Tyrania cicha i zawoalowana według traktatu „De tyranno” Bartolusa de Saxoferrato

The paper is devoted to the tacit and veiled tyranny, a concept developed by Bartolus de Saxoferrato in his treatise On the Tyrant (De tyranno), widely regarded as an outstanding representative of the commentator school. In addition to his strictly legal work, which consists of commentaries on individual parts of the Corpus iuris civilis, he is also the author of political and legal treatises, dealing with important topics for the inhabitants of late medieval Italy. In the treatise, he decided to discuss in detail the theme of tyranny from the perspective of a jurist interested in solving the concrete problems that tyrant rule could cause in practice. He developed ways to classify rule as tyrannical, defining and outlining its various types, so that once a tyrant is removed from power, its legal consequences can be examined, including whether legal acts committed during tyranny are valid. The aim of this article is to analyse the tacit and disguised tyranny presented in the treatise De tyranno, to identify its essential characteristics and point out the features that distinguish it from manifest tyranny. The analysis covers the types of tyranny, the ways of hiding a tyrant, threats to rights and freedoms in the case of hidden tyranny, methods of exposing the hidden tyrant, ways of eliminating tyranny, and the validity of actions performed during tyranny. The examination of these aspects is intended not only to allow an understanding of Bartolus’ conception, but also to provide an answer to the question of the purpose singling out this form of tyranny serves. A veiled tyrant is one who rules a community against the law, hiding this fact behind some sort of veil. As a legal category, the distinction between tyranny ex defectu tituli and ex parte exercitii is fundamental. The distinction between a manifest and hidden tyrant does not have such far-reaching consequences. Tacit and veiled tyranny are sometimes treated as transitional categories. On many points, the comments applicable to manifest tyrants also apply to veiled tyrants. The purpose of distinguishing this category is to make the problem clearer — to state that a tyrant is also someone who seemingly has nothing to do with power or has little authority. Bartolus undertook to define and characterise this form of tyranny, indicating the legal instruments that could be used to deal with the undesirable political phenomenon as long as it had not yet assumed its mature form. The jurist considered it expedient to distinguish the category of a hidden tyrant so that they could be identified and held accountable under the law, although they did not formally possess any power or had very little of it, as a usurper or as one guilty of harming citizens.

The Making of Minjian: Yi Sha's Poetics and Poetry Activities

<p>This thesis investigates and critiques the notion of minjian through a case study of Yi Sha 伊沙 (b. 1966), a key figure of Chinese minjian poetry since its emergence in the 1990s. The term minjian became a focal point during the Panfeng Polemic in 1999, a most significant event in the history of contemporary Chinese poetry, when minjian was adopted to name one of the rivalling poetry groups and triggered an influential debate that shaped the contour of contemporary Chinese poetry in the ensuing decade. Minjian became a prevailing keyword on the Chinese poetry scene of the 2000s and inspired numerous unofficial poetry groups both in print and online. Though the term was frequently evoked and widely discussed, its connotations remained uncertain. Through my study of Yi Sha’s poetry and poetry activities, I identify two major elements of minjian: colloquial poetics and unofficial stance. Both elements harken back to the classical tradition and had long manifested in contemporary Chinese poetry, yet it was not until the Panfeng Polemic when they were explicitly joined together to defend and define a group that was to be called the minjian poets. Yi Sha rose to prominence after the Panfeng Polemic and became an outstanding representative minjian poet largely responsible for the ‘making’ of minjian into a literary and cultural phenomenon. By combining discourse analysis with a critical biography of the poet, this research demonstrates the complex relationship that minjian poetry has with China’s cultural establishment, the literary avant-garde, and world literature. I argue that Yi Sha’s minjian is both a political stance and an aesthetic choice, with broad cultural and ideological repercussions; understanding the concept of minjian is imperative to the understanding of contemporary Chinese poetry.</p>

The Making of Minjian: Yi Sha's Poetics and Poetry Activities

<p>This thesis investigates and critiques the notion of minjian through a case study of Yi Sha 伊沙 (b. 1966), a key figure of Chinese minjian poetry since its emergence in the 1990s. The term minjian became a focal point during the Panfeng Polemic in 1999, a most significant event in the history of contemporary Chinese poetry, when minjian was adopted to name one of the rivalling poetry groups and triggered an influential debate that shaped the contour of contemporary Chinese poetry in the ensuing decade. Minjian became a prevailing keyword on the Chinese poetry scene of the 2000s and inspired numerous unofficial poetry groups both in print and online. Though the term was frequently evoked and widely discussed, its connotations remained uncertain. Through my study of Yi Sha’s poetry and poetry activities, I identify two major elements of minjian: colloquial poetics and unofficial stance. Both elements harken back to the classical tradition and had long manifested in contemporary Chinese poetry, yet it was not until the Panfeng Polemic when they were explicitly joined together to defend and define a group that was to be called the minjian poets. Yi Sha rose to prominence after the Panfeng Polemic and became an outstanding representative minjian poet largely responsible for the ‘making’ of minjian into a literary and cultural phenomenon. By combining discourse analysis with a critical biography of the poet, this research demonstrates the complex relationship that minjian poetry has with China’s cultural establishment, the literary avant-garde, and world literature. I argue that Yi Sha’s minjian is both a political stance and an aesthetic choice, with broad cultural and ideological repercussions; understanding the concept of minjian is imperative to the understanding of contemporary Chinese poetry.</p>

Professor V.G. Shlopov – an outstanding representative of domestic pathological anatomy (to the 80th birthday)

Professor V.G. Shlopov – an outstanding representative of domestic pathological anatomy (to the 80th birthday)

SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE STORIES AND WRITINGS OF MUHAMMAD AVFI DEDICATED TO EASTERN EDUCATION

Муҳаммад Авфий Бухорий – XII-XIII асрларда Мавороуннаҳрда илм-маърифат ривожланган давр намояндаси. Унинг «Жавомеъ ул-ҳикоёт ва лавомеъ ул-ривоёт» асарида келтирилган нодир ҳикоят ҳамда ривоятлари шахснинг маънавий олами, ахлоқий тарбиясига етарлича таъсир кўрсата олади. Файласуф ижодкорнинг ҳикоятларида нафснинг чегараси, илму одоб, ахлоқ, инсонпарварлик, диёнат, донишмандлик, фаросат, зеҳн ва ақл каби инсоннинг инсонлигини белгилаб берувчи мезонлар батафсил изоҳланган. Мазкур мақолада Муҳаммад Авфийнинг маънавий-ахлоқий тарбияга оид айрим ҳикоятлари таснифланган, ҳикоятларда ёритилган тарбия турларига педагогик мазмун-моҳият нуқтаи назаридан ёндашилган. Мухаммад Авфий Бухари является ярким представителем периода, когда в Мавороуннахре в XII-XIII веках развивалась наука и образование. Его редкие рассказы и повествования, представленные в произведении «Джавоме-ул-хикаят» и «Лавоме ул-риваят», способны значительно повлиять на духовный мир и нравственное воспитание личности. В рассказах творца-философа приведено подробное разъяснение критериев, определяющих человечность личности, такие как предел сладострастия, этикет знаний, мораль, гуманизм, верность, мудрость, изобретательность, ум и интеллект. В данной статье классифицированы некоторые рассказы Мухаммада Авфий о духовно-нравственном воспитании, а также с точки зрения педагогического содержания и сущности рассматрены виды воспитания, описанные в пословицах. Muhammad Avfiy Bukhari is an outstanding representative of the XII-XIII centuries when science and education were progressing in Mavorounnahr. His unique stories and narratives, outlined in his“Javome-ul-hikayat” and “Lavome-ul-rivayat”, can significantly influence the spiritual world and moral education of an individual. The stories of the writer-philosopher provide a detailed explanation of the criteria that determine the humanity of a person, such as the limit of voluptuousness, etiquette of knowledge, morality, humanism, loyalty, wisdom, ingenuity, brightness, and intelligence. In this article, some of the stories of Muhammad Avfiy about spiritual and moral education are classified, as well as the types of education described in proverbs are considered based upon the pedagogical content and essence.

PHILOSOPHICAL LYRICS AND REFLECTIONS OF THE LYRICAL HERO CHO JI HUN

This article discussed the emergence and further development of the poetic group “Blue Deer”. The creativity of poets in this group received development of tradition in Korean landscape lyrics and its poetics. An apple to the origins and motives of classical poetry became evidence of their reverent attitude to historical and cultural, including the literal memory of the Korean people. Cho Ji Hong is an outstanding representative of this poetic group. Cho Ji Hoon's work bears the stamp of traditions, national customs, traditions, legends

La epistemología de la Escuela Austriaca de economía (la fundamental aportación de F. A. Hayek a la teoría del conocimiento)

The exact process of the human brain and mind information and development is still, in many ways, a true mystery. Nonetheless, it seems clear that the evolutionary process enabled the brain and mind to progress from the most basic and instinctive aspects to evermore advanced levels of abstraction, which permitted the generation of increasingly complex abilities and elaborate language. But, how do we believe that the human mind works? How are we able to acquire knowledge and to transmit it? What are the appropriate methods to try and get close to the «real» world that surrounds us? The Austrian School of Economics has made some very interesting contributions to this subject, not only with regards to epistemology but also in the social sciences, mainly thanks to the contribution of the school’s most outstanding representative, F.A. Hayek. The main goal of the present work is to try and make the importance of Hayek’s contribution known, as well as to examine its derived consequences for epistemology and social science methodologies in general, and the consequences for Economics and Law in particular. Key Words: Epistemology, evolution, methodology, ontology, knowledge, sci-ence, method, reason, Austrian School. JEL Classification: B40, B41, B49, B52, B53. Resumen: El proceso exacto de formación y desarrollo del cerebro humano y de la mente es todavía en muchos aspectos un auténtico misterio. No obstante, parece claro que el proceso evolutivo permitió ir pasando desde los aspectos más básicos e instintivos, hasta niveles cada vez más elevados de abstracción, que permitieron la generación de habilidades complejas y de un lenguaje cada vez más elaborado. Pero ¿cómo creemos que funciona la mente huma-na? ¿Cómo somos capaces de adquirir conocimientos y transmitirlos? ¿Cuáles son los métodos adecuados para tratar de acercarnos a la «verdad» del mun-do que nos rodea? Sobre estas materias, la Escuela Austriaca de Economía, ha realizado aportaciones muy interesantes, tanto en epistemología, como en metodología de las ciencias sociales, fundamentalmente gracias a la contribu-ción de su representante más destacado, F. A. Hayek. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es tratar de dar a conocer la gran importancia de esa contribu-ción, así como las consecuencias que de ella se derivan para la epistemología y la metodología de las ciencias sociales en general, y para la Economía y el Derecho en particular. Palabras clave: Epistemología, evolutivo, metodología, ontología, conocimien-to, ciencia, modelo, razón, Escuela Austriaca. Clasificación JEL: B40, B41, B49, B52, B53.

Homo duplex (z problematyki przynależności narodowej i państwowej Josepha Conrada)

The paper aims to interpret the term “homo duplex” used by Joseph Conrad to characterize his personality in the letter to the historian Kazimierz Waliszewski. The author presents various meanings of this duality as Conrad was a citizen of the Russian Empire, and then of Great Britain. His profession was also twofold: first he was a French seaman, then an English seaman to become finally an outstanding representative of English literature. As an English writer, he emphatically emphasized his links with Polish culture, in particular with the literature of the Romantic period.

Reception as a Unity of Cultural and Historical Memory, Oblivion, and Imagination

This article is dedicated to the memory of Evgenii Aleksandrovich Chiglintsev, a brilliant historian, an outstanding representative of the university intelligentsia, and a wonderful comrade with the best human qualities. E.A. Chiglintsev’s works are interdisciplinary, useful for practically all humanities, and certainly important from the philosophical and socio-philosophical perspectives. The study aims to analyze and evaluate the phenomenon of cultural reception in the context of E.A. Chiglintsev’s writings. The main problematic field of the article is the meanings, boundaries, and prospects of the phenomenon of reception, which has become one of the main subjects of E.A. Chiglintsev’s research interest. E.A. Chiglintsev focused mostly on the universal meaning of reception, whereas this article also considers its historical backgrounds, as well as the possibilities and meanings of cultural and historical receptions in the modern culture and society. The research is relevant due to the practical need to develop an adequate attitude to the past in the modern society, i.e., because of the need to distinguish what and in what forms should be remembered, what and how to forget, how to take fire from the past, not ashes. Today, every person who considers himself or herself modern must constantly undergo the path of rethinking his or her historical past, and thus participate in the reception of past cultures. The conclusion is made about the historicity of reception, the classical forms of which are developing in the modern culture, about the problematic nature of this phenomenon in the postmodern culture. The problem of further development of the meaning of reception in the modern culture and its limits is posed.

Motive of cossack mode of life in the works of Sandzhi Balykov (on the material of the novel “Zalamdzha”)

The article analyzes the motive of the Cossack mode of life in the works of an outstanding representative of Kalmyk literary Diaspora, a publicist, a journalist, a public figure, an officer of the Cossack regiment of the Don army, a participant of the Civil War in Russia, a bearer of living history belonging to the first wave of Russian emigration. As a result of an objective study of definite specific features of the traditional way of life of Don Kalmyks-Cossacks in the works of S.Balykov, the pattern of the writer's appeal to the realities of the traditional Cossack mode of life of Don Kalmyks is examined, the principles of its representation on the material of the novel “Zalamdzha” are revealed, a variety of phenomena related to the the most important concepts of everyday life, mode of life and foundations of the Don Cossacks-Kalmyks are analyzed. The realities of the national mode of life and the foundations of Kalmyk Cossacks are fully reflected in the writer's works. The consideration of preceding events having made an impact on the writer's works and his interaction with common-literary process gives us reasons to presume the extreme importance of historical cultural phenomena, the reflection of which has become the result of S. Balykov's immediate flashbacks.