate at one of five levels (0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, or 0.35 kg concentrate/kg milk produced) and alfalfa hay to appetite. In a 280-day lactation period with twice-a-day milking, average milk production was 19.9 kg/day and increased 0.150 kg/0.01-kg increase of concentrate per kilogram of milk produced (P < 0.05). The rate of change in milk production, feed intake, and milk constituents was not affected by the breed–class–average (BCA) index of the cows over the BCA range studied. For each 0.01-kg increase in concentrate per kilogram of milk produced, daily increase in production of solids-not-fat was 0.0138 kg and of protein was 0.0052 kg (P < 0.05). Total energy secreted in milk increased, but not significantly, as the level of concentrate feeding increased. However, the proportion of energy consumed that was secreted in the milk declined from 26.8 to 23.5% (P < 0.10) as the level of concentrate feeding was increased.

Performance of Controlled Release Dispensers for Grandlure, the Pheromone of the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)2

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Leonhardt ◽  
W. A. Dickerson ◽  
R. L. Ridgway ◽  
E. D. DeVilbiss
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Cigarette Filter ◽  
Temperature Changes

Comparison of laboratory-measured release rates with boll weevil captures showed that dispensers containing 10 mg of grandlure with a release rate of 10 μg/hr or higher generally produced weevil captures which were at least 50% as high as those with the reference, fresh cigarette filter. Emission rates of ca. 3 μg/hr or lower and amounts of residual grandlure of ≤ 2 mg generally resulted in weevil captures below the 50% threshold. Comparisons of commercial dispenser formulations containing 10 mg of grandlure showed that a Hereon orange plastic laminate (H-OL-T) was most effective in prolonging the release of grandlure in both field and laboratory evaluations. Its emission rate was least affected by temperature changes. Scentry PVC dispensers (S-T-T, S-C-T, S-S-T, and S-YS-T) and the Consep membrane (C-M-T) lost grandlure more rapidly than did the laminate; however, differences in weevil captures were often not significant. Fermone black PVC squares (F-S-T and F-OS-T), AgriSense polymeric rods, (A-50R-T and A-35R-T) and the cigarette filter (CF-T) were less effective in extending the release of grandlure. Dispensers mounted in the capture cylinder lost grandlure more rapidly than did similar dispensers mounted in the cooler trap base. A layer of stickum on one side of flat dispensers to facilitate attachment to the trap resulted in a somewhat lower release rate of grandlure.

A protocol for initiating oestrus and ovulation earlypost partumin dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Darwash ◽  
G. E. Lamming ◽  
M. D. Royal
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) and progesterone (P4) treatment in initiating oestrus and ovulation post partum (PP) in Holstein-Friesian cows. Using four herds, the treatment protocol consisted of a single intra-muscular injection of PGF2α(Estrumate) between days 12 to 14 PP followed 48 h later by progesterone treatment via intra-vaginal CIDR insertion for a period of 7 days. Milk samples for progesterone determination were collected three times weekly from 7 to 65 days PP. The ovarian activity and reproductive performance of treated (T, no. = 153) animals and untreated control cows (C, no. = 315) were compared. Treatment was effective (P< 0·001) in reducing the mean interval to PP commencement of luteal activity from 29·62 (s.e. 0·82) days to 22·09 (s.e. 0·70) days. The mean interval to first PP oestrus in the T animals was significantly reduced (P< 0·001) from 55·62 (s.e. 1·58) days to 44·91 (s.e. 1·44) days and the incidence of silent ovulation in cycles between days 21 to 65 PP was reduced (P< 0·001) from 56·28% to 42·27%. In two herds under one management regime and with a similar block-calving pattern (no. = 280 animals), the treatment protocol was beneficial to the overall reproductive performance as there was a significant shortening in the mean interval to first PP service (75·82 (s.e. 1·93) v. 80·86 (s.e. 1·32) days) and in the interval to PP conception (83·07 (s.e. 2·49) v. 88·90 (s.e. 1·95) days), bothP< 0·05.

scholarly journals Growth of Bedding Plants in Substrates Amended with Compost and Fertilized with Three Different Release Rates of a Controlled-release Fertilizer Product

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly K. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Standard Application ◽  
Impatiens Wallerana

Growth of `Aladdin Peach Morn' petunia (Petunia × hybrida) and `Accent White' impatiens (Impatiens wallerana) was compared in substrates containing 0%, 30%, 60%, or 100% compost made from biosolids and yard trimmings and fertilized with Nutricote Total 13-13-13 (13N-5.7P-10.8K) Types 70, 100, and 140 incorporated at rates of 0.5x, 1x, 2x, or 3x (x = standard application rate for a medium-feeding crop). Petunia shoot dry weight of plants fertilized with Type 70 incorporated at 0.5x increased as the percentage of compost in the substrate increased from 0% to 60% and then decreased, while shoot dry weight of plants fertilized with Type 70 incorporated at 1x, 2x, or 3x increased as the percentage of compost increased from 0% to 30% and then decreased. Impatiens shoot dry weight of plants fertilized with Type 70 incorporated at 0.5x and 1x also increased as the percentage of compost increased from 0% to 30% and then decreased, while shoot dry weight of plants fertilized at 2x and 3x decreased as the percentage of compost increased from 0% to 100%. Both petunia and impatiens shoot dry weight of plants fertilized with Type 100 and Type 140 incorporated at 0.5x, 1x, 2x, or 3x increased as the percentage of compost increased from 0% to 60% and then decreased.

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