G.I. Jane Goes to College? Female Educational Attainment, Earnings, and the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Conor Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Census Data ◽  
College Attendance ◽  
Female Veterans ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Male Veterans ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Servicemen's Readjustment Act ◽  
Veteran Status

The 1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (the “G.I. Bill”) provided returning WWII veterans with educational benefits sufficient to cover tuition, fees, and living expenses at almost any U.S. university or college. While several studies examine subsequent educational attainment and earnings for male veterans, little is known about how the G.I. Bill affected the 330,000 American females who served in WWII. Using data from the 1980 5 percent Census Public-use Microdata Sample, I find that female WWII veteran status is associated with a 19 percentage point increase in the proportion who report any college attendance, a 7.8 percentage point increase in college completion, and earnings that are 19.8 percent greater relative to comparable females who are not veterans. Because service was entirely voluntary for females, I use service eligibility requirements, enlistment records, 1940 Census data, and the G.I. Bill’s retroactive nature to establish a causal relationship among veteran status, educational attainment via the G.I. Bill, and increased earnings. To help separate the effect of the G.I. Bill from the effect of military service itself, and because benefits increased with longer service, I instrument for female veterans’ educational attainment using age at the time of the G.I. Bill’s announcement. My instrumental variables estimates imply that female veterans’ earnings increase by $1,350 (11.6 percent) per year of G.I. Bill-induced education, explaining 73 percent of the overall difference between veteran and non-veteran females’ earnings in 1980.

scholarly journals Why Do College-Going Interventions Work?

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Carrell ◽  
Bruce Sacerdote
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
College Attendance ◽  
Mentoring Program ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
College Going ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
The Difference

We present evidence from a series of field experiments in college coaching/mentoring. We find large impacts on college attendance and persistence, but only in the treatments where we use an intensive boots-on-the-ground approach to helping students. Our treatments that provide financial incentives or information alone do not appear to be effective. For women, assignment to our mentoring treatment yields a 15 percentage point increase in the college-going rate while treatment on the treated estimates are 30 percentage points (against a control complier mean rate of 43 percent). We find much smaller treatment effects for men, and the difference in treatment effects across genders is partially explained by the differential in self-reported labor market opportunities. We do not find evidence that the treatment effect derives from simple behavioral mistakes, student disorganization, or a lack of easily obtained information. Instead our mentoring program appears to substitute for the potentially expensive and often missing ingredient of skilled parental or teacher time and encouragement. (JEL I21, I23, I28)

Income Inequality and the Veteran Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 663 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alair MacLean ◽  
Meredith Kleykamp
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Male Veterans ◽  
Union Status ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Group Inequality

Previous researchers have evaluated how the dramatic rise in income inequality has affected the members of various groups of workers, such as those defined by gender, union status, and educational attainment. Yet apparently no researchers have yet explored how this increase may have affected people grouped by previous military service. This chapter addresses this gap by assessing trends in wage inequality between male veterans and nonveterans, and among veterans between 1979 and 2010. The findings suggest that similar to other groups, veterans have experienced decreased between-group inequality and increased within-group inequality and that these changes may stem not just from period but also from cohort effects.

An Examination of Stalking Experiences During Military Service Among Female and Male Veterans and Associations With PTSD and Depression

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988994
Author(s):  
Carrie L. Lucas ◽  
Julie A. Cederbaum ◽  
Sara Kintzle ◽  
Carl Andrew Castro
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Female Veterans ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Male Veterans ◽  
Military Populations ◽  
Mental Health Concerns

Stalking is associated with mental health concerns, although little is known about the influence of stalking and mental health concerns among veterans. This study evaluated stalking experienced during military service in two community-based, nonclinical samples of veterans ( N = 1,980). Models explored (a) types of stalking, (b) characteristics of veterans who experienced stalking, and (c) the associations between stalking with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Types of stalking varied by sex; female veterans were significantly more likely to experience stalking than male veterans (58.5% vs. 34.6%, p < .001, respectively). Female veterans reported unwanted messages, emails, or phone calls (37.2%), and male veterans experienced someone showing up unannounced or uninvited (23.5%) most frequently. Stalking experiences also differed by age with female and male veterans 18 to 39 years old significantly more likely to have experienced stalking ( p < .001 and p < .001, respectively) than veterans over age 40. Associations between prior stalking experiences and mental distress were found for both female and male veterans. Both female and male veterans who experienced stalking were significantly more likely to have probable PTSD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.04, 3.39] and OR = 3.08, 95% CI = [2.27, 4.18], respectively) and depression (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = [1.38, 4.58] and OR = 2.78, 95% CI = [2.05, 3.79], respectively). These findings highlight (a) the rates of stalking experienced during military service, (b) the need for assessment of stalking to inform treatment, and (c) lay the foundation for the Department of Defense (DoD) to further evaluate stalking among military populations.

scholarly journals THE HEALTH OF MALE VETERANS IN LATER LIFE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S214-S214
Author(s):  
Janet M Wilmoth ◽  
Scott D Landes ◽  
Andrew S London
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Growth ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Male Veterans ◽  
Veteran Status ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Health And Mortality

Abstract Veterans have the opportunity to accrue health-promoting “military capital,” but they are also at risk of experiencing a “military hazard” effect that undermines later-life health and mortality outcomes. Given these possibly competing effects, there is substantial heterogeneity in physical and mental health among older male veterans. The health and mortality outcomes of older veterans who were not substantially harmed during military service appear to be just as good as, if not better than, those of nonveterans. However, older veterans who served in-theater, were exposed to combat or hazardous chemicals, and/or were physically or psychologically harmed during service tend to have worse health and higher mortality than non¬veterans. Some older veterans with these experiences struggle with life-long or late-onset PTSD, while others exhibit resilience and posttraumatic growth. Additional population-level, life-course research is needed on specific war-era cohorts to identify the mechanisms that shape veteran status differences in late-life health and mortality.

Prevalence of Podiatric Medical Problems in Veterans versus Nonveterans

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohiro Shibuya ◽  
Daniel C. Jupiter ◽  
Louis J. Ciliberti ◽  
Vincent VanBuren ◽  
Javier La Fontaine
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Military Recruits ◽  
Male Veterans ◽  
Veteran Status ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Toe Deformity

Background: Lower-extremity pathologic abnormalities have been common in military recruits for many years. Many of these conditions can become chronic and persist even after retiring from military service. We hypothesized that certain foot abnormalities are more prevalent in veterans versus nonveterans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate what foot and ankle disorders are associated with veteran status while controlling for other demographic factors. Methods: The National Health Interview Survey (Podiatry Supplement) from 1990 was used for this secondary data analysis. The data were divided into veterans and nonveterans, and the prevalence of podiatric medical problems, including callus, flatfoot deformity, bunion deformity, hammer toe deformity, arthritis, and sprain, was evaluated for each group. Results: Flatfoot deformity and arthritis were significantly more prevalent in veterans versus nonveterans in the United States. Bunion deformity was significantly more prevalent in male veterans than in male nonveterans. Male veterans were less likely than male nonveterans to have sprains, and female veterans were more likely than their nonveteran counterparts to have sprains. Conclusions: These results may help us understand the potential risk factors for podiatric medical problems and may be used for formulating prevention programs. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 101(4): 323–330, 2011)

scholarly journals Does Integration Change Gender Attitudes? The Effect of Randomly Assigning Women to Traditionally Male Teams*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon B Dahl ◽  
Andreas Kotsadam ◽  
Dan-Olof Rooth
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Boot Camp ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Military ◽  
Mixed Gender

Abstract We examine whether exposure of men to women in a traditionally male-dominated environment can change attitudes about mixed-gender productivity, gender roles, and gender identity. Our context is the military in Norway, where we randomly assigned female recruits to some squads but not others during boot camp. We find that living and working with women for eight weeks causes men to have more egalitarian attitudes. There is a 14 percentage point higher fraction of men who think mixed-gender teams perform as well or better than same-gender teams, an 8 percentage point increase in men who think household work should be shared equally and a 14 percentage point increase in men who do not completely disavow feminine traits. Moreover, men exposed to mixed-gender teams are more likely to choose military occupations immediately after boot camp which have a higher fraction of females in them. But these effects do not persist once treatment stops. Treated men’s attitudes converge to those of the controls in a six-month follow-up survey and there is no long-term effect on choosing fields of study, occupations, or workplaces with a higher fraction of women in them after military service ends. Contrary to the predictions of many policymakers, we do not find that integrating women into squads hurt male recruits’ performance or satisfaction with service, either during boot camp or their subsequent military assignment. These findings provide evidence that even in a highly gender-skewed environment, gender stereotypes are malleable and can be altered by integrating members of the opposite sex. But they also suggest that without continuing intensive exposure, effects are unlikely to persist.

The Effects of the State Prepaid Tuition Program on College Attainment

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Shen
Keyword(s):  
College Attendance ◽  
The State ◽  
College Completion ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
College Attainment ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
College Completion Rates ◽  
Enrollment Rates ◽  
State Variation ◽  
Using Data

AbstractBy locking in today’s tuition rate for future college attendance, the prepaid tuition program (PTP) is designed to encourage parents to invest in their children’s human capital. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the state PTP on college attainment by using data from the 2011–2013 American Community Survey. By exploiting cross-state variation in the timing of the implementation of the state PTP, I found that the program adoption was associated with a 0.7–1.0 percentage point increase in college enrollment rates and a 0.5–0.7 percentage point increase in college completion rates.

The Effect of Taxation and Corruption on Firm Growth: An Empirical Investigation for Vietnam

2016 ◽  
pp. 5-29
Author(s):  
Bich Le Thi Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to analyze empirically the impact of taxation and corruption on the growth of manufacturing firms in Vietnam. The study employed pooled OLS estimation and then instrument variables with fixed effect for the panel data of 1377 firms in Vietnam from 2005 to 2011. These data were obtained from the survey of the Central Institute for Economic Management and the Danish International Development Agency. The results show that both taxation and corruption are negatively associated with firm growth measured by firm sales adjusted according to the GDP deflator. A one-percentage point increase in the bribery rate is linked with a reduction of 16,883 percentage points in firm revenue, over four and a half times bigger than the effect of a one-percentage point increase in the tax rate. From the findings of this research, the author recommends the Vietnam government to lessen taxation on firms and that there should be an urgent revolution in anti-corruption policies as well as bureaucratic improvement in Vietnam.

scholarly journals African American Unemployment and the Disparity in Periviable Births

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Catalano ◽  
Deborah Karasek ◽  
Tim Bruckner ◽  
Joan A. Casey ◽  
Katherine Saxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

AbstractPeriviable infants (i.e., born before 26 complete weeks of gestation) represent fewer than .5% of births in the US but account for 40% of infant mortality and 20% of billed hospital obstetric costs. African American women contribute about 14% of live births in the US, but these include nearly a third of the country’s periviable births. Consistent with theory and with periviable births among other race/ethnicity groups, males predominate among African American periviable births in stressed populations. We test the hypothesis that the disparity in periviable male births among African American and non-Hispanic white populations responds to the African American unemployment rate because that indicator not only traces, but also contributes to, the prevalence of stress in the population. We use time-series methods that control for autocorrelation including secular trends, seasonality, and the tendency to remain elevated or depressed after high or low values. The racial disparity in male periviable birth increases by 4.45% for each percentage point increase in the unemployment rate of African Americans above its expected value. We infer that unemployment—a population stressor over which our institutions exercise considerable control—affects the disparity between African American and non-Hispanic white periviable births in the US.

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