scholarly journals Rumen-protected choline supplementation in periparturient dairy goats: effects on liver and mammary gland

2011 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BALDI ◽  
R. BRUCKMAIER ◽  
F. D'AMBROSIO ◽  
A. CAMPAGNOLI ◽  
C. PECORINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Lactating Goats

SUMMARYThe current study investigated the effects of supplementing rumen-protected choline (RPC) on metabolic profile, selected liver constituents and transcript levels of selected enzymes, transcription factors and nuclear receptors involved in mammary lipid metabolism in dairy goats. Eight healthy lactating goats were studied: four received no choline supplementation (CTR group) and four received 4 g RPC chloride/day (RPC group). The treatment was administered individually starting 4 weeks before expected kidding and continuing for 4 weeks after parturition. In the first month of lactation, milk yield and composition were measured weekly. On days 7, 14, 21 and 27 of lactation, blood samples were collected and analysed for glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol. On day 28 of lactation, samples of liver and mammary gland tissue were obtained. Liver tissue was analysed for total lipid and DNA content; mammary tissue was analysed for transcripts of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory binding proteins 1 and 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and liver X receptor α. Milk yield was very similar in the two groups, but RPC goats had lower (P<0·05) plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. The total lipid content of liver was unaffected (P=0·890), but the total lipid/DNA ratio was lower (both P<0·05) in RPC than CTR animals. Choline had no effect on the expression of the mammary gland transcripts involved in lipid metabolism. The current plasma and liver data indicate that choline has a positive effect on liver lipid metabolism, whereas it appears to have little effect on transcript levels in mammary gland of various proteins involved in lipid metabolism. Nevertheless, the current results were obtained from a limited number of animals, and choline requirement and function in lactating dairy ruminants deserve further investigation.

scholarly journals Rat mammary-gland fatty acid synthase. A simple purification procedure and stoicheiometry of CoA ester binding

1982 ◽  
Vol 203 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Ahmad ◽  
D S Feltman ◽  
F Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland

A simple procedure was devised which allows purification of rat lactating-mammary-gland fatty acid synthase to a high degree of purity, with recoveries of activity exceeding 50%. Over 50 mg of enzyme was isolated from 60 g of mammary tissue. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was about 2.5 mumol of NADPH oxidized/min per mg of protein at 37 degrees. The enzyme appeared homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and by immunodiffusion analysis. Each mol (Mr 480 000) of the enzyme bound 3 mol of acetyl and 3-4 mol of malonyl groups when the binding experiments were performed at 0 degrees for 30 s. The presence of NADPH did not influence the binding stoicheiometry for these acyl-CoA derivatives. Approx. 2 mol of taurine was found per mol of the performic acid-oxidized enzyme, suggesting that there were 2 mol of 4′-phosphopantetheine in the native enzyme. Rat mammary-gland fatty acid synthase required free CoA for activity.

Peptide utilisation by the mammary gland of lactating goats.

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 26-26
Author(s):  
F.R.C. Backwellf ◽  
B J. Bequettet ◽  
J.A. Metcalf ◽  
D. Wray-Cahen ◽  
L. Crompton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Uptake Studies ◽  
Milk Casein ◽  
Casein Synthesis

During lactation the ruminant mammary gland removes relatively large quantities of circulating amino acids (AA) to meet the requirements for milk protein synthesis but arterio-venous uptake studies in dairy cows (1) have indicated that the uptake of certain AA may be insufficient to account for their output as milk protein. The apparent deficit may be accounted for by the use of AA supplied to the gland as small peptides or proteins. A dual-labelled tracer approach involving infusion of [13C]-labelled peptides into the external pudic artery which supplies blood directly to the mammary gland demonstrated that dipeptide-bound AA can be utilised as direct precursors for milk casein synthesis in lactating dairy goats (2). However, previous studies using vascular infusion of [13C]-labelled free AA (3) have provided equivocal data on involvement of non-labelled extra-mammary derived peptides/proteinsin vivoin the biosynthesis of milk protein.

scholarly journals The Effects of Substituting Dietary Soybean Meal with Maize Grain on Milk Production in Dairy Goats

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Luca Rapetti ◽  
Gianluca Galassi ◽  
Andrea Rota Graziosi ◽  
Gianni Matteo Crovetto ◽  
Stefania Colombini
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Maize Grain

In view of better environmental sustainability, livestock diets must not exceed protein requirements, as often happens with lactating goats reared in semi-intensive systems. The aim of this experiment was to verify in real-breeding conditions the influence of two diets with different protein contents (% crude protein (CP) on dry matter (DM)): 16.0 (high-protein diet; HP) vs 12.2 (low-protein diet; LP) on milk production in dairy goats. The diets differed only in the replacement—in the LP diet—of 250 g soybean meal with 250 g maize grain meal. Twenty-three Alpine goats were divided into two groups and used in a cross-over feeding trial for 2 months. Animals were weighed at the beginning of each month of the trial, and feed intake and milk yield and composition were recorded weekly. HP and LP did not differ statistically for milk yield and composition (3.32 vs 3.42 kg milk/d, 3.21% vs 3.27% fat, 3.31% vs 3.27% protein for HP and LP, respectively), but the HP diet determined a higher milk urea content (51.2 vs 36.6 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and a worse efficiency of nitrogen utilization (28.0% vs 37.2%). In conclusion, the LP diet resulted in a reduction of urinary nitrogen excretion by 28% and of the feed cost by about 10%.

The effect of hot season and nutrition on the oxidative status and metabolic profile in dairy goats during mid lactation

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Trana ◽  
P. Celi ◽  
S. Claps ◽  
V. Fedele ◽  
R. Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Metabolites ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Hot Season

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the hot season and nutrition on the oxidative status and metabolic profile of lactating goats during mid lactation. Twenty-four Red Syrian goats were allocated into three groups that were offered the following diets: natural pasture (P), pasture+500 g/h per day of concentrate (PC) and hay plus 500 g/h per day of concentrate (HC). Blood samples were taken in spring (85±7 days in milk (DIM)) and summer (120±7 DIM) and assayed for reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), α-tocopherol, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids, total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (GHS-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Milk yield and milk composition were also measured. SOD, GSH-Px and ROMs levels increased during summer when temperature humidity index values were high. The increase in ROMs in the PC and HC groups could be ascribed to the improved nutritional regime and to their higher production level. The markers of the oxidative status and of the metabolic profile measured in this study indicate that goats may have experienced moderate oxidative stress. It seems that, seasonal rather than nutritional factors have a more pronounced effect on oxidative status markers. Concentrate supplementation sustained milk yield and may represent a useful means to extend the lactation period in dairy goats during late spring and summer.

scholarly journals Studies on acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase from rat mammary gland and mammary tumours

1982 ◽  
Vol 208 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Ahmad ◽  
D S Feltman ◽  
F Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Lipogenic Enzymes ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Differentiation ◽  
Mammary Adenocarcinomas

The activities of two lipogenic enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, were determined in two transplantable mammary adenocarcinomas (13762 and R3230AC) carried by non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating rats, and in mammary tissue of control animals (non-tumour-carrying) of comparable physiological states. During mammary-gland differentiation of control or tumour-carrying animals, the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase in the lactating gland increased by about 40-50-fold over the values found in non-pregnant animals. On the other hand, in tumours carried by lactating dams there were only modest increases (1.5-2-fold) in acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase compared with the neoplasms carried by non-pregnant animals. On the basis of the Km values for different substrates and immunodiffusion and immunotitration data, the fatty acid synthase of neoplastic tissues appeared to be indistinguishable from the control mammary-gland enzyme. However, a comparison of the immunotitration and immunodiffusion experiments indicated that the mammary-gland acetyl-CoA carboxylase might differ from the enzyme present in mammary neoplasms.

Effects of close-arterial (external pudic) infusion of insulin-like growth factor-II on milk yield and mammary blood flow in lactating goats

1994 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G Prosser ◽  
S R Davis ◽  
V C Farr ◽  
L G Moore ◽  
P D Gluckman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Recombinant Human Insulin ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Factor Ii ◽  
Igf I

Abstract Five lactating goats were infused, via an external pudic arterial catheter, directly into the mammary gland with 0·9% (w/v) NaCl (20 ml/h), recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I; 80 nmol/h), recombinant human IGF-II (133 nmol/h) or IGF-I and IGF-II combined. The infusion was for 6 h and milk yield was determined every 2 h. The ratio of milk yield in the infused relative to the non-infused gland was changed only slightly by saline (2%), but increased to 9% (P<0·05) in response to IGF-I and 8% (P<0·05) in response to IGF-II. When combined, both peptides increased this ratio by 6%. These effects were elicited within 2–4 h of the beginning of infusion. Mammary blood flow increased 50–80% (P<0·05) during all IGF infusions, but only 28% during saline treatment. Plasma insulin decreased 50% (P<0·01) during the infusion of IGF-I alone or in combination with IGF-II and 25% in response to IGF-II alone. Whereas plasma glucose increased by approximately 10% during infusion of IGF-I alone or with IGF-II, it was not altered by infusion of IGF-II only. The rapidity and unilateral nature of the milk-yield response to IGF-I and IGF-II is consistent with their acting directly on mammary tissue itself. Thus, the present results demonstrate similar local and systemic actions induced by intramammary infusion of IGF-II and IGF-I, although the magnitude of the response to IGF-II tends to be less than that to IGF-I. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 142, 93–99

Changes in plasma and milk concentrations of glucose and IGF-1 in response to exogenous growth hormone in lactating goats

1999 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE FAULKNER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Growth Hormone Treatment ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Exogenous Growth

Exogenous growth hormone was administered subcutaneously to five lactating goats during the post-peak period of lactation. Milk yields increased significantly by ∼20% in response to growth hormone. Blood and milk samples were taken in the periods before, during and after growth hormone treatment. The concentrations of glucose in milk increased significantly by ∼50% in the period following growth hormone treatment at a time corresponding to the increase in milk yield. There was a transient increase in plasma glucose concentrations immediately following growth hormone treatment before either milk glucose concentrations or milk yields were increased. Both free and total IGF-1 concentrations in plasma increased slowly following growth hormone treatment. The increase in plasma IGF-1 corresponded to the increase in milk yields and milk glucose concentrations. Concentrations of IGF-1 in milk increased more rapidly than those in plasma, rising by ∼150% following growth hormone treatment, and were starting to decline by the time that milk yield and milk glucose concentrations were at their maximum. As milk glucose concentrations have been shown previously to reflect changes in the intracellular concentration of glucose, the results indicate that part of the mechanism by which growth hormone stimulates milk production is by increasing the intracellular availability of glucose for lactose synthesis. The results also suggest that changes occur in the concentrations of IGF-1 in the environment of the mammary gland before changes are observed in the general circulation, and that these are reflected in the changed concentrations in milk.

Relationships between in vivo and in vitro lipid metabolism in lactating goats

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
T. E. Trigg ◽  
K. D. Chandler ◽  
A. W. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactating Goats

Multiparous Sannen dairy goats were used to compare in vivo and in vitro lipid metabolism. Goats were infused simultaneously with a mixture of [2-3H]-glycerol and of [1-14C]-palmitic, -stearic, and -oleic acid complexed in plasma in early (Day 11, n = 4), mid (Day 37, n = 4), and late (Day 80, n = 3) lactation to determine in vivo lipid kinetics. Perirenal adipose tissue biopsies were obtained and used to measure in vitro lipid kinetics under both basal and norepinephrine-stimulated conditions. Plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations and NEFA entry rate were higher (P < 0.05) during early compared with mid and late lactation. Plasma glucose and glycerol concentrations and glycerol entry rate were not different between stages of lactation. Although variable, in vitro lipogenesis increased more than 10-fold (P = 0.077) between early and late lactation, whereas there were no significant differences between NEFA and glycerol release at any stage of lactation. In vitro lipid metabolism, when expressed per gram of adipose tissue, was poorly correlated with in vivo lipid. However, when in vitro NEFA release was extrapolated to the whole animal the correlations were markedly improved. These data demonstrate that the reduction in lipid reserves which occurs during early lactation is the result of increased NEFA mobilisation and reduced lipogenesis rather than increased lipolysis. Although more variable than in vivo measures of lipid metabolism, in vitro metabolism of adipose tissue can reflect metabolic status.

Protein synthesis and degradation in the mammary gland of lactating goats

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Hutton Oddy ◽  
Derek B. Lindsay ◽  
Ivan R. Fleet
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Protein Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

SummaryLactating goats were given a close arterial infusion of [1-14C]leucine and [4,5-3H]4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid into one half of the mammary gland at 2–3 weeks and 34–39 weeks after kidding. Rates of protein synthesis, degradation and net output were determined from measurements of arteriovenous difference and blood flow using a model of leucine metabolism previously developed for muscle (Oddy & Lindsay, 1986). Protein leucine output in milk (Y μmol/min) correlated well with the difference between synthesis and degradation (X μmol/min) derived from the model:There was substantial synthesis and degradation of protein within the mammary gland. Although only an approximate value could be obtained for the partitioning of protein synthesis and degradation between tissue and milk proteins, there was evidence of appreciable turnover of both. There was no significant difference between mammary leucine and protein metabolism in early and late lactation other than that imparted by a greater mass of mammary tissue in early lactation, although there was a tendency for greater oxidation of leucine in late lactation.

Greater milk yield is related to increased DNA and RNA content but not to mRNA abundance of selected genes in sow mammary tissue

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
M -F Palin ◽  
R C Hovey
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Production Group ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between greater sow milk yield and mammary development, expression of selected genes in mammary tissue and hormonal concentrations in lactating sows was studied. Crossbred sows were separated in two groups according to the weight gains of their piglets up to day 21. The groups were: (1) lower milk yield (LOW, n = 14) and (2) higher milk yield (HI, n = 14), representing lactation weight gains of 4.46 and 5.25 kg pig-1, respectively. Jugular blood samples were obtained from all sows on day 3 (for prolactin determination) and day 23 (for measures of prolactin, leptin, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids) of lactation, and milk samples were collected on days 3 and 22. At weaning (day 23), sows were slaughtered and their mammary glands were collected, dissected and composition was determined. Mammary parenchymal tissue was analyzed for the mRNA abundance of selected genes. Hormone concentrations in blood did not differ between groups (P > 0.1) and on day 3 of lactation, dry matter and leptin contents in milk were lower (P < 0.05) in HI than in LOW sows. There was more DNA and RNA per teat in HI than LOW sows (P < 0.05), whereas the expression of selected genes within mammary tissue was unaffected (P > 0.1) by production group. Significant correlations (P < 0.01) existed between average weight gain of piglets during lactation and mammary RNA and DNA, expressed either as total amount or amount per teat, at weaning. Sow milk yield is therefore related to mammary gland composition in late lactation.Key words: Genes, lactation, mammary gland, milk yield, sow

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