scholarly journals Jean Toomer, Technology, and Race

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-472
Author(s):  
MARK WHALAN
Keyword(s):  
William Carlos Williams ◽  
Jean Toomer ◽  
Hart Crane ◽  
American Modernism ◽  
Literary Aesthetics ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Industrial Productivity ◽  
Brooklyn Bridge

The close relationship between machine technology and the literature of American modernism has long been acknowledged. Indeed, it is hard to imagine Fitzgerald's work without its hyper-materialised cars (and metaphysically potent car crashes), or Dos Passos's USA without the representational possibilities of the camera eye. Other writers in the 1920s had equally famous fascinations with what cultural producers and critics often abstracted into the concept of “the machine”; William Carlos Williams described poetry as being “machines made of words,” and Hart Crane used one of the triumphs of American engineering, the Brooklyn Bridge, as the organising metaphor and structuring principle of his poem The Bridge, identifying his theme as “the conquest of space and knowledge.”1 Of course, writers' fascination with how machinery or technological innovation was effecting social change had not begun with modernism. Yet often goaded by the speed of innovation in the visual arts, some American modernist writers responded to what Cecelia Tichi has called a “gears-and-girders” world by rethinking their relation to time, space, communication and economy with an unprecedented radicalism. And in the 1920s – a decade which saw more cars in Manhattan than in the whole of Britain, Lindbergh's pioneering flight across the Atlantic, and the USA move decisively ahead of Europe in industrial productivity – this rethinking had a particularly pressing urgency. Jean Toomer was one of the writers who participated in this exercise, engaging with European art movements such as Dadaism and Futurism and their proposals for new relations between machine design and literary aesthetics.

Ridge, Lola (1873–1941)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terese Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
William Carlos Williams ◽  
First Century ◽  
Hart Crane ◽  
The Waste Land ◽  
Waste Land ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Saturday Review ◽  
Brooklyn Bridge ◽  
Creative Will

A proletarian modernist, the poet Lola Ridge is best known for her work published between 1918 and 1922, which coincided with her editorship of Broom and Others. She is also known for her salon in New York that hosted most of the leading poets of the time, including Marianne Moore, William Carlos Williams, and Hart Crane. Four years before Eliot's bleak and anti-Semitic ‘The Waste Land’, her equally long poem ‘The Ghetto’ celebrated the ‘otherness’ of the Jewish Lower East Side, chronicling an era and prophesying the multi-ethnic world of the twenty-first century. She was one of the first to delineate the life of the poor in Manhattan and, in particular, women’s lives in New York City. The title poem of her second book, Sun-up and Other Poems is a striking modernist depiction of child's interior life. Harriet Monroe, founder of Poetry, and William Rose Benet, founder of Saturday Review of Literature, called Ridge a genius. Her poem ‘Brooklyn Bridge’ greatly influenced Hart Crane, and her late work shared Crane's concerns with archaic language and mysticism. Her 1919 speech, ‘Woman and the Creative Will’, anticipated Virginia Woolf's A Room of Her Own by 10 years.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of a Plum pox virus W Isolate in Plum Germplasm Hand Carried into the USA from the Ukraine Shows a Close Relationship to a Latvian Isolate

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vessela Mavrodieva ◽  
Delano James ◽  
Karen Williams ◽  
Sarika Negi ◽  
Aniko Varga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Sequence Identities ◽  
Germplasm Accessions

Four of 19 Prunus germplasm accessions hand carried from the Ukraine into the United States without authorization were found to be infected with Plum pox virus (PPV). Of the three isolates characterized, isolates UKR 44189 and UKR 44191 were confirmed to be isolates of PPV strain W, and UKR 44188 was confirmed to be an isolate of PPV strain D. UKR 44189 and UKR 44191 are very closely related to the PPV strain W isolate LV-145bt (HQ670748) from Latvia. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities between these three isolates were greater than 99%. This indicates that the isolates are very closely related and likely originated from a common source. The high genetic diversity among PPV-W strain isolates allowed the identification of potential recombination events between PPV isolates. It appears also that GF 305 peach and Prunus tomentosa are not hosts for the PPV isolate UKR 44189.

scholarly journals Looking under the hide of animals. The history of ultrasound to assess carcass composition and meat quality in farm animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 523-535
Author(s):  
Severiano R Silva ◽  
James R Stouffer
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The 1950S

Resumo O desafio de saber qual a composição de um animal vivo tem sido perseguido de forma incessante desde os anos 50 do século XX. Ao longo deste tempo, diversas técnicas têm sido testadas como comprovam os numerosos trabalhos científicos sobre o tema nas principais revistas de ciência animal. O objetivo central destes trabalhos é a obtenção in vivo de informação sobre características relacionadas com a carcaça e com a qualidade da carne. As técnicas que empregam ultrassons estão entre as que mais sucesso apresentam. Há ao longo da história vários marcos que são pilares no desenvolvimento dos ultrassons. No século XVIII, o padre e biólogo Lazzaro Spallanzani, intrigado com a capacidade de orientação noturna dos morcegos, descobriu a ecolocalização. Em 1880, os irmãos Curie apresentaram as propriedades piezelétricas de determinados cristais. Mais tarde durante e entre as duas grandes guerras mundiais ocorreram inúmeros desenvolvimentos tecnológicos no campo militar, mas também no campo médico relacionados com ultrassons. Durante a década de 50 foram apresentadas utilizações de ultrassons com imagem. Quase simultaneamente a primeira utilização em animais foi realizada em 1956 nos EUA. Desde então ocorreram enormes desenvolvimentos quer nos equipamentos de ultrassons, quer nas imagens e na sua análise. Atualmente os ultrassons são uma ferramenta precisa e objetiva que apresenta um papel relevante para avaliar in vivo características da carcaça e de qualidade da carne de ovinos, suínos e bovinos.Palavras-chave: história, ultrassons, ciência animal, carcaça, qualidade da carne Abstract The challenge of knowing the composition of a living animal has been pursued incessantly since the 1950s. Throughout this time, several techniques have been tested as evidenced by the numerous scientific articles found on the subject in the leading animal science journals. The primary objective of this work is obtaining information in vivo on characteristics related to carcass and meat quality. The techniques that employ ultrasound are among the most successful. Throughout history, several milestones have been found in the development of ultrasound. In the eighteenth century, priest and biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, intrigued by the nocturnal ability of bats, discovered echolocation. In 1880 the Curie brothers presented the piezoelectric properties of certain crystals. Later during and between the two world wars, numerous ultrasound technological developments occurred in the military field but also the medical field. Ultrasound with imaging was presented during the 1950s. The application of ultrasound to animals has had a very close relationship to medical applications, and almost simultaneously the first use in animals was held in 1956 in the USA. Since then, there have been enormous developments in both the ultrasound equipment and the images and their analysis. Ultrasound is currently an accurate and objective tool that has a relevant role in evaluating in vivo carcass characteristics and meat quality in the main farm species (cattle, swine, goat, sheep and poultry) and fish. Keywords: history, ultrasound, animal science, carcass, meat

scholarly journals O BRASIL COMO “TERRENO DE EXPERIMENTAÇÃO” DA EXPERTISE GERENCIAL: A ATUAÇÃO DO CONSELHO DE REITORES DAS UNIVERSIDADES BRASILEIRAS (1966-1985)BRAZIL AS A "LABORATORY" FOR MANAGEMENT EXPERTISE: THE ROLE OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF BRAZILIAN UNIVERSITIES (1966-1985)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Maria Caramez Carlotto ◽  
Sylvia Gemignani Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Managerial Knowledge ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Military

Na literatura contemporânea sobre as transformações do ensino superior existe um forte consenso de que a expansão do saber gerencial foi um dos principais fatores que alterou sua dinâmica e organização interna. No caso do Brasil, são muitos os trabalhos que, seguindo essa percepção geral, apontam a estreita relação existente entre as políticas ditas “neoliberais” implementadas a partir da década de 1980, e a modernização gerencial difundida no país a partir de acordos de cooperação com os EUA durante os anos 1950 e 1960. No entanto, esses trabalhos, de modo geral, falham ao não conseguir mostrar, empiricamente, como se dá a relação entre esses dois momentos da história das políticas educacionais do país. O objetivo do presente trabalho é contribuir para a compreensão dessa relação a partir da análise de Yves Dezalay e Brynat Garth sobre o modo pelo qual a América Latina funcionou, nos anos 1950 e 1960, enquanto um “terreno de experimentação” de políticas que viriam a se difundir mundialmente nos anos 1980 e 1990. Para tanto, tomamos como objeto o Conselho de Reitores de Universidades Brasileiras (CRUB), no período que vai de 1966, ano da sua criação, até 1985, ano que marca o fim do regime militar, analisando tanto o conjunto de acordos internacionais então firmados pelo CRUB, quanto o resumo das suas principais atividades, e o perfil da sua diretoria executiva no período analisado.ABSTRACT In the contemporary literature on the transformations of higher education there is a strong consensus that the expansion of managerial knowledge was one of the main factors that altered its dynamics and internal organization. In the case of Brazil, there are many studies that, following this general perception, point to the close relationship between the so-called “neoliberal” policies implemented since the 1980s and the managerial modernization diffused in the country through cooperation agreements with the USA during the 1950s and 1960s. However, these works generally fail to show the relationship between these two moments in the history of educational policies in the country empirically. The objective of the present work is to contribute to the understanding of this relationship using, as a starting point, the analysis of Yves Dezalay and Brynat Garth on how Latin America functioned in the 1950s and 1960s as a “laboratory” of policies that would begin to spread worldwide in the 80s and 90s. To this end, we investigate the Council of Rectors of Brazilian Universities (CRUB) in the period from 1966, the year of its creation, until 1985, the year that marks the end of the military regime, analyzing both the set of international agreements signed by the CRUB during the period as well as the summary of its main activities and the profile of its executive board in this period of time.

Variations in Pathogenicity of Three Different Forms of Rhizoctonia Inoculum and Assessment of Cultivar Resistance of Sugar Beet

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haque ME ◽  
◽  
Parvin MS ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Require Time ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Usa

Rhizoctonia solani causes pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off, as well as crown and root rot of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), which significantly affects the yield returns in the USA and Europe. The pathogen overwinters as sclerotia or melanized mycelium. Traditionally, the resistance of cultivars to R. solani is evaluated by scoring disease reactions at the crowns and roots of older seedlings, thus resistance is not evaluated during seed germination. Moreover, earlier studies evaluated cultivars resistance to R. solani using colonized whole barley or wheat grains which, unlike sclerotia, are artificial inocula of the pathogen that require time, space and technical know-how to produce. Moreover, colonized grains are prone to contamination with other pathogens, consumed by rodents/birds while applied in the field, and are often uneconomic. Considering those limitations, a study was undertaken (1) to develop in vitro methods to generate large-scale sclerotia, (2) to compare pathogenic potentials of sclerotia, mycelia, and colonized barley grains for optimization of dampingoff assays, and (3) to evaluate Rhizoctonia resistance of selected commercial cultivars during the seed germination phase. Comparing six different culture media, we found that R. solani had the highest radial growth (8.9 ± 0.04, cm³) at 8-days and the maximum number of sclerotia produced (203 ± 4.6) at 28-days in CV8 medium. We demonstrated significant differences in pathogenicity of the three different forms of R. solani inocula and susceptibility of cultivars to preand post-emergence damping-off. The highest pre-emergence damping-off and root rot were observed with sclerotia, and the highest post-emergence dampingoff was recorded with both sclerotial and colonized barley inocula. In addition, varietal differences in susceptibility to pre- and post-emergence damping-off were noted. The highest pre-emergence damping-off was recorded on cv Crystal 101RR and lowest in Maribo MA 504. The highest post-emergence damping-off was recorded on BTS 8500 and the lowest in Crystal 467. The maximum mean root rot was observed in BTS 8500, BTS 8606, and Crystal 101R. Our studies demonstrated that sclerotia serve as efficient natural inocula, reemphasized that host-pathogen interactions differ at the early vs. late stages of sugar beet growth, and highlighted the need to reevaluate commercial sugar beet cultivars for resistance at the seed germination stage.

The Objectivists

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Jaussen
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
William Carlos Williams ◽  
Louis Zukofsky ◽  
George Oppen ◽  
Writing Practices ◽  
Charles Reznikoff ◽  
Lorine Niedecker ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Many ◽  
First And Second Generation

The Objectivist poets were a group of first- and second-generation modernist writers who emerged in the USA during the 1930s. The writers most commonly associated with the movement are Louis Zukofsky (who first used the term ‘objectivist’ to describe poetry), Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, Charles Rakosi, the British poet Basil Bunting, and Lorine Niedecker (other poets, such as William Carlos Williams, however, were published under the banner of ‘objectivist’). Most objectivist writing was characterized by an attention to specific particulars and the belief that poems could be material or social objects. Beyond these broad tendencies, however, each writer associated with the movement offered different definitions of ‘objectivist,’ and developed divergent writing practices. Consequently, the term has historical, critical, and evolutionary implications, referring both to specific literary publications, a core of poets whose relationships and affinities continued beyond the early 1930s, and the many subsequent attempts by poets and critics to use ‘objectivist’ as a critical concept.

Nature's Place in the Technological Transformation of Agriculture: Some Reflections on the Recombinant BST Controversy in the USA

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1151-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
F H Buttel
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa

In this paper I focus on the interactions between technological transformation of agrofood systems and the construction of discursive linkages between rurality and nature. I draw on Giddens's notion of time–space distanciation to show how the spatial configuration of modern agrofood systems creates possibilities but also imposes limits on discourses about agriculture and nature. Using some observations from the bovine somatotropin (BST) experience, I demonstrate that prospective technological transformations significantly influence the struggle for ‘control of the natural’ among the diversity of actors in the dairy-products commodity chain. Proponents and opponents of BST aimed to occupy the discursive high ground of ‘the natural’ in making their appeals to farmers, consumers, and policymakers. As it became clearer in the late 1980s that BST would not prove to be the revolutionary biotechnology product that proponents had originally claimed, both proponents and opponents significantly altered the substance of their discursive claims about what constitutes the natural. This suggests that vocabularies of nature are a flexible modality for contesting the course of social change in agrofood systems. Actors in the BST controversy not only contested the natural status of artifacts and practices such as the use of BST technology, they did so with respect to the social institutions of agricultural research and agricultural policy as well. Some legacies of the struggle for control of the natural in US dairying and in agrofood systems in general are discussed.

Dry Needling versus Acupuncture: The Ongoing Debate

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kehua Zhou ◽  
Yan Ma ◽  
Michael S Brogan
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Physical Therapists ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Dry Needling ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Although Western medical acupuncture (WMA) is commonly practised in the UK, a particular approach called dry needling (DN) is becoming increasingly popular in other countries. The legitimacy of the use of DN by conventional non-physician healthcare professionals is questioned by acupuncturists. This article describes the ongoing debate over the practice of DN between physical therapists and acupuncturists, with a particular emphasis on the USA. DN and acupuncture share many similarities but may differ in certain aspects. Currently, little information is available from the literature regarding the relationship between the two needling techniques. Through reviewing their origins, theory, and practice, we found that DN and acupuncture overlap in terms of needling technique with solid filiform needles as well as some fundamental theories. Both WMA and DN are based on modern biomedical understandings of the human body, although DN arguably represents only one subcategory of WMA. The increasing volume of research into needling therapy explains its growing popularity in the musculoskeletal field including sports medicine. To resolve the debate over DN practice, we call for the establishment of a regulatory body to accredit DN courses and a formal, comprehensive educational component and training for healthcare professionals who are not physicians or acupuncturists. Because of the close relationship between DN and acupuncture, collaboration rather than dispute between acupuncturists and other healthcare professionals should be encouraged with respect to education, research, and practice for the benefit of patients with musculoskeletal conditions who require needling therapy.

scholarly journals Compressions in Ironic Headlines Referring to Politicians of the USA and Lithuania

Verbum ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 86-94
Author(s):  
Dovilė Vengalienė
Keyword(s):  
Online News ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
Scientific Model ◽  
Conceptual Integration ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
Time Space ◽  
News Websites ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
The Usa ◽  
News Headlines

In the article the scientific model of conceptual blending (developed by Mark Turner and Gilles Fauconnier) is applied to the analysis of ironic headlines. It is argued that irony’s ability to make use of this mechanism partially accounts for the use of ironic references in news discourse. Irony is used as a means to reveal the compressions created via blending. An ironist employs the rules of blending to present a variety of eye-catching and brief headlines that contain compressions of Time, Space, Part-Whole, Role-Value, Intentionality, and Analogy/Disanalogy that are compressed into Uniqueness. The multiple compressions of an ironic reference do not only enable the ironist to communicate complex ideas and implications at the scale of human understanding but also facilitate the economy of space (i.e. the complex conceptual integration networks operate in a way that brings elements from a variety of mental input spaces into one blend). An overview of the Vital Relations and their compressions is supported by a number of ironic news headlines collected from popular Lithuanian and American online news websites.

scholarly journals Relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora under the conditions of Armenian-Turkish rapprochement

2010 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Y.A. Balashov ◽  
S.E. Davtyan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
High Status ◽  
Cultural Specificity ◽  
Armenian Diaspora ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Turkish People ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The Armenian Diaspora (Spyurq) is one of the oldest and skilled diasporas in the world. Armenian communities are present in practically all the corners of the globe and are distinguished both by uncommon abilities of adaptation and the preservation of their cultural specificity. Due to these features, Armenian diasporic communities possess solid development potential, ensuring their high status through an active penetration of Armenians into the elite of the accepting society and a stable character of their communal institutes. Recent Armenian-Turkish rapprochement to some extent brings into question the traditional unity of the Armenian Diaspora and its close relationship with the Republic of Armenia. Representatives of the Spyurq with a negative attitude towards rapprochement between Armenia and Turkey on existing terms can be conditionally divided into three categories: Romanticists (represented mainly by the Union of Armenians of Russia) believe in a certain 'mission' of the Armenian nation and the 'superiority' of Armenians over the Turkic nations. The Armenian people are, thus, viewed as an integral whole which is not divided into citizens of Armenia and representatives of the Diaspora. Therefore, the government in Yerevan has only a symbolic meaning and has no right to make any crucial decision on all-Armenian issues, in particular in the domain of relations between the Armenian and the Turkish people. Nationalists (mainly supporters of the Dashnaktsutyun party, from the USA and Lebanon, as well as natives of Nagorno-Karabakh and descendants of natives of Western Armenia, which is now Turkish territory) consider the rapprochement of the RA with Turkey as an actual rejection of the struggle for Turkish recognition of the Armenian Genocide, as well as a 'betrayal' of Nagorno-Karabakh's independence. Pragmatists understand international law, political science and history but, in their opinion, the signed Zurich protocols contain weakly reasoned formulations which are not in accordance with the interests of the RA and are, therefore, inefficient. These formulations 1. do not contain any guarantees of the protocols' observance on the part of Turkey, 2. recognize the existing configuration of the Armenian-Turkish borders, i.e. symbolize the refusal to return Western Armenia to the Armenian state, and 3. recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the existing states, which translates into a withholding of support for Nagorno-Karabakh, which was a part of AzSSR during the period of the USSR. Besides, Armenian-Turkish rapprochement is interpreted by members of this category as a result of external pressure on Armenia on the part of Russia and the USA. In signing the Zurich protocols, the leadership of the RA was guided, first of all, by the state interests of the RA. The Diaspora factor was in this case secondary, although it was taken into consideration. The split in the Armenian Diaspora, in the authors' opinion, will be short-lived, because, in the end, pragmatism will prevail. .

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