Influence of intramammary infection and non-infection factors on somatic cell counts in dairy goats

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Luengo ◽  
Antonio Sánchez ◽  
Juan C Corrales ◽  
Carlos Fernández ◽  
Antonio Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Intramammary Infection ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Test Kit

A total of 1304 goat udder halves were sampled monthly during an entire lactation (6262 samples) with the aim of identifying factors affecting milk somatic cell count (SCC). Bacteriological analyses for identification of mastitis pathogens were carried out on all samples and SCC was also determined. All animals were examined for infection by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) using a commercial ELISA test kit. Results obtained were arranged in two databases (whole-lactation average half-udder database and monthly half-udder database) and two mixed models were applied. Random effects of half udder nested into flock and fixed effects of flock, intramammary infection (IMI) status, number of kids born, length of lactation and interaction of parity with IMI status were significant for the first database. CAEV infection and its interaction with IMI status was not significant. Milk SCC was significantly increased for infected udder halves and milk from udder halves infected with minor pathogens had lower SCC than udder halves infected with major pathogens. For healthy udder halves, SCC was higher in older animals but this effect was not evident in halves with IMI. Multiple birth and short-duration lactation were factors associated with elevated milk SCC. The second mixed model considered repeated measures in time for consecutive samplings throughout lactation (stage of lactation) which was also a significant factor with increasing stage of lactation. The influence of all these factors should be taken into account in the establishment of more reliable diagnostic SCC thresholds for IMI.

scholarly journals Effects of Breed and Stage of Lactation on Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Italian Goat Breeds

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Currò ◽  
Carmen Manuelian ◽  
Massimo De Marchi ◽  
Salvatore Claps ◽  
Domenico Rufrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Stage Of Lactation

Fatty acid (FA) profile plays an important role on human health and on sensory quality of dairy products. There is few information about breed influence on milk FA profile of local goat breeds. This study aimed to characterize and compare the milk FA profile of 5 local endangered goat breeds (Garganica, Girgentana, Jonica, Maltese, and Mediterranean Red) and a cosmopolitan breed (Saanen) reared in the same farm during a complete lactation. A total of 252 milk samples were collected monthly from 42 goats (7 goats per breed) and analyzed for gross composition and FA profile. Individual FA was determined using gas-chromatography. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with repeated measures with breed and week of lactation as fixed effects. Results showed that the FA profile was significantly affected by week of lactation and only few FA by breed effect (p < 0.05). Overall, the main differences were found between Saanen and local breeds. This study contributed to the characterization of goat milk FA profile, and it may be of interest for the valorization of milk from local goat breeds which seem to have a healthier profile than milk of the cosmopolitan breed.

Effect of subclinical intramammary infection on somatic cell counts and chemical composition of goats' milk

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeng R Min ◽  
Grant Tomita ◽  
Steve P Hart
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Intramammary Infection ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Highly Correlated

We investigated effects of subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) on milk somatic cell count (SCC) and milk composition in udder halves of dairy goats. A total of 35 mixed-age Alpine does (70 udder halves; approximately 55 kg body weight) were rotationally grazed on a mixture of vegetative forages (wheat/berseem clover, sudan grass and cowpeas). Milk samples for bacterial analysis and SCC were collected monthly from both halves from April to September, 2001. Across stages of lactation, 19–31% of udder halves became infected. The prevalence of IMI exhibited quadratic patterns through multi-peaked responses within each stage of lactation. Higher rates of IMI were observed during the early stage of lactation (19% in May) and in the late stage of lactation (31% in September). Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS, 43·7%), Staph. aureus (35·4%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12·4%) were the most prevalent pathogens. Within single-strain IMI, log SCC (6·24) was lower (P<0·01) for CNS than those derived from IMI by Staph. aureus (6·49), Ps. aeruginosa (6·53) or Serratia spp. (6·90). Infected udder halves had a higher average SCC (4761 v. 2259×103 cells/ml; P<0·01) than uninfected halves, but uninfected halves often had similar levels of SCC to infected halves. Daily average milk production was not significantly different between infected and non-infected goats and the relationship between IMI and SCC was not always correlated. Effective mastitis screening requires bacteriological culture since SCC was not highly correlated.

scholarly journals An analysis of recovery probability from high somatic cell counts in UK dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Archer ◽  
Nicholas Taylor ◽  
James Hanks ◽  
Yiorgos Gadanakis
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Effective Manner

This research used monthly milk recording data to explore how the probability of ‘recovery’ from high somatic cell count (SCC) is associated with different factors such as parity, stage of lactation, the magnitude of SCC and category of high SCC (e.g. new or chronic). The particular interest of this study was to identify the relative impacts of magnitude and category of high SCC on ‘recovery’, once the other factors were taken into account. A high SCC (≥200 thousand cells/ml) is commonly associated with intra-mammary infection (IMI), one of the most economically important diseases faced by the dairy industry. High SCC is important in its own right because the bulk milk tank SCC is a determinant of the price farmers receive for their milk. A high SCC may be transient, returning (‘recovering’) to low SCC at the next monthly milk recording. Better understanding of factors influencing the probability of ‘recovery’ from high SCC, could improve decision making on how to manage cows with high SCCs in the most effective manner to minimise both production loss and unnecessary interventions that may include antimicrobial use. In this study, different factors (SCC magnitude; category of high SCC, e.g. new or chronic; parity; and lactation stage) were analysed using a multilevel, mixed effect logistic regression model to assess the association with recovery probability. Data of 12,250 full lactation records from 499 milk-recorded UK dairy herds were used, from which 30,080 high SCC ‘cases’ were analysed. In line with established evidence, increasing parity, increasing days in lactation and increasing magnitude of SCC are associated with decreased probability of recovery. The important result is that the category of high SCC is the most influential factor, with probability of recovery after two consecutive high SCC being around half or less the probability of recovery after just one high SCC. The results provide evidential support for category of high SCC to be used ahead of magnitude of SCC when advising farmers about prioritising high SCC cases for investigation and possible treatment, drying-off or culling. Dairy herd management software companies should work with farmers and their advisors to ensure SCC data are presented in the most useful way, allowing easy interpretation and translation into the most effective interventions that can increase the efficiency of the dairy industry as well as avoiding needless or ineffectual interventions, that may include use of antimicrobials.  

scholarly journals PSIV-10 Preference evaluation of plant functional types grasses in calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 225-226
Author(s):  
María A Vulliez ◽  
María Bruni ◽  
Ana I Trujillo ◽  
Martín Durante ◽  
Lucrecia Lezana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Functional Types ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Functional Types Of Plants ◽  
Group B ◽  
Cut Leaves

Abstract The functional types of plants (PFT) ecological approach could be used to link the preferences of ruminants. In order to investigate if ruminant preferences were associated with this approach, three PFT groups were evaluated. A group “B”, represented by Paspalum urvillei (PU-B), “C” by Nassella neesiana (NN-C) and Sporobolus indicus (SI-C) and “D” by Andropogon lateralis (AL-D). In a randomized block design with repeated measures over time, two independent cafeteria trials (autumn-winter, A-W, and spring-summer, S-S) were carried out in calves (n = 8 for A-W; n = 4 for S-S; BW=240–270 kg) arranged in four pens. In three sessions of ten minutes each, calves received 120–160 gDM of fresh cut leaves from the different species. Dry matter intake (DMI), nitrogen intake (NI) and neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI) were measured. Data were analyzed with a mixed model that included specie and session as fixed effects and blocks as a random. The statistical analyses were performed with SAS (University Edition), data is expressed as lsmeans and was considered to differ when Tukey test presented P &lt; 0.05. No significant differences were observed between sessions. The DMI and NI were higher in NN-C and lower in AL-D (P &lt; 0.01) during A-W. However, in S-S, higher DMI and NI were observed in AL-D and SI-C while NN-C presented the lower DMI and NI (P &lt; 0.01). The FDNI did not show differences in A-W meanwhile in S-S was positively associated with DMI (Table1). Interestingly, when the season changed, it was observed a change in PFT preference, in A-W calves preferred NN-C whereas in S-S preferred AL-D. However, attributes associated with preferences were maintained in both stations, for instance, higher DMI was associated with higher NI. Additional research is required on the interactions between PFT approach and the preference of animals for different species.

HERITABILITIES OF TEAT CONFORMATION TRAITS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH SOMATIC CELL COUNTS IN HOLSTEINS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN HIGGINS ◽  
R. K. MOORE ◽  
B. W. KENNEDY
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Friesian Cows

Teat conformation characteristics were measured on 402 Holstein-Friesian cows in 18 dairy herds in western Quebec and eastern Ontario. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of heridity on teat conformation traits as well as to examine phenotypic relationships between the traits and somatic cell count as a measure of udder health. Maximum likelihood estimates of heritabilities of teat conformation traits and cell count, transformed to a log scale, were low; usually less than 0.10. Exceptions were length of front teat (h2 = 0.44) and distance of udder to the floor (h2 = 0.41). Significantly higher cell counts were associated with teats that were long, wide, not plumb and bottle (as opposed to cylindrical or funnel) shaped. The most highly correlated trait with cell count was distance of udder to the floor (r = − 0.24). However, many of the significant gross relationships observed were jointly related with age of cow, and when the effects of age of cow at calving, stage of lactation and herd were removed, only length of rear teat and front and rear teat medial diameters had significant influences on cell count.

scholarly journals Multi-breed herd approach to detect breed differences in composition and fatty acid profile of cow milk

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L. Manuelian ◽  
M. Penasa ◽  
G. Visentin ◽  
A. Benedet ◽  
M. Cassandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Trans Fa

The objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of breed on milk fatty acid (FA) composition of dairy (Brown Swiss, Holstein-Friesian, and Jersey) and dual-purpose cows (Simmental and Alpine Grey) in multi-breed herds. Information on individual milk samples was collected during routine cow milk testing between 2011 and 2014, and consisted of 285 606 observations from 17 445 cows in 617 herds. Fixed effects included in the mixed model were breed, parity, stage of lactation and the interaction between parity and stage of lactation, and random effects were cow, herd-test-date and residual. Contrast estimates for the studied traits were used to compare specific sets of breeds. Holstein-Friesian produced more milk than the other cattle breeds, with the greatest trans FA and C18:1 and the lowest C18:0 content. Comparison between the specialised dairy vs the dual-purpose breeds highlighted significant differences for all traits except for polyunsaturated FA and trans FA content. Specialised dairy breeds had greater milk saturated FA, short-chain FA, medium-chain FA, C14:0 and C16:0 content, and dual-purpose breeds produced milk with greater content of monounsaturated FA, long-chain FA, C18:0 and C18:1. Results demonstrated that, although specialised dairy produced more milk than dual-purpose breeds, milk FA profile of the latter was more favourable from a human nutrition point of view.

The relationships between udder-quarter somatic-cell counts and milk and milking parameters in cows managed with an automatic milking system

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (15) ◽  
pp. 1830
Author(s):  
Beata Sitkowska ◽  
Dariusz Piwczyński ◽  
Magdalena Kolenda
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Natural Logarithm ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Milk Performance

Context Some milking parameters such as milk yield, milk flow, milking duration, milk conductivity and somatic-cell count can all be listed as economically important traits in dairy practice. Aims The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships among lactation stage, lactation number, milking season and milk-performance traits at an udder-quarter level, including somatic-cell count (SCC), milk yield (MY), milking duration (MD), time in box (TB), milk flow (MF) and milk conductivity (MC). An additional aim was to analyse milking-parameter levels in milkings with a SCC lower and higher than 400000 cells/mL. Methods The study included an analysis of 1621582 successful milkings obtained from six herds of dairy cattle equipped with milking robots (AMS). Key results The study confirmed that MD and MY differed greatly between front and rear quarters. Rear quarters took longer to be milked but produced more milk. During the first 100 days of lactation, the primiparous cows spent more time in the robot than did multiparous cows; however, in the second and third lactations, older cows were spending more time in the AMS. For primiparous cows, MF increased with time, being the highest at the end of lactation (&gt;200 days in milk). A different trend has been found in the group of multiparous cows, where a steady decrease in MF was observed with subsequent lactation stages. A lower MC was recorded for cows in their first lactation than for multiparous cows. Data obtained from primiparous cows showed the highest MC to occur between 100 and 200 days of lactation. In the group of multiparous cows, MC increased with the lactation stage. It was also shown that the mean values obtained for MY, MD and TB were higher for cows with a lower SCC (&lt;400000). Correlations between lnSCC (the natural logarithm of SCC) and MY and between lnSCC and MD were negative and low, while those between lnSCC and MC and lnSCC and MF were positive. Moderate correlations were found between lnSCC and total MC. Conclusions The study confirmed the differences in the performance of different udder quarters in relation to MY, MD, TB, MF, MS and SCC. Implications AMS provides farmers with vast data on milk and milking parameters. By monitoring changes in these parameters, farmer may be able to predict the level of production of their herd and the health of cows.

87 VARIATION IN HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILES BETWEEN BOVINE SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER CLONES AND CONTEMPORARIES FROM BIRTH TO ADULTHOOD

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Green ◽  
C. Couldrey ◽  
M. C. Berg ◽  
D. N. Wells ◽  
R. S. F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

The hematological characterization of clones derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has not been extensively reported. Studies show that, generally, hematological parameters are within normal ranges, although distinct divergence between specific cohorts of clones and contemporaries exist. The aim of this study was to identify similarities and differences between cohorts of bovine clones and control animals and analyze the variations over time as the collective cohorts mature. Hematological profiles of 47 clones derived from 4 cell lines and 23 of their age- and sex-matched contemporary controls were compared. These donor cell lines were from 2 beef (male, n = 30) and 2 dairy (1 male, n = 9 and 1 female, n = 8) breeds and derived from myogenic cells, skin fibroblasts, and granulosa cells. Matched contemporaries, analyzed as one group, were produced via natural mating (n = 5) and AI (n = 14), with an additional in vitro-produced (IVP) group (n = 4) in the female cohort. All animals were subjected to similar management, nutrition, and environmental conditions. Serial samples were collected from birth until 15 months. Samples were assessed for the standard hematological parameters and cell morphology by a commercial clinical lab. Parameters were analyzed by one-way or as repeated measures ANOVA. The mean values for erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid parameters were within normal ranges for both SCNT and controls, indicative of normal physiology. Red blood cells (RBC) from SCNT and control calves showed anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, cell fragmentation, and stippling, with a greater prevalence found in SCNT than in the controls. These abnormal morphologies were still evident in SCNT animals at 15 months of age, suggestive of delayed or incomplete erythroid maturation. Numbers of RBC, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and hemoglobin (MCH) were different (P < 0.0001) between the collective SCNT cohorts and control animals over time, irrespective of genetics, sex, or breed. Taken together, these data suggest that erythropoiesis is generally perturbed in SCNT animals. In beef SCNT lines, platelet numbers were consistently different (P < 0.0001) from controls. White blood cell counts (WBC) were greater (P < 0.05) collectively in SCNT, although within the normal range, and the differential WBC changed with age (P < 0.05). Lymphocyte counts were greater (P < 0.05) in the collective SCNT cohorts. Further differences were seen in myeloid counts between specific SCNT and control cohorts. The greater variance evident in the myeloid parameters of SCNT animals was presumably because of an increased incidence of transient infections or inflammation in these animals. In summary, although most parameters were within the normal ranges over time, SCNT animals commonly display altered RBC, MCV, MCH, WBC, and lymphocyte parameters, which may be linked to cloning per se. This could partially explain the greater susceptibility of SCNT animals to external stressors. Supported by FRST contract C10X0311 and NRCGD.

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