scholarly journals Prediction of digestible amino acid and true metabolizable energy contents of sorghum grain from total essential amino acids

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SEDGHI ◽  
M. R. EBADI ◽  
A. GOLIAN ◽  
H. AHMADI
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Ann Models ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
Sorghum Grain

SUMMARYAccurate information on metabolizable energy and true digestible amino acid (TDAA) content of sorghum grain is important in order to formulate sorghum-based poultry diets accurately. Estimates of ingredient nutritional values using bioassay methods require live birds and special facilities, which are time-consuming and costly. Accordingly, prediction by mathematical models would be of some considerable benefit. Sixty-eight samples of sorghum grain, representing 32 different varieties, were used to test the correlation between TDAA and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) with total essential amino acids. Two methods of multiple linear regressions (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to find the relationship between total amino acids (model inputs) with TDAA and TMEn contents (model outputs) in sorghum grain. The fitness of the models was tested usingR2, mean square (MS) error and bias. There is a strong relationship between total amino acid concentration with both TDAA and TMEn content in sorghum grain. The TDAA and TMEn values were more accurately estimated by ANN model compared to values obtained from the MLR model. TheR2values corresponding to testing and training of the ANN model showed a higher accuracy of prediction than the equation constructed by MLR method. Based on the experimental evidence, it is concluded that the TDAA and TMEn values in sorghum grain can be predicted from total essential amino acids using ANN models. Consequently, this method provides an opportunity to reduce the risk of formulating an unbalanced TDAA diet for poultry.

scholarly journals The relative effects of a low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet on the free amino acid composition of liver and muscle

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230
Author(s):  
P. G. Lunn ◽  
R. G. Whitehead ◽  
B. A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Low Protein

1. Free amino acid concentrations in the plasma have been compared with those in liver and quadriceps muscle, in rats fed on diets containing 209 (control) and 31 (low-protein) g protein/kg. The effects of the low-protein diet on diurnal variations in these values were also measured.2. In the plasma, the total amino acid concentration was significantly lower in animals given the low-protein diet, at all times of day except 12.00 hours. In the liver, and to a lesser extent the muscle, total amino acid concentration was maintained.3. In the control animals, diurnal variation in the concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids was very similar in plasma, liver and muscle. In animals given the low-protein diet, although the same diurnal pattern was maintained for non-essential amino acids, that occurring among the essential amino acids had virtually disappeared.4. In plasma, the mean 24 h concentration of essential amino acids decreased from 24· mmol/l in control animals to only 1·29 mmol/l in the low-protein-fed animals. Concentrations in muscle and liver were reduced by a similar proportion (from 8·6 to 5·56 μmol/g and from 8·67 to 5·05 μmol/g respectively). Conversely the concentrations of non-essential amino acids in animals given the low-protein diet were increased in plasma (from 1·53 to 2·00 mmol/l), muscle (from 12·5 to 14·3 μmol/g), and liver (from 16·8 to 20·5 μmol/g), muscle showing the lowest increase.5. With the exceptions of lysine, threonine, cystine and tyrosine, the concentrations of all other essential amino acids were reduced more in liver than in muscle. The relationship between this and the failure to maintain plasma albumin concentrations is discussed.

Effect of type of diet (casein-based or protein-free) and caecotrophy on ileal endogenous nitrogen and amino acid flow in rabbits

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. García ◽  
J. C. de Bias ◽  
R. Carabaño
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content ◽  
Present Trial ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Ingredient Composition ◽  
Intake Ratio

AbstractTwenty-eight New Zealand White X Californian doe rabbits weighing 3791±141 g were surgically fitted with a glass T-cannula at ileum level. Animals were given ad libitum access to either a casein-based diet (C) or a protein-free diet (PF). The only difference in the ingredient composition of the diets was the substitution of 160g/kg of maize starch by casein in the C diet. Animals were randomly allotted to each experimental diet. Seven rabbits per diet were not allowed to practice caecotrophy. The C diet resulted in higher food dry matter (DM) intake (DMI) (111-5 v. 51-5 g/day), food nitrogen intake (3-12 v. 0-20 g/day), ileal flow of DM (56-0 v. 23-8 g/day) and ileal flow of nitrogen (0-72 v. 0-24 g/day) but lower soft faeces DMI (21-7 v. 41-4 g/day) than the PF diet. A linear relationship between ileal endogenous nitrogen flow and total DMI was found for animals given the C but not for the PF diet. The ingestion ofC diet led to a higher (proportionately 0-41, on average), endogenous ileal amino acid flow than PF diet for all amino acids except for glycine. The ileal flow of glycine was proportionately 0-25 higher in animals given the PF diet than in animals given the C diet. The C diet resulted in higher content of nitrogen, threonine and proline in soft faeces than the PF diet. In contrast, the ingestion of the PF diet led to a higher content of lysine and methionine in soft faeces than the C diet. Within the C diet, animals practising caecotrophy showed higher ileal flow of DM (73-4 v. 56-0 g/day) and phenylalanine (0-834 v. 0-677 g/kg DMI) than animals not practising it. Caecotrophy led to a higher endogenous proportion of some of the most important limiting essential amino acids in rabbits, such as arginine, lysine, phenylalanine and threonine. In rabbits, the use of PF diets has limited practical application in the estimation of nitrogen endogenous losses as the low food DMI and the high soft faecesDMI leads to abnormal food: soft faeces intake ratio. Moreover, due to the important effect of caecotrophy on the amino acid composition of endogenous losses, it is important to correct the total amino acid content of the ileal chyme by the undigested amino acid residue coming from the soft faeces intake. This correction could be made, without the methodological complexity implied, by fitting animals with a wooden collar and thereby avoiding caecotrophy as in the present trial.

scholarly journals Nutritional, phytoconstituents, and free radical scavenging potentials of Cola lepidota K. Schum. and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Agada Adaeze Bob-Chile ◽  
Peter Uchenna Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis

This study was carried out to determine the essential oil components, protein qualities, fatty acid composition, and free radical scavenging potentials of leaves of Cola lepidota K. Schum. (Malvaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (Irvingiaceae) using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Thirty five bioactive components were isolated from C. lepidota leaves with myrcene, phytol, ephedrine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1,14-tetradecanediol as the main compounds while phytol, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-, 1-hexadecyne, carotene, and humulene were the predominant components of the I. gabonensis leaves. Leucine and arginine were the predominant essential amino acids, whereas glutamic acid and serine were the main non-essential amino acids in both leaves. The total amino acid (TAA) (70.92 g/100g), total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA) (45.87 g/100 g), and total acidic amino acid (TAAA) (23.01 g/100 g) of C. lepidota were high whereas I. gabonensis recorded higher Total essential amino acid (TEAA) (28.98 g/100 g), total aromatic amino acid (TArAA) (7.21 g/100 g), total branched chain amino acid (TBCAA) (14.28 g/100g), predicted protein efficiency ratios (P-PERs), and essential amino acid index (EAAI). C. lepidota contained 55.72% of unsaturated fatty acids, with predominance of linolenic and linoleic acids, while I. gabonensis produced 74.46% of saturated fatty acids, having myristic, lauric, and palmitic acid as the main compounds. All the radical scavenging potentials of both leaves were concentration dependent and produced higher DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and ABTS radical scavenging potentials than the standards. This study has thus provided the scientific backing for the inclusion of both leaves for dietary and therapeutic purposes.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of wonderful kola (Bucchlozia coriacea) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) seeds grown in south–south, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
MO Aremu ◽  
DB Passali ◽  
H Ibrahim ◽  
RO Akinyeye
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

The proximate and amino acid compositions of Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea were investigated using standard analytical techniques. The respective proximate composition (%) for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were: Moisture (5.91 and 5.67); ash (4.39 and 5.13); crude fat (4.42 and 2.76); crude protein (12.27 and 14.78); crude fibre (7.10 and 6.27); carbohydrate (65.91 and 65.39). The calculated fatty acids and metabolizable energy for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were 3.54 and 2.21 %; 1492.60 and 1465.01 kJ/100 g, respectively. The most abundant minerals in Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia were potassium (658.42 and 369.64 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (382.55 and 261.38 mg/100 g), respectively. The amino acid profile revealed that Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids. The total essential amino acids (TEAA) (with His) were 31.14 and 34.40 g/100 g crude protein for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples, respectively. The first limiting amino acid was Met + Cys (TSAA) for all the samples and calculated isoeletric points (ρl) were 3.52 and 4.05 for Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea, respectively.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(2), 125-132, 2018

3.1 The Nitrogen Supplied by and the Supplementation of Fresh or Grazed Forage

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Supply

Forage contributes between 70 and 80% of the metabolizable energy (ME) and in excess of 70% of the protein consumed by ruminant livestock in the U.K. (Baker and Wilkins, 1975). The contribution from forage to the energy and protein consumed is highest for sheep and lowest for dairy cattle. For all classes of stock in the U.K., a major proportion of the nitrogen (N) or crude protein (CP) consumed is obtained from fresh or grazed forage.Research with fresh forage, both nutritional and production work, has been faced with the difficulty of measuring or estimating food intake by the animal while grazing. The measurement of protein supply from fresh or grazed forage is further made difficult as flow measurements throughout the alimentary tract are required. For forage, as with other foods given to ruminants, estimates of the supply of N or protein available to the animal are obtained from measurements of flow from the stomach or into the proximal duodenum and at the terminal ileum. The difference between these two flow rates, the disappearance of N, NAN (non-ammonia N) or AAN (amino acid N), is taken as the apparent absorption or supply of protein from the food. Values may be obtained for individual amino acids or for total amino acid N (TAAN).

scholarly journals Amino acids composition of herb of Lamiaceae family representatives

2019 ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
M. I. Shanayda
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Amino Acids Composition

Researching of the amino acids contents in medicinal plant raw materials is an important task of pharmaceutical science and practice, because complexes of amino acids used for the corrections of hepatobiliary disorders, nervous and cardiovascular systems. The aim of this study was to conduct a qualitative and quantitative analysis of amіno acids composition of these representatives. The article presents the results of the amino acid composition investigation of the above-ground parts of 10 species belonging to Lamiaceae Juss. Family (Ocimum, Hyssopus, Dracocephalum, Lophanthus, Monarda and Satureja genera). By paper chromatography it was identified several amino acids. HPLC analyzes revealed the content and composition of more than 20 amino acids. The highest total amino acid composition was found in the herb of the genus Ocimum. It was identified 10 essential and non-essential 9 amino acids in each herb, and 3 nonproteinogenic amino acids also. It was established that in all plant materials dominate quantitatively nonessential amino acids (asparagine, proline, glutamic and aspartic acid). Among the essential amino acids arginine and threonine predominate.

scholarly journals COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF SOYBEAN AND SUNFLOWER PROCESSING PRODUCTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
Н. P. Ryvak ◽  
G. I. Boyko ◽  
R. O. Ryvak
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Sunflower Meal

The literature review of the article presents the characteristics of the protein value of plant feed materials, in particular, of soybean and sunflower processing products, depending on the production technology. Their amino acid composition ideally meets the needs of young animals and poultry due to the high content of essential amino acids. The section «Materials and methods» presents methods for determining: crude protein by the Kjeldahl method, soluble protein in 0.2% potassium hydroxide, Barnstein protein, falsification of protein products with inorganic nitrogen, as well as characteristics of methods for determining the content of essential and non-essential amino acids, incl. sulfur-containing, using the system of capillary electrophoresis «Drops-105M». As a result of the research it was found that of the total number of analyzed samples of soybean meal in terms of protein content, 30.8% of products did not meet the declared values of producers and were in the range of 37.4 - 40.8%, in terms of protein solubility were in the range of 75 - 78%, which meets the norms of feeding.In addition, 5.0% of the total number of samples analyzed, were falsified after Bard alcohol, falsification of inorganic nitrogen was not found. The use of low-protein raw materials for the production of sunflower meal and cake was reflected in their protein content and ranged from 26.3 to 33.7%. Fermented soybean product and toasted soybean meal are characterized by a higher total content of essential amino acids in the protein, which was 26.3% and 27.2%, respectively, compared with full-fat expanded soybean expanded, where this figure was at 20.25%, and prevailed other analyzed products by methionine, threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, alanine etc. The analyzed sample of sunflower meal, produced by a special technology is equivalent in total amino acid content in the studied soy products. Its content of methionine was 1.5 and 2.1 times higher, compared with toasted soybean meal and full-fat soybean, respectively. Also, the content of threonine, glycine, cystine, tryptophan, aspartic and glutamic acids in the sample of sunflower meal prevailed the content of the same amino acids in soybean products. Thus, the comprehensive assessment of plant protein components makes it possible to control not only the quantitative content of protein and amino acids, but also provides a detailed assessment of feeding.

scholarly journals Amino Acids Composition of Liver, Heart and Kidneys of Thryonomys swingerianus (Temminck 1827) Compared

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye ◽  
Olajide Ayodele ◽  
Joshua Iseoluwa Orege
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Better Than

Amino acids composition of Thryonomysswingerianus is reported. Whereas protein values (g100g-1) were liver (74.1), kidney (91.5), heart (84.6); corresponding total amino acid values were 93.5, 83.2 and 80.6. True protein from the crude protein of the samples ran thus: liver>kidney>heart. Of the twenty parameters reported on, liver was best in 12/20 (60.0%), kidney and heart both shared the second position of 4/20(20%) each. Among the essential amino acids, leucine predominated in both liver (7.96g100g-1 protein) and kidney (8.11g100g-1 protein) but valine (6.21g100g-1 protein) predominated in the heart. The P-PER values were; P-PER1: 2.78 (liver), 2.91(kidney), 0.716 (heart) and P-PER2: 2.71 (liver), 2.90 (kidney), 0.564 (heart). However, there was a reverse between liver and kidney in the EAAI values with liver (92.0) > kidney (90.2) > heart (87.6) with corresponding BV values of 88.5 > 86.6 > 83.7. In the amino acids scoring pattern, Ser was limiting in liver (0.533) and heart (0.394) but Thr (0.490) in kidney in whole hen’s egg score comparison; in FAO/WHO scoring standards, Thr was limiting in liver (0.988) and kidney (0.625) but Leu (0.459) in heart. In pre-school requirements, liver recorded no limiting amino acid whereas Thr was limiting in kidney (0.735) and Leu was limiting in the heart (0.486). T.swingerianus red viscera was compared with the red viscera of livestock animals (cattle, sheep and pork) as well as FAO/WHO/UNU standards for total essential amino acids. Our results when compared with the livestock red viscera (without Trp) and FAO/WHO/UNU (g100g-1 protein), we have heart: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig:45.3 /46.0/42.7/46.6; kidney: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig: 47.6/43.8/42.5/46.7; liver: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig: 50.7/47.7/41.5/47.5 and grasscutter liver/kidney/heart/ FAO/WHO/UNU:50.7/47.6/45.3/32.8 showing that all the red viscera values in T.swingerianus were better than the essential amino acids in the FAO/WHO/UNU standards and livestock red viscera. Statistical values showed that significant differences existed among the samples at r=0.01.

scholarly journals Relationship in Amino Acid Quality between Raw, Steeped and Germinated Wheat (Triticum durum) Grains

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
EI Adeyeye
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Key Words Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Amino Acid Contents

Levels of amino acids were determined in the grains of wheat, Triticim durum Desf. The raw sample was best in Arg, Ile, Leu, Thr, Val, Ala, Asp, Glu and Pro but similar to germinated sample in Lys whereas germinated sample was best in His, Met, Cys, Phe,Gly, Ser and Tyr. The total amino acid contents were; raw 12[74.1 g/100 g crude protein (c. p.)], steeped 63.4 g/100g c. p.) and germinated (70.6 g/100 g c. p.) with respective essential amino acids of 32.9 g/100 g c. p., 30.0 g/100 g c. p. and 32.4 g/100 g c. p. The Predicted Protein Efficiency Ratio (P-PER) levels were 2.46 (raw), 2.27 (steeped) and 2.19 (germinated). Only germinated samples enhanced the quality of the wheat amino acid levels up to the tune of 41.2 %. However, significant differences occurred between raw/steeped and raw/germinated at r = 0.05. Key words: Amino acid; Raw; Steeped; Germinated; Wheat grains DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i1.8112 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(1), 89-100, 2011

Organoleptic Quality, Minerals, Proteins and Amino Acids from Two Tunisian Commercial Pomegranate Fruits

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Elfalleh ◽  
Nizar Tlili ◽  
Ma Ying ◽  
He Sheng-Hua ◽  
Ali Ferchichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Seed Proteins ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content ◽  
Major Storage Protein

Chemicals from fresh pomegranates were established. Total sugar of juice extracts are mainly fructose (ca. 7.27 g/100 ml) and glucose (ca. 8.11 g/100 ml). Pulp minerals, expressed as mg/100g are potassium (351.26), magnesium (10.02), calcium (9.26), sodium (7.25), iron (0.15), Zinc (0.10), copper (0.08) and manganese (0.04). Juice proteins are about 7.95 g/l and dry pulp proteins are 24% on a dry-weight basis DW (Kjeldhal assays). Seed proteins are ca. 16.87% DW. Globulins (62.4 mg/g DW) and albumins (54.12 mg/g DW) are the major storage protein fractions, followed by glutelins (33.2 mg/g DW) and prolamins (18.08 mg/g DW). Seed total amino acid content is 14.45 g/100 g DW. Seeds are rich in Glu, Arg, Asp, Leu and Gly amino acids. Essential amino acids average 33.54% of total amino acid. Essential amino acids are mostly all much higher than the requirement of FAO/WHO for adults (but none for preschool children). Most other amino acids have content slightly fewer. All of these findings implied that the content of sugar, mineral and protein maybe included in pomegranate as supplements for commonly diets.

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