City Size and Ethnic Discrimination: Michigan Agricultural Implements and Iron Working Industries, 1890

1982 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Underhill Hannon
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
City Size ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Small City ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Labor Management ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Iron Working

Late nineteenth-century immigrants tended to concentrate in large cities despite the fact that they experienced less occupational mobility there than they did in small cities. This paper suggests that variation across cities in labor management systems and in the associated froms of discrimination may help to explain this apparent paradox. Analysis of data from Michigan's agricultural implements and iron-working industries in 1890 indicates that discrimination in hiring made it more difficult for immigrants to break into the small-city labor force. But in large cities, immigrant mobility was restricted by discriminatory barriers to entry into higher level jobs.

From Apple to Orange: Narratives of Small City Migration and Settlement among the Urban Middle Class

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Ocejo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
New York City ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
York City ◽  
Small City ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The City

As large cities become unaffordable, some people in the urban middle class are moving to small cities but risk replicating gentrification and its harms. Based on a qualitative research project on Newburgh, a small city north of New York City, this paper examines the narratives that middle-class urbanites construct to make sense of this migration, their new urban environment, and their place within it. These narratives describe their decision to move (migration) and their everyday lives in the city (settlement). Most importantly, their narratives are shaped by their social positions as both displaced residents and gentrifiers and as both consumers and producers of space. But despite being self-aware gentrifiers, their settlement narratives lack reflections on their own displacement from New York City, and instead emphasize how they try to mitigate gentrification’s harms. The paper concludes with a discussion of what makes gentrifiers in small cities distinct from those in large ones.

scholarly journals High-Speed Railway and City Tourism in China: A Quasi-Experimental Study on HSR Operation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinshuo Hou
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
City Size ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
City Tourism ◽  
Quasi Experimental

This paper aims to provide an examination of the general and heterogeneous allowed treatment effects of high-speed rail (HSR) on tourism in cities in China. Based on the implementation of a generalized difference-in-differences (GDID) model and a dose–response (DR) assessment under a quasi-experimental background, this study found significant evidence of a positive average effect of HSR operation on tourism development for both domestic and international tourism. The event study indicates that the counterfactual method implied in this paper is valid, since the parallel trend assumption is confirmed, and the treatment effect of HSR on city tourism has an upwardly increasing trend over time. The heterogeneity test, which separates large cities from medium-sized and small cities, shows that the effect is quite different for the two city types; the effect is not optimistic for large cities, but it is consistently positive for medium-sized and small cities. As an original contribution, this paper conducts a DR study, allowing heterogeneous treatment effects to be captured when cities have different HSR development statuses. This novel method relaxes the strong assumption that there is only one effect level on average for all cities. The results argue that cities with higher HSR development will enjoy more benefits in terms of arrivals and revenues both from home and abroad; however, there are significant differences for the two city groups, as well as for domestic and international tourism. Thus, the findings can offer important information for policy decision making and serve as a valuable reference for research, especially regarding the conclusion drawn from the heterogeneity effect based on city size and HSR development status.

Size and urban growth of Chinese cities during the era of transformation toward a market economy

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengri Ding ◽  
Zhi Li
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Method ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Floating Population ◽  
City Size ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Population Counts

The paper examines the growth of Chinese cities at prefecture level or above by first applying a non-parametric method. Kernel regression of the mean of growth rate conditional on city size reveals a U-shaped relationship between city growth and size, and rejects Gibrat’s law. That is to say that large cities take the form of divergent growth while small cities are convergent to each other. This U-shaped growth–size relationship holds for the registered ( hukou) population in 1989–2012 as well as for the permanent population in 1999–2012. Furthermore, our results show that the growth of large cities becomes more divergent using the permanent population than using the hukou population, whereas the growth of small cities becomes less convergent. The permanent population counts a portion of floating population, so it is then concluded that rural–urban migrants move to large cities disproportionately, making large cities grow faster than small cities. Estimated results from rank–size OLS regression confirm the divergent growth of large cities, and, at the same time, reject the notion of random growth of Chinese cities (which is also supported by panel root tests). Our findings have profound policy implications. The national strategy of urbanization that stresses the growth control of mega and super-big cities has had no effect in the past and may continue to be ineffective in shaping the urbanization trajectory in China in the next couple of decades. Sustainable urbanization will depend largely on whether and how well big Chinese cities prepare themselves in accommodating fast growth.

Decision-Making Coalitions on Non-partisan Councils: A Small City/Large City Comparison

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-829
Author(s):  
Scott McAlpine ◽  
Stan Drabek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Large City ◽  
Small City ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Large Cities

AbstractThis article examines the complementary hypotheses that voting blocs can exist in small cities as well as large cities, and that voting blocs can develop and exist in non-partisan councils. In this respect the study compares the council voting patterns of two Alberta cities—Calgary and Grande Prairie—over the period of one council term, from 1983 to 1986. Well-defined voting blocs, revealed through Rice-Beyle cluster bloc analysis, are found in both councils. Moreover, discriminant analysis reveals that, contrary to previous research on bloc formation in partisan councils, bloc composition can be generally attributed to the interplay of the councillor background attributes.

scholarly journals Recasting inequality: residential segregation by caste over time in urban India

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Singh ◽  
Trina Vithayathil ◽  
Kanhu Charan Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Census Data ◽  
City Size ◽  
Decennial Census ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban India ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Over Time

This paper analyses residential segregation over time in Indian cities. We examine the change in caste-based segregation longitudinally, while exploring how caste dynamics manifest differently across city size and region. The paper uses successive rounds of decennial census data, from 2001 and 2011. Contrary to expectations, we find residential segregation by caste/tribe persisting or worsening in 60 per cent of cities in our all-India sample, with differences by region and city size. For example, in the states of Karnataka, Haryana, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, a majority of cities experienced decreasing levels of residential segregation by caste/tribe, while in Maharashtra and Gujarat, 34 and 29 per cent of cities, respectively, experienced an increase. A greater proportion of small cities (population 20,000–49,999) than large cities (100,000–999,999) experienced an increase in residential segregation between 2001 and 2011. Across all city-size categories, the dominant trend has been no improvement in residential segregation by caste/tribe over time.

The Impact of High-Speed Rail on the Spatial Structure of Chinese Urban Agglomerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-397
Author(s):  
Chunyang Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
River Delta ◽  
City Size ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Spatial Systems ◽  
Economic Concentration ◽  
The Impact

This paper measures the spatial evolution of urban agglomerations to understand be er the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) construction, based on panel data from fi ve major urban agglomerations in China for the period 2004–2015. It is found that there are signi ficant regional diff erences of HSR impacts. The construction of HSR has promoted population and economic diff usion in two advanced urban agglomerations, namely the Yang e River Delta and Pearl River Delta, while promoting population and economic concentration in two relatively less advanced urban agglomerations, e.g. the middle reaches of the Yang e River and Chengdu–Chongqing. In terms of city size, HSR promotes the economic proliferation of large cities and the economic concentration of small and medium-sized cities along its routes. HSR networking has provided a new impetus for restructuring urban spatial systems. Every region should optimize the industrial division with strategic functions of urban agglomeration according to local conditions and accelerate the construction of inter-city intra-regional transport network to maximize the eff ects of high-speed rail across a large regional territory.

scholarly journals Inequalities in access to safe drinking water in Peruvian households according to city size: an analysis from 2008 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Hernández-Vasquéz ◽  
Carlos Rojas-Roque ◽  
Denise Marques Sales ◽  
Marilina Santero ◽  
Guido Bendezu-Quispe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
City Size ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Latin American Region

Abstract Background Peru is one of the countries with the lowest percentage of population with access to safe drinking water in the Latin American region. This study aimed to describe and estimate, according to city size, socioeconomic inequalities in access to safe drinking water in Peruvian households from 2008 to 2018. Methods Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data using data from the 2008–2018 ENAHO survey. Access to safe drinking water, determined based on the presence of chlorinated water supplied by the public network, as well as socioeconomic variables were analyzed. A trend analysis from 2008 to 2018, and comparisons between 2008 versus 2018 were performed to understand and describe changes in access to safe drinking water, according to city size. Concentration curves and Erreygers concentration index (ECI) were estimated to measure inequalities in access to safe drinking water. Results In 2008, 47% of Peruvian households had access to safe drinking water, increasing to 52% by 2018 (p for trend < 0.001). For small cities, access to safe drinking water did not show changes between 2018 and 2008 (difference in proportions − 0.2 percentage points, p = 0.741); however, there was an increase in access to safe drinking water in medium (difference in proportions 3.3 percentage points, p < 0.001) and large cities (difference in proportions 12.8 percentage points, p < 0.001). The poorest households showed a decreasing trend in access to safe drinking water, while the wealthiest households showed an increasing trend. In small cities, socioeconomic inequalities showed an increase between 2008 and 2018 (ECI 0.045 and 0.140, p < 0.001), while in larger cities, socioeconomic inequality reduced in the same period (ECI: 0.087 and 0.018, p = 0.036). Conclusions We report a widening gap in the access to safe drinking water between the wealthiest and the poorest households over the study period. Progress in access to safe drinking water has not been equally distributed throughout the Peruvian population. Promoting and supporting effective implementation of policies and strategies to safe drinking water, including equity-oriented infrastructure development and resource allocation for most vulnerable settings, including emerging small cities, is a priority.

scholarly journals Small cities face greater impact from automation

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (139) ◽  
pp. 20170946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan R. Frank ◽  
Lijun Sun ◽  
Manuel Cebrian ◽  
Hyejin Youn ◽  
Iyad Rahwan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Worker Displacement ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Job Content ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Technical Professions

The city has proved to be the most successful form of human agglomeration and provides wide employment opportunities for its dwellers. As advances in robotics and artificial intelligence revive concerns about the impact of automation on jobs, a question looms: how will automation affect employment in cities? Here, we provide a comparative picture of the impact of automation across US urban areas. Small cities will undertake greater adjustments, such as worker displacement and job content substitutions. We demonstrate that large cities exhibit increased occupational and skill specialization due to increased abundance of managerial and technical professions. These occupations are not easily automatable, and, thus, reduce the potential impact of automation in large cities. Our results pass several robustness checks including potential errors in the estimation of occupational automation and subsampling of occupations. Our study provides the first empirical law connecting two societal forces: urban agglomeration and automation's impact on employment.

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