scholarly journals African American Unemployment and the Disparity in Periviable Births

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Catalano ◽  
Deborah Karasek ◽  
Tim Bruckner ◽  
Joan A. Casey ◽  
Katherine Saxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

AbstractPeriviable infants (i.e., born before 26 complete weeks of gestation) represent fewer than .5% of births in the US but account for 40% of infant mortality and 20% of billed hospital obstetric costs. African American women contribute about 14% of live births in the US, but these include nearly a third of the country’s periviable births. Consistent with theory and with periviable births among other race/ethnicity groups, males predominate among African American periviable births in stressed populations. We test the hypothesis that the disparity in periviable male births among African American and non-Hispanic white populations responds to the African American unemployment rate because that indicator not only traces, but also contributes to, the prevalence of stress in the population. We use time-series methods that control for autocorrelation including secular trends, seasonality, and the tendency to remain elevated or depressed after high or low values. The racial disparity in male periviable birth increases by 4.45% for each percentage point increase in the unemployment rate of African Americans above its expected value. We infer that unemployment—a population stressor over which our institutions exercise considerable control—affects the disparity between African American and non-Hispanic white periviable births in the US.

scholarly journals Consequences of immigrating during a recession: Evidence from the US Refugee Resettlement program

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Mask
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Refugee Resettlement ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
Arrival Dates ◽  
Term Labor

AbstractAre there long-term labor consequences in migrating to the US during a recession? For most immigrants, credibly estimating this effect is difficult because of selective migration. Some immigrants may not move if economic conditions are not favorable. However, identification is possible for refugees as their arrival dates are exogenously determined through the US Refugee Resettlement program. A one percentage point increase in the arrival national unemployment rate reduces refugee wages by 1.98% and employment probability by 1.57 percentage points after 5 years.

scholarly journals Determinants of Mammographic Breast Density by Race Among a Large Screening Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Xavier Moore ◽  
Yunan Han ◽  
Catherine Appleton ◽  
Graham Colditz ◽  
Adetunji T Toriola
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
White Women ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Dense Breast ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
American Women ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract BACKGROUND Due to mixed reports from smaller studies, we examined associations of race with mammographic breast density and evaluated racial differences in the determinants of breast density. METHODS Participants included 37,839 women (23,166 non-Hispanic White, and 14,673 African American women) receiving screening mammograms at the Joanne Knight Breast Health Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri from June 2010 to December 2015. Mammographic breast density was assessed using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (5th edition). To determine the association of race and participant characteristics with mammographic breast density, we used multivariable polytomous logistic regression models (reference group: almost entirely fatty). RESULTS African American women had increased odds of extremely dense (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.13–1.52) and reduced odds of heterogeneously dense breasts (AOR= 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84 – 0.99) compared to non-Hispanic White women. Altogether, race, parity and age at first birth, age, current body mass index (BMI), BMI at age 18, menarche, family history of breast cancer, oral contraceptive use, alcohol, and menopausal status explained 33% of the variation in mammographic breast density. Among African American and non-Hispanic White women these factors explained nearly 28.6% and 33.6% of the variation in mammographic density, respectively. Current BMI provided the greatest explanation of breast density (26.2% overall, 22.2% in African American, and 26.2% in non-Hispanic White women). CONCLUSIONS The determinants of mammographic breast density were generally similar between African-American women and non-Hispanic white women. After adjustments for confounders, African Americans had higher likelihood of extremely dense breast but lower likelihood of heterogeneously dense breast. The greatest explanation of breast density was provided by BMI, regardless of race.

Annotated bibliography on women business owners: A diversity lens

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonita L. Betters-Reed ◽  
Lynda L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
White Female ◽  
Institutional Barriers ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Women Business Owners ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Race Ethnicity

When we take the lens of race, ethnicity, gender, and class to the collected academic work on women business owners, what does it reveal? What do we really know? Are there differing definitions of success across segments of the women businessowner demographics? Do the challenges faced by African American women entrepreneurs differ from those confronting white female entrepreneurs? Do immigrant female women businessowners face more significant institutional barriers than their counterparts who have been U.S. citizens for at least two generations? Are there similar reasons for starting their businesses?

Incidence of testicular cancer in the United States from 1992 to 2009.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 339-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manas Nigam ◽  
Brisa Aschebrook-Kilfoy ◽  
Sergey Shikanov ◽  
Scott E. Eggener
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Testicular Cancer ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Tumor Characteristic ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

339 Background: The incidence of testicular cancer (TC) increased in the US through 2003. However, little is known about these trends after 2003. We sought to determine trends in TC incidence based on race, ethnicity and tumor characteristics. Methods: TC incidence and tumor characteristic data from 1992-2009 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-13 (SEER) registry. Trends were determined using JoinPoint. Results: TC incidence in the US increased from 1992 (5.7/100,000) to 2009 (6.8/100,000) with annual percentage change (APC) of 1.1% (p < 0.001). TC rates were highest in non-Hispanic white men (1992: 7.5/100,000; 2009: 8.6/1000) followed by Hispanic men (1992: 4.0/100,000; 2009: 6.3/100,000) and lowest among non-Hispanic black men (1992: 0.7/100,000; 2009: 1.7/100,000). Significantly increasing incidence rates were observed in non-Hispanic white men (1.2%, p < 0.001) but most prominently among Hispanics, especially from 2002-2009 (5.6%, p < 0.01). A significant increase was observed for localized TC (1.21%, p < 0.001) and metastatic TC (1.43%, p < 0.01). Increased incidence occurred in localized tumors for non-Hispanic white men (1.56%, p <0.001), while Hispanic men experienced an increase in localized (2.6%, p < 0.001), regionalized (16.5% from 2002-09, p < 0.01), and distant (2.6%, p < 0.01) disease. Conclusions: Through 2009, testicular cancer incidence continues to increase in the United States, most notably among Hispanic men. [Table: see text]

Body Satisfaction and Overall Mood: Effects of Race in Exercisers with Obesity

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Annesi ◽  
Srinivasa Gorjala
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
White Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Comparable Group ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

Body image in obese women is generally poor, and may be affected by race/ethnicity. The impact of exercise is unclear. White and African American women who were obese started on a supported exercise and nutrition education program for weight reduction. The body satisfaction of the African American participants was significantly more favorable at baseline than the comparable group of White women. For all participants, body satisfaction was significantly related to overall mood, both at baseline, and in its significant improvements over six months. Race/ethnicity did not influence those relationships. Extensions of this research may improve theory and, ultimately, treatments.

scholarly journals Change in Estradiol and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone across the Early Menopausal Transition: Effects of Ethnicity and Age

2004 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1555-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Randolph ◽  
MaryFran Sowers ◽  
Irina V. Bondarenko ◽  
Siobán D. Harlow ◽  
Judith L. Luborsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Midlife Women ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Caucasian Women ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Serum reproductive hormone concentrations were measured longitudinally in a community-based, multiethnic population of midlife women to assess whether ethnic differences exist in the patterns of change in estradiol (E2) and FSH and, if so, whether these differences are explained by host characteristics. We studied 3257 participants from seven clinical sites in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) who were aged 42–52 yr at baseline and self-identified as African American (28.2%), Caucasian (47.1%), Chinese (7.7%), Hispanic (8.4%), or Japanese (8.6%). E2 and FSH were assayed in serum collected primarily in the early follicular phase of a spontaneous menstrual cycle in three consecutive annual visits. The primary explanatory variables included in repeated-measures regression analyses were race/ethnicity, menopausal status, age, body mass index (BMI), day of the cycle, smoking, parity, socioeconomic status, study site, and the self-report of diabetes at baseline. At the baseline visit, 46.2% of the women were classified as being early perimenopausal, with the remaining being premenopausal. By the second follow-up visit, 5.5% of the women in that cohort were postmenopausal, 66.8% were early perimenopausal, 8.3% were late perimenopausal, and 19.4% remained premenopausal. Serum E2 concentrations decreased significantly with age, with a steeper decline at higher ages. FSH concentrations increased significantly with age, with a steeper increase at higher ages. Similar patterns in the decline of E2 and the increase in FSH with age were found across ethnic groups, but the levels of these hormones differed by race/ethnicity. Specifically, over time, Chinese and Japanese women had lower E2 concentrations but similar FSH levels, compared with Caucasian women, and African American women had higher FSH concentrations but comparable E2 levels with those of Caucasian women. These ethnic differences in E2 and FSH were independent of menopausal status. The effect of BMI on serum E2 and FSH levels varied by menopausal status. Increasing BMI was associated with decreasing concentrations of E2 among premenopausal and early perimenopausal women but was associated with increasing concentrations of E2 among late perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Increasing BMI was associated with decreasing concentrations of FSH, with the effect of BMI becoming larger as women transitioned through menopause. We conclude that serum E2 levels decrease and FSH concentrations increase with increasing age in midlife women, that ethnic differences in E2 over time differ from ethnic differences in FSH and suggest ethnic differences in the pituitary-ovarian relationship, and that the effect of BMI on E2 and FSH concentrations varies by menopausal status.

scholarly journals Antiretroviral therapy self-management: Pilot study of an electronic medication event monitoring system among African-American women living with HIV in rural Florida (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lucero ◽  
Renessa Williams ◽  
Tanisia Esalomi ◽  
Paula Alexander-Delpech ◽  
Christa Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Art Adherence ◽  
Event Monitoring ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rural Florida ◽  
Living With Hiv

BACKGROUND The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant health issue in the United States and disproportionately affects African Americans. African-American women living with HIV (AAWH) experience a particularly high number of barriers when attempting to manage their HIV care, including antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. To enable the development and assessment of effective interventions that address these barriers to support ART adherence, there is a critical need to understand more fully the use of objective measures of ART adherence among AAWH, including electronic medication dispensers for real-time surveillance. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of the Wisepill Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS), and compare objective and subjective measures of ART adherence. METHODS We conducted a 30-day exploratory sequential mixed-methods pilot study of the MEMS among a convenience sample of community-dwelling AAWH (n=14) in rural Florida. AAWH were trained on the use of the MEMS to determine the feasibility of collecting, capturing, and manipulating the MEMS data for an objective measure of ART adherence. Self-report sociodemographic information, including a measure of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, was also collected from AAWH. RESULTS We found that a majority of participants were successful at using the electronic MEMS. Daily use of the MEMS tended to be outside of the usual time participants took their medication. Three 30-day medication event patterns were found that characterized ART adherence, specifically uniformed and ununiformed medication adherence and ununiformed medication non-adherence. There were relatively few MEMS disruption among study participants. Overall, adjusted daily ART adherence was 81.08% and subjective ART adherence was 77.78%. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study on the use and evaluation of the Wisepill MEMS among AAWH in rural Florida is the first known in the US. The findings of this study are encouraging because ten out of twelve participants consistently used the MEMS, had relatively few MEMS, and objective adjusted daily and overall subjective ART adherence were very similar. Based findings from this study, we think researchers can be confident in using the Wisepill MEMS in future studies of AAWH and PLWH in the US after considering our practical suggestions. The following practical considerations are suggested when considering measuring objective medication adherence: (1) before using a MEMS be familiar with the targeted populations’ characteristics; (2) choose a MEMS that aligns with the participants’ day-to-day activities; (3) ensure the MEMS’ features and resulting data support the research goals; (4) assess the match between user’s ability, wireless features of the MEMS, and the geographic location of participants; and (5) considering the cost of MEMS and the research budget.

scholarly journals Urban vs Rural Residence and the Prevalence of Depression and Mood Disorder Among African American Women and Non-Hispanic White Women

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addie Weaver ◽  
Joseph A. Himle ◽  
Robert Joseph Taylor ◽  
Niki N. Matusko ◽  
Jamie M. Abelson
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Mood Disorder ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
American Women ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Hispanic White

Domestic Violence Survivorship Among a Sample of Older African American Women: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110665
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Burse ◽  
Rachel Voth-Schrag ◽  
Noelle L. Fields ◽  
Debra Woody
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
White Women ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
American Women ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
The Us ◽  
Unemployment And Health

African American women experience domestic violence at a rate that is 35% higher than the domestic violence rate of White women. Moreover, African American women encompass 8% of the US population but account for 22% of domestic violence–related homicide victims. African American women are at greater risk for facing economic difficulties, homelessness, unemployment, and health and educational disparities due to domestic violence. However, little attention has been given to the lived experiences of older women who are domestic violence survivors. Theories of phenomenology and hermeneutics provided the theoretical framework for this study. An interpretative phenomenological analysis framework guided the research design and data analysis process. Overall, the findings pointed toward the need for generating more culturally sensitive and culturally tailored programs and services to address domestic violence in the African American community. Additionally, services are needed that include faith-based education, training, and prevention programs to enable churches and social workers to address the unique cultural needs of African American women who have endured domestic violence.

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