Association of basic vaccination with cognitive and learning ability among children: insights from the India Human Development Survey, 2004–05 and 2011–12

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
William Joe ◽  
Ajay Kumar Verma
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Mortality Burden ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Child Vaccination

Abstract Basic vaccination is important to protect children from infectious diseases and illnesses. Adequate levels of vaccination coverage reduce the morbidity and mortality burden among children and promote their physical and mental development. This study aimed to assess the association between basic childhood vaccination and the cognitive and learning ability of school children in India. Nationally representative follow-up data on 6183 children from the Indian Human Development Surveys conducted in 2004–05 and 2011–12 (IHDS I & II) were analysed. Children aged 8–10 years who had received all basic vaccines by the age 12 months performed better in a maths test than partially vaccinated or unvaccinated children (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.48, 2.35). Similarly, fully vaccinated children performed better in writing tasks than partially vaccinated or unvaccinated children (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.44, 2.18). Likewise, fully vaccinated children had better reading skills than fully unvaccinated children (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.09). The results suggest that enhancing child vaccination coverage can have significant benefits beyond health and can potentially improve the long-term educational outcomes of children.

scholarly journals Individual and community-level determinants of childhood vaccination in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Setegn Muche Fenta ◽  
Haile Mekonnen Fenta
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Institutional Delivery ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Child Vaccination

Abstract Background Vaccines are one of our most important tools for preventing outbreaks and keeping the world safe. Most unvaccinated children live in the poorest countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants of vaccination coverage among children aged12–23 months in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional secondary data were obtained from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data (EDHS). A total of 1929 children were included. A Multilevel Proportional Odds Model was used to identify the individual and community-level factors associated with child vaccination. Result Among 1, 929 children, only 48.6% (95% CI: 46.3 to 50.8%) were fully vaccinated while 37.8% (95% CI: 35.7 to 40.1%) were partially vaccinated.. The multilevel ordinal logistic regression model reveled that housewife mother (AOR =1.522, 95%CI: 1.139, 2.034), institutional delivery (AOR =2.345, 95%CI: 1.766, 3.114),four or above antenatal care visits (AOR = 2.657; 95% CI: 1.906, 3.704), children of mothers with secondary or higher education (AOR = 2.008; 95% CI: 1.209, 3.334),Children whose fathers primary education (AOR = 1.596; 95% CI: 1.215, 2.096), from the rich households (AOR = 1.679; 95% CI: 1.233, 2.287) were significantly associated with childhood vaccination. Conclusion Child vaccination coverage in Ethiopia remains low. Therefore, there is a need to increase child vaccination coverage by promoting institutional delivery and prenatal care visits, as well as maternal tetanus immunization. Besides, public initiatives needed to improve child vaccination coverage, women’s and husband’s education, poor women, and further advancement of health care services for poor women, housewife women, women living in remote areas should be made to maintain further improvements in child vaccination. Furthermore, policies and programs aimed at addressing cluster variations in child vaccination need to be formulated and their implementation must be strongly pursued.

scholarly journals Optimal well-being in the aftermath of anxiety disorders: A 10-year longitudinal investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Disabato ◽  
Todd Barrett Kashdan ◽  
James Doorley ◽  
Kerry Kelso ◽  
Kristina Volgenau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Longitudinal Investigation ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Primary Hypothesis

Background: Although preliminary research has explored the possibility of optimal well-being after depression, it is unclear how rates compare to anxiety. Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Panic Disorder (PD) as exemplars of anxiety, we tested the rates of optimal well-being one decade after being diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Based on reward deficits in depression, we pre-registered our primary hypothesis that optimal well-being would be more prevalent after anxiety than depression as well as tested two exploratory hypotheses.Method: We used data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, which contains a nationally representative sample across two waves, 10 years apart. To reach optimal well-being, participants needed to have no symptoms of GAD, PD, or major depressive disorder (MDD) at the 10 year follow-up and exceed cut-offs across nine dimensions of well-being.Results: The results failed to support our primary hypothesis. Follow-up optimal well-being rates were highest for adults previously diagnosed with MDD (8.7%), then PD (6.1%), and finally GAD (0%). Exploratory analyses revealed optimal well-being was approximately twice as prevalent in people without anxiety or depression at baseline and provided partial support for baseline well-being predicting optimal well-being after anxiety. Results were largely replicated across different classifications of optimal well-being.Limitations: Findings are limited by the somewhat unique measurement of anxiety in the MIDUS sample as well as the relatively high rate of missing data.Conclusions: We discuss possible explanations for less prevalent optimal well-being after anxiety vs. depression and the long-term positivity deficits from GAD.

scholarly journals Decomposition of socioeconomic inequalities in child vaccination in Ethiopia: results from the 2011 and 2016 demographic and health surveys

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e039617
Author(s):  
Firew Tekle Bobo ◽  
Andrew Hayen
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Maternal Health Service ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Concentration Indices ◽  
Child Vaccination

ObjectivesMonitoring and addressing unnecessary and avoidable differences in child vaccination is a critical global concern. This study aimed to assess socioeconomic inequalities in basic vaccination coverage among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia.Design, setting and participantsSecondary analyses of cross-sectional data from the two most recent (2011 and 2016) Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys were performed. This analysis included 1930 mother–child pairs in 2011 and 2004 mother–child pairs in 2016.Outcome measuresCompletion of basic vaccinations was defined based on whether a child received a single dose of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), three doses of diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTP), three doses of oral polio vaccine and one dose of measles vaccine.MethodsThe concentration Curve and Concentration Indices (CCIs) were used to estimate wealth related to inequalities. The concentration indices were also decomposed to examine the contributing factors to socioeconomic inequalities in childhood vaccination.ResultsFrom 2011 to 2016, the proportion of children who received basic vaccination increased from 24.6% (95% CI 21.4% to 28.0%) to 38.6% (95% CI 34.6% to 42.9%). While coverage of BCG, DTP and polio immunisation increased during the study period, the uptake of measles vaccine decreased. The positive concentration index shows that basic vaccination coverage was pro-rich (CCI=0.212 in 2011 and CCI=0.172 in 2016). The decomposition analysis shows that use of maternal health services such as family planning and antenatal care, socioeconomic status, exposure to media, urban–rural residence and maternal education explain inequalities in basic vaccination coverage in Ethiopia.ConclusionsChildhood vaccination coverage was low in Ethiopia. Vaccination was less likely in poorer than in richer households. Addressing wealth inequalities, enhancing education and improving maternal health service coverage will reduce socioeconomic inequalities in basic vaccination uptake in Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Persistent depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in older adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 213 (5) ◽  
pp. 638-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanfan Zheng ◽  
Baoliang Zhong ◽  
Xiaoyu Song ◽  
Wuxiang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Orientation Function ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
English Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Data

BackgroundLittle is known about the effect of persistent depressive symptoms on the trajectory of cognitive decline.AimsWe aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between the duration of depressive symptoms and subsequent cognitive decline over a 10-year follow-up period.MethodThe English Longitudinal Study of Ageing cohort is a prospective and nationally representative cohort of men and women living in England aged ≥50 years. We examined 7610 participants with two assessments of depressive symptoms at wave 1 (2002–2003) and wave 2 (2004–2005), cognitive data at wave 2 and at least one reassessment of cognitive function (wave 3 to wave 7, 2006–2007 to 2014–2015).ResultsThe mean age of the 7610 participants was 65.2 ± 10.1 years, and 57.0% were women. Of these, 1157 (15.2%) participants had episodic depressive symptoms and 525 participants (6.9%) had persistent depressive symptoms. Compared with participants without depressive symptoms at wave 1 and wave 2, the multivariable-adjusted rates of global cognitive decline associated with episodic depressive symptoms and persistent depressive symptoms were faster by –0.065 points/year (95% CI –0.129 to –0.000) and –0.141 points/year (95% CI –0.236 to –0.046), respectively (P for trend < 0.001). Similarly, memory, executive and orientation function also declined faster with increasing duration of depressive symptoms (all P for trend < 0.05).ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that depressive symptoms were significantly associated with subsequent cognitive decline over a 10-year follow-up period. Cumulative exposure of long-term depressive symptoms in elderly individuals could predict accelerated subsequent cognitive decline in a dose-response pattern.Declaration of interestNone.

Comparing belief in short-term versus long-term consequences of smoking and vaping as predictors of non-use in a 3-year nationally representative survey study of US youth

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056886
Author(s):  
Emma Jesch ◽  
Ava Irysa Kikut ◽  
Robert Hornik
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Nationally Representative

IntroductionEfforts to prevent youth tobacco use are critical to reducing smoking-related deaths in the USA. Anti-tobacco messaging often focuses on the severe long-term consequences of smoking (eg, fatal lung disease, cancer). It is unclear whether these long-term consequences are more likely to deter youth use than shorter term consequences (eg, headaches, friend disapproval).MethodsA nationally representative 3-year rolling survey of adolescents and young adults (ages 13–26 years) measured belief in potential consequences of two types of tobacco products: combustible cigarettes (n=11 847) and electronic cigarettes (n=4470) as well as intentions and current use. Independent coders classified 23 consequences as either short or long term. Logistic regression tested the associations between short-term (vs long-term) beliefs and current intentions, as well as non-smoking behaviour at 6-month follow-up.ResultsBelieving in both short-term and long-term consequences was associated with outcomes, but short-term beliefs were more highly associated with anti-smoking (OR=1.40, 95% CI (1.30 to 1.51)) and anti-vaping (OR=2.10, 95% CI (1.75 to 2.52)) intentions and better predicted non-smoking behaviour at follow-up, controlling for prior use (OR=1.75, 95% CI (1.33 to 2.31)).ConclusionsThese results support temporal discounting by adolescents and young adults and suggest health communication efforts aiming to reduce youth tobacco use should emphasise shorter term consequences.

scholarly journals 2771. Seroprotection against Measles, Rubella, Tetanus, and Diphtheria Among Children in Haiti—2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S977-S978
Author(s):  
Anna A Minta ◽  
Jocelyne Andre-Alboth ◽  
Lana Childs ◽  
Doug Nace ◽  
Gloria Rey-Benito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
The West ◽  
West Region ◽  
Vaccine Booster ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Control ◽  
Multiplex Bead

Abstract Background Measles, rubella, and maternal and neonatal tetanus have been verified to be eliminated in Haiti, but a diphtheria outbreak has been ongoing since 2014. To evaluate progress toward maintaining vaccine preventable disease (VPD) elimination and control, we conducted the first survey to estimate immunity to these VPDs among children in Haiti. Methods We conducted a nationally representative, two-stage cluster survey in 2017, stratifying Haiti into 2 regions: (1) West Region, the highly urban West department that includes one-third of Haiti’s population; (2) Non-West Region (all other departments). We sampled 4,286 households to recruit at least 910 children aged 5–7 years. We obtained vaccination history and dried blood spots from one eligible child per household. Antibody concentrations to VPDs were measured on a multiplex bead assay. We compared seroprotection and vaccination coverage estimates. Results Among 1146 enrolled children, tetanus (83%, 95% CI: 80%–86%) and diphtheria (83%, 95% CI: 81%–85%) seroprotection were higher than coverage with ≥3 doses of tetanus and diphtheria containing vaccine (DTP3) (68%, 95% CI: 61%–74%). No participants had antibody concentrations consistent with long-term immunity to tetanus or diphtheria. Measles (87%, 95% CI: 85%–89%) and rubella (84%, 95% CI: 81%–87%) seroprotection were higher than or similar to coverage with at least one dose of measles-rubella (MR) vaccine (84%, 95% CI: 80%–87%) (Figure 1). MR second-dose coverage was 20% (95% CI: 16%–24%). Seroprotection in the West Region was lower than in the non-West region for all VPDs. Conclusion Discordance between DTP3 coverage and seroprotection might be due to underestimating vaccination coverage by recall. Lack of long-term protection against tetanus or diphtheria is consistent with declining antibody concentrations by school-age after the primary DTP series, indicating the need for a booster dose. Seroprotection against measles and rubella viruses was lower than levels needed to prevent transmission, particularly in the West region; re-introduction of either virus could lead to an epidemic. Haiti should reach ≥95% DTP3 and two-dose MR coverage and add tetanus and diphtheria vaccine booster doses per global recommendations. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Skill Demands and Mismatch in U.S. Manufacturing

ILR Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Weaver ◽  
Paul Osterman
Keyword(s):  
Reading Skills ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Coordination Failures ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
High Level

Recent economic events have sparked debates over the degree of structural mismatch in the U.S. economy. One of the most frequent claims is that workers lack the skills that employers demand. The existing literature, however, analyzes this potential mismatch at a high level of aggregation with abstract indices and noisy proxies that obscure the underlying mechanisms. The authors address these issues by presenting and analyzing results from a survey of U.S. manufacturing establishments. The survey is the first, to their knowledge, to directly measure concrete employer skill demands and hiring experiences in a nationally representative survey at the industry level. The findings indicate that demand for higher-level skills is generally modest, and that three-quarters of manufacturing establishments do not show signs of hiring difficulties. Among the remainder, demands for higher-level math and reading skills are significant predictors of long-term vacancies, but demands for computer skills and other critical-thinking/problem-solving skills are not. Of particular interest, high-tech plants do not experience greater levels of hiring challenges. When the authors examine the potential mechanisms that could contribute to hiring difficulties, they find that neither external regional supply conditions nor internal firm practices are predictive of hiring problems. Rather, the data show that establishments that are members of clusters or that demand highly specialized skills have the greatest probability of incurring long-term vacancies. The authors interpret these results as a sign that it is important to think about factors that complicate the interaction of supply and demand—such as disaggregation and communication/coordination failures—rather than simply focusing on inadequate labor supply.

Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Labor Education ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

Brief summary of Kleť photographic search programme for minor planets

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 189-192
Author(s):  
J. Tichá ◽  
M. Tichý ◽  
Z. Moravec
Keyword(s):  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Minor Planet ◽  
Minor Planets ◽  
Main Belt

AbstractA long-term photographic search programme for minor planets was begun at the Kleť Observatory at the end of seventies using a 0.63-m Maksutov telescope, but with insufficient respect for long-arc follow-up astrometry. More than two thousand provisional designations were given to new Kleť discoveries. Since 1993 targeted follow-up astrometry of Kleť candidates has been performed with a 0.57-m reflector equipped with a CCD camera, and reliable orbits for many previous Kleť discoveries have been determined. The photographic programme results in more than 350 numbered minor planets credited to Kleť, one of the world's most prolific discovery sites. Nearly 50 per cent of them were numbered as a consequence of CCD follow-up observations since 1994.This brief summary describes the results of this Kleť photographic minor planet survey between 1977 and 1996. The majority of the Kleť photographic discoveries are main belt asteroids, but two Amor type asteroids and one Trojan have been found.

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