Barriers to Economic Development in Traditional Societies: Malabar, A Case Study

1959 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Shea
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
World Market ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Southwest Coast Of India ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

The district of Malabar on the Southwest coast of India has been a major exporter of a wide variety of agricultural products to Europe for more than two thousand years. Despite the two millenia of sustained contact between agricultural producers and merchants, however, social relationships in land are, even today, of a predominantly feudal character; cultivation techniques are generally primitive, and the rural portion of the district, notwithstanding the great commercial importance of its produce, appears to be surprisingly impoverished. How could the social and economic organization of a people so long exposed to the influence of world market activity remain so little affected by the currents of economic change and development in the outside world? The purpose of this article is to explore, by the study of this extreme example, the reasons for the apparent failure of a pattern of sustained economic growth to become established in a rural area exposed to continuing commercial influences.

Kinship, history, and descent

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Ray ◽  
Julian Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Shared Memory ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Kin Relations ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traditional Societies

For traditional societies, by which we mean those peoples whose worlds are permeated by kin relations and obligations, and among whom past societies such as those of Neolithic Britain are mostly to be counted, the most precious inheritance is knowledge. Inherited knowledge is of many kinds, the most overt of which is instrumental knowledge—how to make a rope from fibre, where to look for and how to utilize medicinal plants, and so on. Alongside this, however, is a plurality of less obvious but equally fundamental knowledges that include kinds of behavioural knowledge (in the sense of customs and prohibitions, for example), forms of discursive awareness (how to negotiate the social world; what to recall and recount as story and history), and understandings of esoteric beliefs and their concomitant ‘necessary’ actions. Collective cultural and customary knowledge, then, is a resource that makes possible the sustaining and renewal of human social relationships through time. There is a modern tendency to see history as a progression of tableaux, or a montage of scenes, a cavalcade; or, as we noted in Chapter 1, an ascent through measurable social evolutionary stages from relative cultural simplicity towards a present of multilayered complexity. In the modern world, history is expressed in the form of narratives that have been standardized and systematically ordered, and published in a diversity of media, as well as being contested by alternative perspectives in print and online. This contrasts with the way that knowledge and tradition are conveyed in societies that lack written literature, which generally takes the form of oral transmission. However, they are also expressed and fixed (however fleetingly) and transformed through the use of material items and material culture, including the built environment. For such societies, history may take the form of a shared memory of significant events, but these are always experienced and mediated through the filters of social relationships of dominance and subordination, and of kinship. This latter is composed of the shifting elements of genealogy, lineage, and descent, although any or all of these may be fictional in character, and open to a degree of manipulation.

The Archaeology of Movement in a Mediterranean Landscape

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-87
Author(s):  
Erin Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Mediterranean Landscapes ◽  
The Social

This study forms an introduction to the archaeology of movement and interaction—a social approach to Mediterranean landscapes that prioritises the landscape beyond sites. The archaeology of movement and interaction applies systematic survey methods to the material culture of roads and paths. While this research fits within the context of off-site and siteless survey, its focus lies in understanding the social relationships and daily activity of people in the past. In this study, I outline the theoretical background and methodological approach used to survey roads and paths in an attempt to encourage Mediterranean regional survey projects to assess, consider and/or adopt these techniques. The underlying premise is that the material culture of roads and paths embodies the experiences and social relationships in which they were constructed, used and maintained. I draw upon a case study from the high mountains of Cyprus to illustrate the archaeology of movement and interaction and to stimulate further discussion of this topic of research

scholarly journals The Social Coping Experiences of a Female Child with Arthrogryposis Multitplex Congenita Shared by her Parents

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohaned Abed
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita ◽  
Physical Problems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Coping ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Key Issues

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita, commonly referred to as AMC, is a disorder recognised by multiple contractures of the joints. The symptoms associated with the disorder span across various levels of severity. Regardless of the physical problems, however, intelligence remains undisturbed.The aim of this paper is centred on investigating the social coping experiences of a child living with this condition, adopting a qualitative approach to the research. A case study design was adopted for the research, with the theoretical framework applied known as Phenomenology. One sample was used for the data collection, notably a child diagnosed with Arthrogryposis, with her coping experiences shared by her parents. When examining the data, thematic analysis was applied. This study has significance in the fact it seeks to develop an understanding of children living with this condition, as well as for the disabled child population as a whole. The key issues seen to arise from this study include the role of social relationships, the role of the parent in socialisation, and the perceptions of others concerning AMC.  

Social relationships and communication as key characteristics of social franchising in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozenn Perrigot
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Franchising ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Distribution Chain

PurposeThis paper, using a case study on Jibu, a water distribution chain that distributes bottled water in Africa, aims to underline the importance of social relationships and communication within franchise chains operating in the social sector in developing countries and their contribution to the clarification of the concept of social franchising.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on a case study of Jibu, a water distribution chain composed of 122 franchised units and 2,100 independent retailers. The primary data were gathered through an analysis of in-depth interviews with 67 people (Jibu co-founder, headquarters staff, franchisees, micro-franchisees and customers) in Uganda and Rwanda.FindingsThe findings showed that the extent and richness of social relationships and communication existing within the Jibu chain are not limited to top-down and build a feeling of belonging to a family. These social relationships and communication are key characteristics of social franchising.Practical implicationsThis research can assist franchise experts, franchisors and franchisees to better assess the importance of social relationships and communication in social franchise chains in developing countries and help national and local governments better understand how franchising works in the social sector.Social implicationsFranchising is not limited to hotels, restaurants and retail businesses. Franchising can be applied to businesses that have social goals, in addition to profit goals. For example, the Jibu franchise is a relevant and efficient solution to providing the African people with access to drinking water at an affordable resale price. This paper, thus, contributes to increasing the awareness of this franchising phenomenon in social sectors in developing countries and in Africa, in particular.Originality/valueAccess to drinking water is an important issue in many developing countries, above all in African countries. Franchised water services are an innovation in terms of a business model in developing countries with micro-treatment plants run by franchisees and small units run by micro-franchisees or retailers, both franchisees and micro-franchisees being local entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals Las relaciones sociales y su papel en la motivación hacia la práctica de actividad física en adolescentes: Un enfoque cualitativo (Social relatedness and its role in adolescents’ motivation towards physical activity: a qualitative approach)

Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Jorge Lizandra ◽  
Carmen Peiró-Velert
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sedentary Behaviours ◽  
The Social ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Social Reference

El presente estudio adopta un enfoque cualitativo para profundizar en el papel que juegan las relaciones sociales en la motivación hacia la práctica de actividad física (AF) de los adolescentes españoles. Para ello se desarrolló un estudio de casos a partir del análisis de contenido de las entrevistas a seis adolescentes españoles (tres chicas y tres chicos), provenientes de distintas regiones y habitantes tanto de contextos urbanos como rurales. Dicho análisis interpretativo permitió la obtención inductiva de cuatro principales categorías del conjunto total de datos. Los resultados, presentados mediante un relato realista muestran que, a lo largo de la adolescencia, la familia deja de ser un referente social clave en favor del grupo de iguales. Además, estas relaciones con el grupo social surgen, unas veces, como importantes mediadoras que facilitan conductas motivadas hacia la AF, y otras aparecen como inhibidoras de esas conductas, dependiendo del tipo de relación y actividades que se desarrollen. Por último, emerge una presión de la cultura social para que las y los adolescentes asuman conductas más propias de las personas adultas, como son las conductas sedentarias o alejadas de la práctica de AF regular. Se puede concluir que, aunque las relaciones sociales de los y las adolescentes pueden facilitar conductas que motiven hacia la AF, también pueden llegar a dificultarlas, por lo que resulta conveniente crear entornos en los que se favorezcan relaciones sociales satisfactorias y alejadas de conductas inactivas y nocivas para la salud. Abstract. This study adopts a qualitative approach to deepen the role played by social relationships in the motivation towards the practice of physical activity (PA) in Spanish adolescents. A case study was developed based on the content analysis of the interviews of six Spanish adolescents (three girls and three boys), from different regions and both urban and rural contexts. This interpretative analysis allowed to inductively obtain four main categories of the total data set. The results, presented through a realistic report, show that during adolescence family ceases to be a key social reference in favour of peers. In addition, these relationships with the social group sometimes arise as important mediators facilitating motivational behaviours towards PA, whereas in other occasion they act as inhibitors of these behaviours, depending on the type of relationship and activities developed by the group. Finally, pressure from the social culture emerges for adolescents to assume behaviours more typical in adults, such as sedentary behaviours or in general far from the practice of regular PA. Although adolescents’ social relationships can facilitate behaviours that motivate PA, they can also become an issue, so it is convenient to create environments in which satisfactory social relationships are favoured and away from inactive and harmful behaviours for health.

scholarly journals Exploring the potential for enhancing export of agricultural products of Lithuanian origin

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Mangirdas Morkūnas
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
World Market ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Food Design ◽  
Research Type

Purpose – the main purpose of this scientific paper is to reveal the potential of agricultural products of Lithuanian origin to compete in ever-growing international market for Western style food. Design/methodology/approach –The methods of research employed are as follows: analysis of a scientific literature, analysis of a statistical data, correlation analysis and small sample interview. Findings – International trade in agricultural products is one of the most competitive sectors of national economy providing a substantial surplus to foreign payments balance. One of potential export facilitators of agricultural products of Lithuanian origin are businessman, engaged in re-export of agricultural products from Lithuania. The ability of Lithuanina agricultural producers to sell their production in the World market is lower than in other similar EU countries. Research limitations/implications – the research provides insights, on how it could be possible to facilitate export of agricultural products of Lithuanian origin. In order to get clear directions what steps should be taken, there is a need for further researches. Practical implications - new approach of increasing export of agricultural products of Lithuanian origin is presented. Originality/Value – The paper provides new insights on Lithuanian international trade in agricultural products. Keywords: intra-industry trade, export, agricultural products, Lithuania. Research type: viewpoint. JEL classification: F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade.

scholarly journals Race, Railways and Domiciled Europeans

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Nixon
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Military ◽  
Discursive Constructions

The focus for my PhD research is on where domiciled Europeans positioned themselves in their recounts of partition experiences in 1947. In particular I would like to investigate how those in the military saw partition and what has inflected their retelling of events and their recollections on life up to and during partition. I have used my father, Leslie Nixon, as a case study for this research as he served with a Ghurkha rifle regiment as a young subaltern from 1945-1947 and spent the second half of 1947 transporting Muslim and Hindu refugees through Himachal Pradesh to and from the trains at Pathankot. His position, as a domiciled European, is tangential because of the nature of the social boundaries that were constantly being constructed, negotiated and blurred at the time by the British about themselves. At times there are dissonances between what he remembers about social relationships and evidence from the vast number of photographs he brought with him from India. The photographs have become an invaluable window into the time and have provided me with a great deal of biographical detail, place names and people that Leslie would otherwise have not remembered. They are in themselves not the ‘truth’ but together with the information from interviews with Leslie it is possible to pastiche a wider snapshot of the time. Memory, trauma and the time that has elapsed have worked on Leslie’s recollections. His voice may be fossilised in a moment but what that moment reveals is of value. I have attempted to place his voice: what shaped it and how it reflects the discursive constructions of the time. As well as being a narrative about surviving the partition this is also a story of migration, and the complexities of identities constructed around the flow of migrants between and within India, Britain and Australia.

Misunderstood misunderstanding: social identities and public uptake of science

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Wynne
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Radioactive Fallout ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Scientific Experts ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Interests

This paper draws general insights into the public reception of scientific knowledge from a case study of Cumbrian sheep farmers' responses to scientific advice about the restrictions introduced after the Chernobyl radioactive fallout. The analysis identifies several substantive factors which influence the credibility of scientific communication. Starting from the now-accepted point that public uptake of science depends primarily upon the trust and credibility public groups are prepared to invest in scientific institutions and representatives, the paper observes that these are contingent upon the social relationships and identities which people feel to be affected by scientific knowledge, which never comes free of social interests or implications. The case study shows laypeople capable of extensive informal reflection upon their social relationships towards scientific experts, and on the epistemological status of their own `local' knowledge in relation to `outside' knowledge. Public uptake of science might be improved if scientific institutions expressed an equivalent reflexive discourse in the public domain.

scholarly journals The Emergence of the Village and the Transformation of Traditional Institutions: A Case Study from Northern Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-160
Author(s):  
J. Terrence McCabe ◽  
Paul W. Leslie ◽  
Alicia Davis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
The Social ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
The Village

In this paper, we examine how the 2008–2009 drought in northern Tanzania contributed to and catalyzed the transformation of governance concerning the management of natural resources from traditional informal institutions among the Maasai to formal village-based institutions. Our central argument is that village governance in northern Tanzania represents a new, formal institution that is supplementing and in some important ways obviating traditional, informal institutions. Further, this replacement is central to what appears to be a transformation of the social-ecological system embracing the rangelands and pastoral/agro-pastoral people in northern Tanzania. In this paper, we document the basis for our claims concerning the institutional shift and discuss its implications for livelihoods and social relationships.

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