Forming the Competence of the Teacher of Educational Robotics

In the near future, the most popular professions will be those related to digital technologies: IT specialist, big data engineer, data architect, robot developer, operator of robotic systems. In this regard, the modern digital society needs professionals with knowledge in the field of artificial intelligence, physics, electronics, programming and design. In order for such demanded personnel to appear on the labor market, their training must begin at school, developing children's interest in engineering and technical professions. To solve this problem, a subject was introduced into schools aimed at the formation of technical and engineering knowledge of students - educational robotics. At the same time, there was a need to train teachers in this area. The article describes a meaningful model of training future teachers of educational robotics, in which the components of their professional competence are highlighted, the target and methodological components of training are presented, the organizational conditions for the formation of teachers' competence for the successful implementation of professional activities in the field of educational robotics are determined.

Women in mechanics: A study on gender ratio using selected journals from the years 2002 and 2017

Even though there have been efforts for many years now to attract more women to engineering fields, technical professions are still clearly dominated by men. The following study examines the gender ratio concerning authorship within two popular journals in the field of mechanics: Computer Methods in Ap-plied Mechanics and Engineering (CMAME) and Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids (JMPS). The examined periods include the years 2002 and 2017. Beyond that, we paid attention to the individual citations of the articles and the first author’s h-indices as well.In these journals, the percentage of female authors in the field of mechanics is significantly lower than the number of female graduates and doctoral candidates in the field would suggest. Even if there was a slight increase in publications of women in the investigated period, male scientists’ contributions were still dominating the research field of mechanics in 2017.

Genre et technologie dans le journalisme

FR. S’appuyant sur une enquête qualitative menée dans les médias à capitaux publics au Burkina Faso en 2019, cet article analyse les interrelations entre genre et technologie, et conforte le postulat que les métiers techniques sont construits ou représentés autour d’une organisation sociale sexuée. D’une part, les rapports entre les journalistes et les techniciens des deux sexes sont disputés et construits autour des notions de « centre » représenté par les journalistes, vus comme l’instance la plus importante et de « périphérie » incarnée par les techniciens, considérés comme des ouvriers ou des agents de soutien des journalistes. Ces rivalités de reconnaissance sociale et professionnelle entre les deux groupes professionnels s’accentuent davantage quand les journalistes s’autoproclament techniciens, affirmant être désormais capables d’exercer les métiers techniques grâce aux facilités que leur offre le numérique. D’autre part, des stéréotypes liés au sexe caractérisent les relations professionnelles, participant à une sous-représentation des femmes techniciennes ou à une masculinisation du métier. La recherche montre, en outre, que le travail de la technicienne est sous-valorisé au sein du microcosme professionnel ou du champ médiatique et hyper valorisé par la société extra-journalistique. Dans l’imaginaire du monde intra-médiatique qui est aussi celui des techniciens, la capacité de la femme à exercer des métiers techniques est relativisée ou réfutée. Mais, lorsque les femmes s’illustrent par le travail, la combattivité, l’affirmation de soi, elles sont représentées par les hommes comme des « hommes » donnant à voir une forme d’égalisation des rapports professionnels entre les techniciens et les techniciennes. L’article révèle, par ailleurs, des formes de résistances, de la part des femmes techniciennes, à cette dévalorisation professionnelle. A contrario, les encouragements et les félicitations qu’elles reçoivent du monde non-journalistique représentent pour elles des sources d’inspiration, d’affirmation de soi et d’engagement plus prononcé dans le métier. Enfin, l’article montre que, dans les métiers techniques, le progrès technologique est source de rupture générationnelle féminine. *** EN. This paper analyzes the interrelationships between gender and technology (based on qualitative research of public-funded media in Burkina Faso in 2019) and confirms that the constitution and representation of technical professions are rooted in a gender-based social organization. On the one hand, the relationship between journalists and technicians of both sexes are defined and built around the notions of a “center” represented by journalists (considered the most important aspect of the media structure), and a “periphery” incarnated by technicians (considered supporting agents of journalists). The rivalry for social and professional recognition between the two groups escalates when journalists proclaim themselves technicians, claiming to be able to exercise technical professions thanks to the ease offered by digital technology. On the other hand, gender stereotypes characterize professional relationships, contributing to an under-representation of women technicians and to a masculinization of the profession. The research shows, moreover, that the work of the female technician is undervalued within the professional microcosm and in the media field and overvalued by extra-journalistic society. In the imaginary of the realm of intra-media, which is also that of technicians, women's ability to exercise technical professions is relativized or denied. But, when women distinguish themselves through work, combativeness or assertiveness, they are represented by men as “men” as a way of equalizing professional relationships between male technicians and female technicians. This paper also reveals forms of resistance on the part of female technicians to this professional devaluation. On the other hand, the encouragement and congratulations they receive from the non-journalistic world represent sources of inspiration, self-assertion and a clearer commitment to the profession. Finally, the article shows that, in the technical professions, technological progress is a source of female generational rupture. *** PT. Com base em uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada na mídia pública em Burkina Faso em 2019, este artigo analisa as inter-relações entre gênero e tecnologia e apóia o postulado de que as profissões técnicas são construídas ou representadas em torno de uma organização social de gênero. Por um lado, as relações entre jornalistas e técnicos de ambos os sexos são disputadas e construídas em torno das noções de “centro” representadas pelos jornalistas, vistos como a instância mais importante, e de “periferia” encarnadas pelos técnicos, considerados agentes de apoio de jornalistas. Essas rivalidades por reconhecimento social e profissional entre os dois grupos profissionais se acentuam ainda mais quando jornalistas se proclamam técnicos, afirmando poder exercer profissões técnicas graças às facilidades oferecidas pela tecnologia digital. Por outro lado, os estereótipos de gênero caracterizam as relações profissionais, contribuindo para uma sub-representação das técnicas mulheres ou para uma masculinização da profissão. A pesquisa mostra, além disso, que o trabalho da mulher técnica é subvalorizado dentro do microcosmo profissional ou do campo da mídia e hipervalorizado pela sociedade extrajornalística. No imaginário do mundo intra-midiático, que é também o dos técnicos, a capacidade das mulheres de exercer profissões técnicas é relativizada ou refutada. Mas, quando as mulheres se distinguem por meio do trabalho, da combatividade, da assertividade, são representadas pelos homens como "homens", mostrando uma forma de equalização das relações profissionais entre técnicos e técnicas. O artigo também revela formas de resistência, por parte das técnicas, a essa desvalorização profissional. Por outro lado, o incentivo e as felicitações que recebem do mundo não jornalístico representam para elas fontes de inspiração, autoafirmação e compromisso mais nítido com a profissão. Por fim, o artigo mostra que, nas profissões técnicas, o progresso tecnológico é uma fonte de ruptura geracional feminina. ***

Medical technologies and the social strategies of two surgical instrument makers in Denmark and Sweden, 1870–1900

Technical professions were important agents in medicine and its knowledge production in the nineteenth century. This paper will look more closely at two examples of the social strategies used by Danish surgical instrument maker Camillus Nyrop and his Swedish colleague, Max Stille respectively. Although the work of these two instrument makers attracted attention both within their respective countries as well as internationally, and they were regular fixtures in medical circles, their contributions have merited little academic interest thus far. By examining the social strategies used by nineteenth century technicians, in this case surgical instrument makers, we might better understand the interrelationships between technical professions and physicians in the knowledge production of modern medicine and the interplay between medicine and commerce.

EDUCATION – RETURN TO REALITY

The post-socialist transformation of general and vocational education system has led to the loss of many positive gains that were already achieved earlier. The polytechnic character of our school and its practice-oriented foundations, based on a reasonable combination of basic education and professional and applied training, were seriously undermined. Modern Russian secondary schools have become something like pre-revolutionary classical high schools, without taking into account the significant fact that in pre-Soviet Russia, along with high schools, there was a wide network of real schools. They focused students on further mastering technical professions and active participation in the production sector of the country. Today we are witnessing a global revolution in the spiritual sphere, aimed at changing the very essence of a man. Note that natural science education is valuable not only for its formal method, but also for providing the basis for a correct understanding of the world. It fosters independence of thought and distrust of other people’s words and authorities. This is the best protection of the human mind from all sorts of superstitions delusions and mysticism.

Professional reliability of engineering: correlation of research approaches

The article contains the results of theoretical analysis on the problem of determining psychological factors of reliability of professional activity of the engineer. This trend is due to the interest and popularity of modern technical professions in the educational and economic spheres, as well as the need to implement tasks to train specialists able to successfully integrate into the production process, to perform job duties qualitatively. The differences and peculiarities of engineering activity are specified on the example of professionals engaged in various labour spheres (industry, education), as well as the spectrum of modern engineering professions, whose activity has significant differences from "standard" technical directions, which require additional attention in the process of disclosure of its psychological content. It is noted that despite the vast experience in the field of theoretical and practical research of professional activities of different specifications and psychological criteria of evaluation of its quality of development, revealing peculiarities of formation of professional reliability of the specialist very little. Most works pay special attention to the structure of professionally significant qualities or personal-professional qualities, ensuring the safety of activities on the example of professions with public order, public servants and teachers, but the aspects of reliability of engineering are insufficiently and generically represented, which made the developments of this direction relevant.

School of aerospace engineers

The authors discuss the project of creating a school of aerospace engineers, as well as the need to take additional measures to expand the opportunities of space education for children. These are promotion of schoolchildren’ s career guidance in the aerospace sphere, popularization of cosmonautics and involvement of young people in engineering and space activities, as well as developing the motivation of the younger generation to choose technical professions related to Cosmonautics, space research and the use of space technologies. Space activities are necessary as a significant incentive for the developing technologies and basic science. The authors propose to promote the intellectual development of students through competitions, research, scientific and project activities. The implementation of the project is a systematic, consistent work of the project team and is to contribute to solving the problem of the students’ career guidance in aerospace education to perform the tasks. Today, the relevance of technical education is very high and there is a need to improve the level of the students’ knowledge in the field of exact Sciences, to emphasize the importance of technical education.

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING: RELIABILITY

The intensive development of new technologies creates special conditions for the implementation of labor functions by specialists in various professional fields. The most active introduction of innovations and technological advances takes place in the activities of large and small industries. It is at this stage that a peculiar assessment of the quality and «usefulness» of the results of engineering solutions introduced into practical operation takes place. This is fully felt in the form of reliable operation of products, increased labor efficiency, saving working time, leveling production risks and improving the economic well-being of the enterprise. An engineer, as a representative of senior technical professions, able to optimize and improve the work of an individual workshop and organization as a whole, becomes a key figure for the entire general production cycle. It should be noted that a huge number of engineering professions are represented on the modern labor market. At the same time, an engineer of different professional orientation, involved in various fields, carries fundamentally different loads and can perform functions different from the descriptions of classical engineering work. The intensive participation of an engineer, as a representative of technical professions in such fields as medicine, education, testifies to the high social importance of engineering work, and supports the relevance of the growing interest in the profession of engineer. In turn the direct relation to creation of technologies (designing, design, planning) or direct – the indirect relation to technical support of work of the enterprise staff, brings up the questions concerning reliability of engineering activity. The main developments of theoretical and applied nature, reflecting the specific features of engineering activities, its reliability, were carried out within the framework of engineering psychology and ergonomics. Traditionally, they reveal the essence of operator labor («man-operator») and the work of a specialist operating complex automated complexes («man-technician»). However, the replenishment of the list of engineering professions with new types, as well as the complication of professional tasks of generally recognized ones, the inclusion of new functions in them creates an applicant for a more detailed study of it.