Immunization of chicks at various ages with irradiated infective eggs of Ascaridia galli

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Malviya ◽  
T. K. Varma ◽  
P. Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Booster Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Absorption Test ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Circulating Antibody

ABSTRACTThe possibility of safe immunization of chicks at an appropriate age with a double-dose irradiated Ascaridia galli vaccine given orally at two weeks interval was explored. Chicks immunized at 7 or 10 days of age were not affected adversely since they did not develop any clinical signs and there was no worm establishment after challenge infection. Immunization also elicited detectable circulating antibody titres, with IHA and the conglutinating complement absorption test having a tendency to be enhanced after the booster dose.

Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs with Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. III.—The Antibody Response and Acquired Immunity

1964 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 129-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Taffs
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Absorption Test ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Larval Migration ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Two Peaks

Two experiments are described in which antibodies against A. suum were detected in the circulation of infected pigs by means of the conglutinating complement absorption test. The pattern and nature of the antibody response was studied. In 21 out of 24 cases the sera antibody titres rose after test doses of infective eggs were given, and on 18 of these occasions a rise in titre was observed within seven days. Following infection two peaks of antibody were detected. At three to four weeks the antibody content of the serum reached its highest concentration, and a further rise was apparent between the 37th and 56th days.The phenomenon of “self-cure” was demonstrated following reinfection. This was manifested by a depression of the egg count and the elimination of Ascaris worms from the intestine, with a concomitant rise in the antibody content of the serum.In three out of five pigs which were initially infected, the infection became patent between the 51st and 58th days. On only one occasion out of thirteen were any superimposed larvae able to reach maturity.Pigs which had been previously infected exhibited resistance to a challenge dose. This was shown by (1) the absence of clinical signs, (2) a resistance to larval migration, and (3) an inhibition of larval growth. In this demonstration of an active acquired immunity to A. suum infection in pigs, a correlation between resistance and high sera titres was observed.

scholarly journals Investigations on the incidence of rinderpest virus infection in game animals of N. Tanganyika and S. Kenya 1960/63

1967 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Plowright ◽  
B. McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Connochaetes Taurinus ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Game Animals

The incidence of rinderpest infection in game animals in selected localities of South Kenya and North Tanganyika was studied during the period 1960 to 1963. Serum samples from 590 wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), 48 eland (Taurotragus oryx), 65 Thompson's gazelle (Gazella thompsoni) and 39 Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti) were tested for rinderpest neutralizing antibody.Rinderpest infection was shown to have been very frequent in yearling wilde-beest in the Mara area of Kenya in 1959/60, in the Serengeti National Park of Tanganyika in late 1960 and also in the Serengeti, and some adjacent areas, during the latter half of 1961. In the Ngorongoro Crater in 1961 infection was far less widespread, with only 11% of the yearlings acquiring antibody, compared to 67% in the Serengeti. The infections in 1959 and 1960 were clinical epizootics, accompanied by a considerable mortality, whereas no overt disease was reported in the course of 1961. Eland were affected in a similar manner to wildebeest up to 1960 but only a low rate of serological conversion was demonstrated in 1961. Adult Thompson's gazelle showed a low rate (ca. 12%) of infection but no anti-body was detected in Grant's gazelle.Only a small proportion of the wildebeest calves born in early 1962 acquired antibody by mid-1963 and this was due, at least in part, to infection late in 1962; it was not clear, unfortunately, whether the positive animals belonged entirely to resident, as opposed to migratory, groups. No clinical signs or mortality were reported in this year.A low incidence of rinderpest infection in wildebeest was also demonstrated both before and after 1960 in the Kajiado district of Kenya, where disease of game has not been reported in recent years. It is possible that the positive animals, as also the 1962 cases in Tanganyika, acquired the virus from low-grade infections of cattle.The transmission of rinderpest antibody from wildebeest dam to calf, presumably via the colostrum, was demonstrated regularly, except in six calves about 1–2 weeks old. No completely satisfactory explanation was obtained for their failure to acquire passive antibody but it may have been due to abnormal disturbance in the herds, associated with the shooting. The antibody titres in calves were initially higher than those in the serum of their dams but by the end of the 3rd month this position had been reversed. Individual calves became serologically negative from about the 10th week of life and all were devoid of antibody by the 6th to 7th month. The half-life of passively-acquired antibody was 4·4 weeks.

scholarly journals Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine efficacy in ferrets: whole killed virus and adenovirus-vectored vaccines

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 2136-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond H. See ◽  
Martin Petric ◽  
David J. Lawrence ◽  
Catherine P. Y. Mok ◽  
Thomas Rowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Antibody Titres

Although the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak was controlled, repeated transmission of SARS coronavirus (CoV) over several years makes the development of a SARS vaccine desirable. We performed a comparative evaluation of two SARS vaccines for their ability to protect against live SARS-CoV intranasal challenge in ferrets. Both the whole killed SARS-CoV vaccine (with and without alum) and adenovirus-based vectors encoding the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein induced neutralizing antibody responses and reduced viral replication and shedding in the upper respiratory tract and progression of virus to the lower respiratory tract. The vaccines also diminished haemorrhage in the thymus and reduced the severity and extent of pneumonia and damage to lung epithelium. However, despite high neutralizing antibody titres, protection was incomplete for all vaccine preparations and administration routes. Our data suggest that a combination of vaccine strategies may be required for effective protection from this pathogen. The ferret may be a good model for SARS-CoV infection because it is the only model that replicates the fever seen in human patients, as well as replicating other SARS disease features including infection by the respiratory route, clinical signs, viral replication in upper and lower respiratory tract and lung damage.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine: final report of a three year study of pre-exposure immunization

1982 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Turner ◽  
K. G. Nicholson ◽  
D. A. J. Tyrrell ◽  
F. Y. Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Booster Dose ◽  
Diploid Cell ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Induced Responses ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Human Diploid Cell ◽  
Human Diploid Cell Strain ◽  
Antibody Titres

SUMMARYThe antibody responses of 194 volunteers were studied for up to 3 years after primary immunization with one, two or three doses of human diploid cell rabies vaccine, administered either in 0·1 ml volumes intradermally (i.d.) or as 1·0 ml intramuscularly (i.m.). Sero-conversion occurred in 95% of subjects after the first injection and in 100% after the second. The highest titres and most durable antibody responses were induced by three injections of vaccine.Booster doses were administered either by the subcutaneous (s.c.) or i.d. route, after 6, 12 or 24 months to randomly grouped volunteers; these induced responses ≥ 5·0 i.u. per ml in 95% of subjects. The responses were rapid and were neither influenced by the primary regimen nor by the timing and route of the booster dose.Antibody titres after i.d. immunization were only two-fold lower than those induced by the larger volume of vaccine. The findings suggest that the i.d. route is both effective and economic.

scholarly journals The influence of the route of immunization on the protection of mice infected intracerebrally with Bordetella pertussis

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. B. Standfast ◽  
Jean M. Dolby
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
General Response ◽  
Intracerebral Infection ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Circulating Antibody

SUMMARYThe development of immunity in mice to Bordetella pertussis induced by intracerebral, intravenous or intraperitoneal vaccination was analysed in terms of the viable bacteria in the brain after intracerebral challenge, the serum antibodies, and protection against the sublethal infection of the lung that follows intranasal inoculation.A vaccine introduced intracerebrally was five to ten times more effective than that given intraperitoneally or intravenously, as measured for each route by the amount of vaccine required to protect half the mice against an intracerebral challenge 14 days later (ImD50). Intracorebral vaccination induced higher antibody titres than vaccination by the other two routes. The survival of infected mice given 1–3 ImD50 doses of vaccine intracerebrally 14 days before, followed a pattern similar to that after intraperitoneal or intravenous vaccination with up to 10 ImD50 of vaccine: the numbers of organisms increased for 3 days and then declined. Injection of about four ImD50 of vaccine intracerebrally produced a local immunity, resulting in an immediate kill of challenge organisms given 14 days later. Such an effect following intraperitoneal vaccination was achieved only against challenges with an avirulent strain. It is suggested that better stimulation of circulating antibody and local immunity in the brain together account for the better protection induced by intracerebral vaccine.Immunity to an intracerebral infection appears therefore to have at least three components, each specific for pertussis. The first, like that induced by intraperitoneal and intravenous vaccination, reaches a maximum in 2 or 3 weeks and is probably an expression of a general response by the animal operating not earlier than 3 days after infection. The second is a local immunity, appearing after the same interval. The third is a short-lived local immunity which has been described by previous workers; it immediately follows the injection intracorebrally of ten times less vaccine than that needed to protect against a challenge 14 days later and lasts only 2–3 days. The second and third types result in immediate sterilization of the infection.Mice recovering from sublethal brain infection with avirulent organisms were immune to a second infection with a virulent organism, but this was achieved not by the ability to kill the re-infecting organisms immediately on injection into the brain, but only after the 3–4 days lag such as follows intraperitoneal vaccination.

The protective capacity of UV-exposedClinostomum complanatummetacercariae against challenge infections inArdeola ibis ibis

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Allam ◽  
S.M. Aboel Hadid
Keyword(s):  
Worm Burden ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Passive Haemagglutination ◽  
Protection Rate ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Clinostomum Complanatum ◽  
Adult Worm Antigen

AbstractExposure of encysted metacercariaeof Clinostomum complanatumto UV light (254 nm) for 60 min reduced their development into adult worms in buff-backed herons (95.7% reduction in worm burden). Metacercariae that succeeded in developing into adult worms, showed low fecundity levels. Furthermore, 30% of eggs laid showed abnormal shape; however, all normal and abnormal eggs failed to hatch into miracidia. The effectiveness of UV-irradiated metacercariae as a vaccine was investigated. Compared to control unvaccinated herons, the vaccinated group showed a significantly high protection rate (73.8%) against challenge.In vitro, worm development after challenge showed decreased fecundity and increased egg abnormalities, where only 1.5% of all eggs produced hatched into miracidia. A passive haemagglutination test revealed increased antibody titres against soluble adult worm antigen in both vaccinated and vaccinated-challenged birds. It was concluded that vaccination of herons using encysted metacercariae UV-irradiated for 60 min can protect them against challenge infection.

Acquisition of resistance after continuous infection with Ascaridia galli in chickens

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
pp. 1603-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. FERDUSHY ◽  
T. W. SCHOU ◽  
L. R. NORUP ◽  
T. S. DALGAARD ◽  
S. M. THAMSBORG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Uninfected Control ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Anthelminthic Treatment ◽  
Establishment Rate

SUMMARYAcquired resistance against Ascaridia galli infection was studied in seventy-two 18-week-old white Leghorn chickens allocated to six groups (G1–G6). In order to understand the population dynamics following trickle-infection (100 eggs per chicken twice weekly), chickens of subgroups of G1 were necropsied 3 days after 1, 6 or 12 inoculations (G1A, G1B and G1C respectively), while G2–G4 were inoculated for 6 weeks. G2 was necropsied 4 weeks after the last inoculation. The number of established larvae increased initially (between G1A and G1B) but decreased after repeated inoculations (G1C, G2). G3, G4 and G5 were used to measure the efficacy of anthelminthic treatment and to monitor the acquisition of resistance following a challenge infection. At week 7 G3, G4 and G5 were treated with flubendazole for 7 days in the feed. Two weeks after treatment the chickens in G4 and G5 were challenged with 500 eggs. G6 was left as uninfected control. Necropsy at week 10 after first inoculation revealed a lower establishment rate, an impaired development and a more posterior localization of the larvae in G4 (trickle-infected-treated-challenged) compared with G5 (treated-challenged). IgY level in serum reached noticeable level at 14 dpi in G2 and G4 chickens, and in G4 chickens IgY level further increased after challenge infection. The study provides evidence that acquired resistance against A. galli in chickens leads to a significant yet incomplete protection against re-infection.

scholarly journals The immunogenicity and safety of different COVID-19 booster vaccination following CoronaVac or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 primary series

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasikarn Angkasekwinai ◽  
Suvimol Niyomnaitham ◽  
Jaturon Sewatanon ◽  
Supaporn Phumiamorn ◽  
Kasama Sukapirom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Adenoviral Vector ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Booster Vaccine ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Interferon Gamma Response

The appropriate COVID-19 booster vaccine following inactivated or adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccination is unclear. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of different booster vaccines, inactivated (BBIBP-CorV), chimpanzee adenoviral vector (ChAdOx1), or mRNA (BNT162b2 at full (30 μg), or half (15 μg) dose) in healthy adults who received 2-dose primary series of either inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) or ChAdOx1 8-12 weeks earlier. Overall, the adverse events for all booster vaccines were mild and moderate. Two weeks post-booster dose, the neutralising antibody titres against Delta variant in CoronaVac-prime and ChAdOx1-prime were highest with for 30μg-BNT162b2 (411 vs 470) and 15μg-BNT162b2 (499 vs 358); followed by ChAdOx1 (271 vs 69), and BBIBP-CorV (61.3 vs 49). BNT162b2 also induced higher interferon gamma response. Heterologous COVID-19 boosting vaccination with BNT162b2 is the most immunogenic following CoronaVac or ChAdOx1 primary series. A lower dose BNT162b2 may be used as booster in settings with limited vaccine supply.

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