Nutrition within the household: 18th through early 20th century female and male statures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Scott Alan Carson
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Collective Effects ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Height Data

Abstract When other measures for material conditions are scarce or unreliable, the use of height is now common to evaluate economic conditions during economic development. However, throughout US economic development, height data by gender have been slow to emerge. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, female and male statures remained constant. Agricultural workers had taller statures than workers in other occupations, and the female agricultural height premium was over twice that of males. For both females and males, individuals with fairer complexions were taller than their darker complexioned counterparts. Gender collectively had the greatest explanatory effect associated with stature, followed by age and nativity. Socioeconomic status and birth period had the smallest collective effects with stature.

Analysis of the Structure of the City Budget of the Last Third of the 19th — Early 20th Century (Based on the Materials of the Tashkent City Self-Government)

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Sabira Iusupova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The City

This article deals with the problem of the financial situation of Tashkent in the last third of the 19th — early 20th century on the basis of the materials of the office documentation of the Tashkent city self-government. These materials are contained in the funds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive, reflected on the pages of the pre-revolutionary local periodical. Based on the analysis of the income and expenditure estimates, the budget structure, sources of funds and their distribution are shown. The main problems in the financial sphere are identified, related to violations of the established deadline for the provision and approval of the city budget, with arrears, abuses of individual officials, which negatively affected the financial situation of the city. But despite these difficulties, some successes of the Tashkent city self-government in the socio-economic development of the city are noted.

scholarly journals G. BAEV’S AUTOBIOGRAPHIC ESSAY «FROM MY LIFE»

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Дарчиев
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
The Bible ◽  
New Information ◽  
Outstanding Representative

Георгий Васильевич Баев оказал большое влияние на общественно-политическое и экономическое развитие Терской области в начале XX в., поэтому тщательное изучение его творческого наследия представляется весьма актуальным. Впервые публикуемый автобиографический очерк Баева Из моей жизни содержит новые сведения о его деятельности на посту градоначальника Владикавказа, а также о судьбе Баева после эмиграции (культурно-просветительская деятельность в Константинополе, переезд в Прагу и др.). Из очерка становится очевидным, что на всех этапах работы над Осетинско-русско-немецким словарем Баев принимал весьма активное участие. Более того, именно благодаря инициативе Баева, уже находившегося к тому времени в эмиграции, в Академии Наук СССР было принято решение приступить к изданию рукописи словаря, долгое время пролежавшей в архиве. О деятельности Баева по переводу Священного Писания на осетинский язык хорошо известно, но только из очерка мы узнаем, насколько трудоемким и кропотливым был этот процесс. В 1926 г. усилиями Баева при Берлинском семинаре по восточным языкам была открыта осетинская доцентура (курс лекций по осетинскому языку). Ее основание Баев называет событием огромного культурного значения, способствовавшим пробуждению интереса к осетинскому языку среди ученых Европы. Баев завершает очерк выражением благодарности старшим родственникам, называя свою деятельность в Германии венцом той большой культурной работы , которую до него проводили его дед, отец и дядя. В списке родственников по отцовской и материнской линиям приводятся данные, отсутствующие в других источниках. Автобиографический очерк Георгия Васильевича Баева содержит немало интересных сведений, и его публикация может способствовать дальнейшему изучению жизни и творчества этого выдающегося представителя осетинской интеллигенции. Georgy Vasilievich Baev had a great influence on the socio-political and economic development of the Terek region in the early 20th century, therefore, thorough study of his creative heritage seems to be very relevant. From My Life , the first autobiographical essay Baev published, contains new information about his activities as the mayor of Vladikavkaz, as well as about Baevs fate after he emigrated (his cultural and educational activities in Constantinople, moving to Prague, etc.). From the essay, it becomes obvious that Baev participated actively at all stages of work on the OssetianRussian-German dictionary. Moreover, the dictionary project had long been archived and the decision to publish it was made on the initiative of Baev, who had already been exiled by that time. His translation of the Bible into Ossetian is well known, but only from the essay do we learn how much effort and labor it actually took. In 1926 Baev launched a course of lectures on the Ossetian language within the framework of the Berlin seminar on oriental languages, commonly known as the Ossetian Docenture. Baev calls its foundation an event of great cultural significance, which contributed to the awakening of interest in the Ossetian language among European scholars. Baev complites the essay with an expression of gratitude to his elder relatives, referring to his activities in Germany as the pinnacle of the great cultural work that his grandfather, father and uncle had engaged in before him. The list of relatives on the paternal and maternal lines provides data that are not available in other sources. The auto-biographical essay of Georgy Baev contains a lot of interesting information, and its publication can contribute to the further study of the life and work of this outstanding representative of the Ossetian intellectuals.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Development of the South-Western Uezds of the Vyatka Gubernia in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century in Documents from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 875-887
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Korepanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Central State ◽  
Life Path

This article analyzes main collections of archival documents from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region that reflect the economic and social sphere of life of the South-Western uezds of the Vyatka gubernia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The post-reform years were the period of most active economic development of the Vyatka gubernia and also of relative social stability, which ended with the outbreak of the First World War. During this period, a significant archival complex was accumulated, which allows us to study the most diverse aspects of life, both in the gubernia and in its uezds. As a result of the study, it has been established that most documents on the issue are concentrated in the archival fonds of the Vyatka Gubernia Statistical Committee, institutions of the gubernia and uezd zemstvo and city self-government. Among them are statistical materials, which permit to identify trends and dynamics of various economic and social indicators and to establish the place of the South-Western uezds in the gubernia. Reporting documentation is illustrative of the activities of various gubernia and uezd organizations and its results. Estimate documentation characterizes financial and economic activities of various institutions, including bodies of zemstvo and city self-government. Documents on personnel make it possible to study the life of various figures of zemstvo and city self-government, to form a more complete picture of them, peculiarities of their formation, life path. The protocol documentation of zemstvo and city self-government bodies contains information on the life of the gubernia and its uezds, on the work of zemstvo and city institutions. The analysis of the documents from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region provides a fairly broad picture of the various aspects of economic and social life of the South-Western uezds of the Vyatka gubernia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century.

BECOMING PROFESSIONAL: CHINESE ACCOUNTANTS IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY SHANGHAI

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Xu ◽  
Xiaoqun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
Point Of Reference

This paper examines the experience of Chinese accountants transforming themselves into a profession during the early 20th century. It delineates how the experience was shaped by an intersection of economic development, the political culture and the nationalist movement in semi-colonial Shanghai. Chinese accountants responded to the daily manifestations of these larger historical forces by combining their professional self-interests with a nationalist agenda and by adapting to the changing political environment. The history and legacy of this experience provides a point of reference for observing the re-emergence of the accounting profession in China since the end of the Maoist era.

scholarly journals Schulz, duchy i meblościanka

Schulz/Forum ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 86-101
Author(s):  
Marcin Romanowski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Central Character ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Systemic Transformation ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Historical Moment

The paper presents an analysis of the “Schulzoid” novel by Dominika Słowik, Atlas: Döppelganger, which addressed the topic of passing from adolescence to adulthood during the Polish systemic transformation. The author’s starting point is the famous interpretation of Schulz’s fiction by Artur Sandauer in his essay “The Degraded Reality” [Rzeczywistość zdegradowana], based on a claim that Schulz represented in his own way the experience of the decomposition of the known world as a result of the capitalist expansion in the early 20th century. The analysis focuses on the figure of the grandfather and the transformation itself. The former is the central character in the narrator’s mythology of childhood: he keeps telling fascinating stories about life at sea, on the other hand being a fantasist who tries to alleviate his sense of exclusion from the new reality. The systemic transformation has been represented in Słowik’s novel by a series of antinomies as well. The nostalgic and sublime descriptions of the material conditions at the turning point have been combined with the pictures of degradation and trash. Then the novel is placed against the background of the literature of the 1990s, summed up by Olga Drenda’s essay, Duchologia polska. Słowik remembers the material conditions of the period of the systemic transformation and the trashy, though also sentimental, aesthetics of the historical moment when she and other authors of her generation were children. This makes the author of the paper compare their writing with Schulz’s postulate of the return to childhood. Yet in Schulz’s fiction childhood is the source of a private mythology – the images that constitute the writer’s imagination. The writers of the 1990s make a turn toward the reminiscences of childhood to revise critically the myths of the historical turning moment and to articulate their own and their generation’s experience of the transformation.

Patrimonial bureaus procedures of the landlord farms in Russia during the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: the documentation structure

2019 ◽  
pp. 166-172
Author(s):  
Ruslan Zhitin ◽  
Aleksey Topilskiy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Double Entry

The relevance of the study lies in the insufficient development in the domestic historiography of the problem of patrimonial bureau procedures in landlords farms, and the need to consider the features of a large market economy with the possibility of referring to the experience of the past. We analyze the composition of patrimonial documentation of landlord’s estates of the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The characteristic of opinions of some researchers of this problem is given. The legislative aspects of the Russian Empire regulating paperwork in landowner farms are developed. We highlight the features of the Italian form of double-entry bookkeeping, features of the information documentation by industrial associations of landlords. It is established that all (without exception) entries in the documents were based on the provisions of the ordinances of income and cash flow, announcements, powers of attorney, declarations, briefs, petitions, notifications, etc. We present the order of employment (from employees’ side) and the involvement of employees in manufacturing (from employers’ side) at the owners’ farm, we also characterize the processes that affect their economic development. On the basis of the deposited materials there is a possibility of the complex analysis of trade and comparative communications of landowners, studying the main stages and results of modernization of complexes, identification of terms of depreciation of the businessmen’s expenses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document