scholarly journals Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine efficacy in ferrets: whole killed virus and adenovirus-vectored vaccines

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 2136-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond H. See ◽  
Martin Petric ◽  
David J. Lawrence ◽  
Catherine P. Y. Mok ◽  
Thomas Rowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Antibody Titres

Although the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak was controlled, repeated transmission of SARS coronavirus (CoV) over several years makes the development of a SARS vaccine desirable. We performed a comparative evaluation of two SARS vaccines for their ability to protect against live SARS-CoV intranasal challenge in ferrets. Both the whole killed SARS-CoV vaccine (with and without alum) and adenovirus-based vectors encoding the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein induced neutralizing antibody responses and reduced viral replication and shedding in the upper respiratory tract and progression of virus to the lower respiratory tract. The vaccines also diminished haemorrhage in the thymus and reduced the severity and extent of pneumonia and damage to lung epithelium. However, despite high neutralizing antibody titres, protection was incomplete for all vaccine preparations and administration routes. Our data suggest that a combination of vaccine strategies may be required for effective protection from this pathogen. The ferret may be a good model for SARS-CoV infection because it is the only model that replicates the fever seen in human patients, as well as replicating other SARS disease features including infection by the respiratory route, clinical signs, viral replication in upper and lower respiratory tract and lung damage.

scholarly journals Prior Infection and Passive Transfer of Neutralizing Antibody Prevent Replication of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in the Respiratory Tract of Mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 3572-3577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanta Subbarao ◽  
Josephine McAuliffe ◽  
Leatrice Vogel ◽  
Gary Fahle ◽  
Steven Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
Prior Infection

ABSTRACT Following intranasal administration, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus replicated to high titers in the respiratory tracts of BALB/c mice. Peak replication was seen in the absence of disease on day 1 or 2, depending on the dose administered, and the virus was cleared within a week. Viral antigen and nucleic acid were detected in bronchiolar epithelial cells during peak viral replication. Mice developed a neutralizing antibody response and were protected from reinfection 28 days following primary infection. Passive transfer of immune serum to naïve mice prevented virus replication in the lower respiratory tract following intranasal challenge. Thus, antibodies, acting alone, can prevent replication of the SARS coronavirus in the lung, a promising observation for the development of vaccines, immunotherapy, and immunoprophylaxis regimens.

scholarly journals 425. The Utility of Paired Upper and Lower COVID-19 Sampling in Patients with Artificial Airways

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S279-S279
Author(s):  
Eimear Kitt ◽  
Julia S Sammons ◽  
Kathleen Chiotos ◽  
Susan E Coffin ◽  
Susan E Coffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends upper respiratory tract (URT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing as the initial diagnostic test for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Lower respiratory tract (LRT) testing for patients requiring mechanical ventilation is also recommended. The goal of this study was to evaluate concordance between paired URT and LRT specimens in children undergoing pre-admission/procedure screening or diagnostic testing. We hypothesized that < 10% of paired tests would have discordant results. Methods Single center cross-sectional study including children with artificial airways who had paired URT and LRT SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing between 4/1/2020 and 6/8/2020. URT specimens included nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and aspirates. LRT specimens included tracheal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavages. URT and LRT specimens were classified as paired if the two specimens were collected within 24 hours. Artificial airways included tracheostomies and endotracheal tubes. Tests were classified as diagnostic versus screening based on the indication selected in the order. Results 102 paired specimens were obtained during the study period. Fifty-nine were performed for screening and 43 were performed for diagnosis of suspected SARS-CoV-2. Overall, 94 specimens (92%) were concordant, including 89 negative from both sources and 5 positive from both sources. Eight specimens (8%) were discordant, all of which were positive from the URT and negative from the LRT (Figure 1). Among patients undergoing screening, 3 of 4 positive tests were discordant and among symptomatic patients, 5 of 9 positive tests were discordant. There were no instances of a positive LRT specimen with a negative URT specimen. Figure 1. Performance of upper and lower respiratory tract SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing in children with artificial airways Conclusion Overall, most paired samples from the URT and LRT yielded concordant results with no pairs positive from the LRT and negative from the URT. These data support the CDC recommendation that URT specimens are the preferred initial SARS-CoV-2 test, while LRT specimens should be collected only from mechanically ventilated with suspected SARS-CoV-2. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Lei ◽  
Lisong Yang ◽  
Cheong Tat Lou ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Kin Ian SiTou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Cebus Capucinus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Nose And Throat

1. Virulent influenza bacilli, when injected into the nose and throat of monkeys (Cebus capucinus and Macacus syrichtus), excite an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane, infiltration of the mucosa and subrnucosa with leucocytes, desquamation of epithelial cells, and the production of a mucopurulent exudate. The accessory sinuses are often implicated in the infection. 2. Experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections of the upper respiratory tract are frequently accompanied or followed by bronchiolitis, peribronchial infiltration, and bronchopneumonia with hemorrhage and edema in the early stage, emphysema and bronchiectasis in the later stages. In general, the process closely resembles uncomplicated Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia in man. 3. The injection of virulent influenza bacilli directly into the trachea of monkeys induces in them an experimental bronchiolitis and hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, similar in all respects to spontaneous Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia. 4. In experimental Bacillus influenzæinfections of either the upper or lower respiratory tract the influenza bacillus can usually be recovered during .the acute stage by culture, either pure or in association with other bacteria. 5. In experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections in monkeys characteristic changes occur in the thymus gland—hyperplasia of the follicles, distention of the lymphatic channels, and infiltration of the parenchyma with leucocytes. This enlargement appears to be merely part of a general hyperplasia of the lymphoid structures in the cervical and thoracic regions.

scholarly journals Replication and Transmission of the Novel Bovine Influenza D Virus in a Guinea Pig Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (23) ◽  
pp. 11990-12001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chithra Sreenivasan ◽  
Milton Thomas ◽  
Zizhang Sheng ◽  
Ben M. Hause ◽  
Emily A. Collin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Sentinel Animals

ABSTRACTInfluenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel influenza virus that infects cattle and swine. The goal of this study was to investigate the replication and transmission of bovine FLUDV in guinea pigs. Following direct intranasal inoculation of animals, the virus was detected in nasal washes of infected animals during the first 7 days postinfection. High viral titers were obtained from nasal turbinates and lung tissues of directly inoculated animals. Further, bovine FLUDV was able to transmit from the infected guinea pigs to sentinel animals by means of contact and not by aerosol dissemination under the experimental conditions tested in this study. Despite exhibiting no clinical signs, infected guinea pigs developed seroconversion and the viral antigen was detected in lungs of animals by immunohistochemistry. The observation that bovine FLUDV replicated in the respiratory tract of guinea pigs was similar to observations described previously in studies of gnotobiotic calves and pigs experimentally infected with bovine FLUDV but different from those described previously in experimental infections in ferrets and swine with a swine FLUDV, which supported virus replication only in the upper respiratory tract and not in the lower respiratory tract, including lung. Our study established that guinea pigs could be used as an animal model for studying this newly emerging influenza virus.IMPORTANCEInfluenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel emerging pathogen with bovine as its primary host. The epidemiology and pathogenicity of the virus are not yet known. FLUDV also spreads to swine, and the presence of FLUDV-specific antibodies in humans could indicate that there is a potential for zoonosis. Our results showed that bovine FLUDV replicated in the nasal turbinate and lungs of guinea pigs at high titers and was also able to transmit from an infected animal to sentinel animals by contact. The fact that bovine FLUDV replicated productively in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of guinea pigs, similarly to virus infection in its native host, demonstrates that guinea pigs would be a suitable model host to study the replication and transmission potential of bovine FLUDV.

scholarly journals An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with high mortality in mink (Neovison vison) on multiple Utah farms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrissy Eckstrand ◽  
Tom Baldwin ◽  
Mia Kim Torchetti ◽  
Mary Lea Killian ◽  
Kerry A Rood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tracheobronchial Lymph Node ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The breadth of animal hosts that are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may serve as reservoirs for continued viral transmission are not known entirely. In August 2020, an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in multiple mink farms in Utah and was associated with high mink mortality and rapid viral transmission between animals. The outbreak's epidemiology, pathology, molecular characterization, and tissue distribution of virus within infected mink is provided. Infection of mink was likely by reverse zoonosis. Once established, infection spread rapidly between independently housed animals and farms, and caused severe respiratory disease and death. Clinical signs were most notably sudden death, anorexia, and increased respiratory effort. Gross pathology examination revealed severe pulmonary congestion and edema. Microscopically there was pulmonary edema with moderate vasculitis, perivasculitis, and fibrinous interstitial pneumonia. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of tissues collected at necropsy demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in multiple organs including nasal turbinates, lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, epithelial surfaces, and others. Whole genome sequencing from multiple mink was consistent with published SARS-CoV-2 genomes with few polymorphisms. The Utah mink SARS-CoV-2 strain fell into Clade GH, which is unique among mink and other animal strains sequenced to date and did not share other spike RBD mutations Y453F and F486L found in mink. Localization of viral RNA by in situ hybridization revealed a more localized infection, particularly of the upper respiratory tract. Mink in the outbreak reported herein had high levels of virus in the upper respiratory tract associated with mink-to-mink transmission in a confined housing environment and were particularly susceptible to disease and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals A clinical, laboratory, radiological, and microbiologicalstudy of pneumonia associated with covid-19 indicating person-to-person transmission

2021 ◽  
pp. 43832-43834
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Nextgeneration Sequencing ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: Novel coronavirus outbreak that originated in Wuhan, province of China has now been declared as one of the deadliest pandemics inflicting humankind in last hundred years. Method: In the present study, we have inferred the clinical, laboratory, radiological, and microbiological findings of five patients in a family cluster who presented with unexplained pneumonia after coming back from overseas and touchdown right here in India on 1st March 2020 earlier than lockdown and another member of the family who didn’tvisit thiscountry. Results: From March 10, 2020, we enrolled a family of six patients who travelled to SingaporeonJanuary 10th 2020and returned on March 1st 2020. Of six family members who travelled to Singapore, five were recognised as affected with the radical coronavirus (COVID 19). Additionally, one family member, who did not travel to overseas also became infected with the virus post14 days of staying with four of the family members. Five family members (aged 30–55 years) presented with symptoms like fever, upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms, or diarrhoea, or a combination of these 3–6 days after exposure. Phylogenetic evaluation of these five subjects’ RT-PCR amplicons and two full genomes by nextgeneration sequencing presented that this is a novel coronavirus, which is closest to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses. Conclusion: Our findings are steady with person-to-person transmission of this novel coronavirus in hospital (nosocomial) and family settings, and the reports of infected travellers in other geographical regions.

MIST THERAPY RECONSIDERED; AN EVALUATION OF THE RESPIRATORY DEPOSITION OF LABELLED WATER AEROSOLS PRODUCED BY JET AND ULTRASONIC NEBULIZERS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-808
Author(s):  
Jack Wolfsdorf ◽  
David L. Swift ◽  
Mary Ellen Avery
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Aerosol Deposition ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Mass Median

Aerosol deposition in the upper and lower respiratory tract using technetium-labelled water aerosol, produced by jet and ultrasonic nebulizers, with and without 10% propylene glycol, was examined under conditions of nasal, normal mouth, and tube breathing in 15 normal adults. With nasal breathing, 91.5% (± 5.5) and 83.2% (± 6.3) of the mass of the aerosol produced by the jet and ultrasonic nebulizers, respectively, was deposited in the upper respiratory tract. Similar fractional depositions were observed with the addition of 10% propylene glycol. When breathing was carried out via a mouth tube, 43% to 59% of the mass of the aerosol produced by the nebulizers was deposited in the upper respiratory tract. The mass median diameters of the available aerosols produced by the jet and ultrasonic nebulizers were 6.0 µ (geometric standard deviation = 2.5) and 2.8 µ (geometric standard deviation = 2.1), respectively; the densities of the aerosols produced were 8 and 34 µl/liter air. With nasal or normal mouth breathing, the volume of water, in aerosol form, that could be deposited per 24 hours in the lower respiratory tract of an adult was calculated to be about 6 ml and 49 ml for the jet and ultrasonic nebulizer, respectively.

Clinical features of ANCA-associated vasculitis

2013 ◽  
pp. 1090-1102
Author(s):  
Wolfgang L. Gross ◽  
Julia U. Holle
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis ◽  
Systemic Vasculitis ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis ◽  
Granulomatous Lesions ◽  
Organ Manifestations

The primary ANCA-associated vasculitides are granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s, GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss syndrome, CSS). They predominantly affect small (and medium-sized) vessels and share a variable association with ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody) directed against neutrophil proteinase 3 (PR3, mainly in GPA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO, mainly in MPA and CSS). Crescentic necrotizing glomerulonephritis and alveolar haemorrhage due to pulmonary capillaritis represent classical (vasculitic) organ manifestations of the ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV). MPA occurs as a ’pure’ small (to medium-size) vessel vasculitis, whereas GPA and CSS are characterized by additional distinct clinical and pathological features. In GPA, granulomatous lesions of the upper and/or lower respiratory tract are a hallmark of the disease. Granulomatous lesions may be large in appearance and occur as space-consuming, infiltrating, and destructive inflammatory masses. GPA is believed to follow a stagewise course with an initial localized form, restricted granulomatous lesions of the upper and/or lower respiratory tract without clinical signs of vasculitis, and a consecutive generalization to systemic vasculitis which may be either non-organ-threatening (early systemic) or organ- and life- threatening (generalized GPA). Rarely, patients arrest in the localized stage and do not progress to systemic disease. In EGPA asthma, hypereosinophilia and eosinophilic organ infiltration (e.g. eosinophilic myocarditis) are typical features of the disease apart from vasculitis. Similarly to GPA, EGPA follows a stagewise course: asthma and eosinophilia may precede full-blown disease for several months or years. Recent cohort studies suggest different phenotypes in EGPA (predominantly vasculitic and MPO-ANCA-positive and predominantly with eosinophilic organ infiltration, usually ANCA-negative). This chapter focuses on the clinical features of the primary AAV and their outcome.

scholarly journals Serum IgM and C-Reactive Protein Binding to Phosphorylcholine of NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeIncreases Complement-Mediated Killing

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen D. Langereis ◽  
Eva S. van der Pasch ◽  
Marien I. de Jonge
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Classical Pathway ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Surface Binding ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACTNontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) colonizes the human upper respiratory tract without causing disease symptoms, but it is also a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and elderly, respectively. NTHi synthesizes various molecules to decorate its lipooligosaccharide (LOS), which modulates the level of virulence. The presence of phosphorylcholine (PCho) on NTHi LOS increases adhesion to epithelial cells, which is an advantage for the bacterium enabling nasopharyngeal colonization. However, when PCho is incorporated on the LOS of NTHi, it is recognized by the acute-phase C-reactive protein (CRP) and PCho-specific antibodies, both potent initiators of the classical pathway of complement activation. We determined the presence of PCho and binding of IgG and IgM to the bacterial surface for 319 NTHi strains collected from the nasopharynx/oropharynx, middle ear, and lower respiratory tract. PCho detection was higher for NTHi strains collected from the nasopharynx/oropharynx, which was associated with increased binding of IgM and IgG to the bacterial surface. Binding of CRP and IgM to the bacterial surface of PChohighNTHi strains increased complement-mediated killing, which was largely dependent on PCho-specific IgM. The levels of PCho-specific IgM varied in sera from 12 healthy individuals, and higher PCho-specific IgM levels were associated with increased complement-mediated killing of a PChohighNTHi strain. In conclusion, incorporation of PCho on the LOS of NTHi marks the bacterium for binding of CRP and IgM, resulting in complement-mediated killing. Therefore, having a lower PCho might be beneficial in situations where sufficient PCho-specific antibodies and complement are present.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document