A technique for skin application of exact doses ofNippostrongylus brasiliensisto rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Tindall ◽  
P. A. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Polythene Film ◽  
New System

ABSTRACTConventional methods for percutaneous infection of rats using third-stage juveniles ofNippostrongylus brasiliensiswhich have been artificially stimulated to exsheath lead to highly variable, and relatively poor, establishment in the intestine. A new system has been developed in which larvae applied to the skin still remain partially sheathed, as they would be in nature. Cultures of the freeliving stages of the parasite contain an annulus of clear, colourless polythene film to which some of the third-stage juveniles attach. Rats are infected with an individually counted, exact dose applied to the skin on polythene. Using this technique (‘EDT20Nb’), consistently high values for the mean proportion of the dose that becomes establishedhave been obtained, along with a variance well below the normally accepted level (from a total of 73 rats in 12 separate assays). In particular, the added component of variance between assays in this study was insignificant, so that the probability of quantitative agreement in replicate experiments based on the method is high. It is recommended for an experimental design in which small numbers of parasites can be used.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor IV Methergine and IM Oxytocin

2021 ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
K. Sharmila
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Management ◽  
P Value ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage Of Labor ◽  
Group I ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Mean

Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) has been more common over the last three decades, accounting for 11% of all pregnancy-related deaths in the United States. In the third stage of labour, risk classification and active management are crucial preventative techniques. To avoid negative effects, a multidisciplinary approach to PPH patient care is required. To treat uterine atony, uterotonic medicines like oxytocin are used in combination with manipulative procedures like uterine massage and balloon tamponade. The amount of blood loss, duration of the third stage, need for MRP, incidence of PPH, need for repeated oxytocics, and its side effects were measured in Group I 100 women who were administered injection oxytocin 10 IU injection methergin 0.2 mg IV within one minute of the baby's delivery. The mean blood loss at vaginal delivery in Group I was 100-150 ml and in group I P value 0.027, which was statistically significant .In  Group II was 160-200 ml with P value 0.036, which was statistically significant. The mean duration of third stag labour in Group 1 was 124.6 min and Group 2 was 144.8 min intravenous methergin is a better uterotonic when compared to intramuscular oxytocin to reduce the amount of blood loss at delivery and prevent complications like atonic PPH.

scholarly journals TENDENCIES AND PROBLEMS OF THE ALTERNATION OF ASSESSMENT OF PUPILS’ ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROGRESS IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF LITHUANIAN EDUCATION REFORM

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Lina Vaškelienė ◽  
Antanina Grabauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Idiographic Assessment ◽  
Modern System ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
New System

With reference to educational documents and articles of scholars and teachers-practitioners, this arti-cle analyzes the tendencies and problems of the alternation of the assessment of pupils’ achievements and progress in primary school in the plane of education reform; the aim is also to reveal the input of Lithuanian scholars and teachers-practitioners on purpose of creating a new system of assessment. The analysis of the stages of education reform demonstrated that all stages emphasize the necessity to democratize pupils’ as-sessment system with a gradual transition towards idiographic assessment and a refusal to assess primary school children with marks. In response to the requirements of the education reform, in 1998–2004 the scholars gave most attention to a theoretical grounding of the assessment of pupils’ progress. In the third stage of Lithuanian education reform (2003–2008) methodical articles prevail which offer various versions of assessment, achievement books, whereas the attention of the scholars towards the system of assessment is decreasing. With reference to this, we make an assumption that the removal of scholars in the third stage of the reform was the main reason for teachers and students to be unsatisfied with the modern system of as-sessment. Key words: primary education, pupils’ learning achievements, progress, assessment, alternation of the as-sessment.

scholarly journals Different Doses of Intraumbilical Oxytocin on the Third Stage of Labor

2018 ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Nurul Islamy ◽  
Nuswil Bernolian ◽  
Firmansyah BasiR ◽  
Theodorus Theodorus
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Randomised Study ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage Of Labor ◽  
Treatment Dose ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post Hoc

  Objective: To compare the dose of oxytocin injected intraumbilicalltowards the duration of the third stage, blood loss volume, hemoglobinand hematocrit.   Methods: This study is a prospective randomised study with acontrol. The control group was given an intramuscular injection of10 IU oxytocin. The intervention of the three groups intraumbilicaloxytocin treatment dose of 10 IU, 20 IU and 30 IU diluted in 50 ml ofnormal saline solution and administered intraumbilically. Thesample selection by purposive sampling and the distribution groupbased on systematic random sampling (10 samples each). Data weretaken from the period April 2016-January 2017 with the inclusionand exclusion criteria. Data were analysed using Chi-square, T-test,ANOVA and Post hoc tests.   Results: Characteristics study for variables of age, occupation,parity, education, episiotomy and neonates weight showed homogeneouscharacteristics. The mean duration of the third stage forall groups was between 366.7  159.0 seconds and 440.1  244.99seconds. While the average number of postpartum haemorrhage forall group 61.894  226.3ml and 309.5  110.26 ml. There were nodifferences in the dose of oxytocin on the duration of the thirdstage (p> 0.05) and the amount of bleeding (p> 0.005). There was adifference of haemoglobin between intervention group of oxytocindose of 10 IU and 30 IU intraumbilical (p = 0.031). There was nodifference between the mean hematocrit levels between the groups(p> 0.005).   Conclusion: There were no differences in the dose of oxytocinintraumbilical towards the duration of the third stage, the amountof bleeding and hematocrit levels. The decrease of haemoglobingreater in 30 IU intraumbilical significantly. Keywords: duration of the third stage, haemoglobin and hematocrit,oxytocin intraumbilical, the amount of bleeding

scholarly journals Duration of life-cycle of three parasitic hymenoptera on Saissetia oleαe (Bernard) growing on two different host plants.

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
M.V. Macropodi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Correlation Equation ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
The Third ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Release Area ◽  
The Mean

In this work the duration of the life-cycle of Metaphycus helvolus (Comp.) (parasite mainly on the third stage), Μetaphycus affinis stanley (Comp.) (parasite mainly on the third stage) and Μetaphycus lounsburyi (How.) (parasite mainly on the fourth stage) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on S. οleae, developed on different substrates, i.e. potato sprouts and plants of Nerium oleander, under laboratory conditions was determined. Among the Hymenoptera parasitizing S. oleae on Corfu, M, helvolus and M. lounsburyi, are of particular importance M. affinis stanley was introduced in Corfu in 1976 and despite the fact that the population of S. οleae in the release area was practically eliminated from other factors shortly after the release of the parasite, there is evidence that the parasite was finally established. The above parasites can be successfully reared on S. οleae developed both on potato sprouts and Nerium oleander. The study was carried out at 23±1°C, 65-70% R.H. and 12 hours of artificial light per day. For each species, 3 potato sprouts and three plants of Nerium oleander in pots infested with S. οleae were placed in each 60X30X40 cm cage. The host insects were oviposited in by adult parasites introduced into the cages and left there for two days. The number of emerging adult parasites in each cage was recorded daily (a total number of adults emerged per cage varied from 23 to 195) and the time taken for 50% emergence was calculated from the correlation equation by plotting the cumulative percentage of adults emerged against time. For M. helvolus the mean duration time of the life cycle was estimated to be 19.4 days on scales developed on potato sprouts and 15.1 days on scales developed on N. oleander. For M. affinis stanley the relevant estimates were 18.8 days and 23.4 days, respectively, while for M. lounsburvi the estimates were 21.3 and 18.6 days, respectively. For M. helvolus and M. lounsburyi the duration of the life cycle was shorter when the host insect developed on Nerium plants than on potato sprouts. For M. affinis stanley the reverse was true. These differences show the effect of the host of S. oleae on the time of development of the parasites, possibly reflecting the differences of the scale insect developed on different hosts as food quality for the parasites.

Criteria for a proof of migration routes of immature parasites inside hosts exemplified by studies of Strongyloides ratti in the rat

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Tindall ◽  
P. A. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
General Context ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYThe first rigorous proof applicable to the migration pathway of an infective juvenile macroparasite inside its host is presented. Third-stage larvae of a homogonic strain of Strongyloides ratti applied in exact doses of less than 20 to the skin of the flank of young rats were recovered 16–40 h later in the naso-frontal part of the head. The peak proportion of the dose recovered between 20 and 25 h in this site had a mean value of 0·316 ± 0·021 in 48 animals. In 40 other rats infected simultaneously the mean proportion of the dose that reached the small intestine was at least 0·837+0·013. Proof resides in verification of the inequality > 1. With appropriate statistical tests the excess of the sum of the means of these two proportions over unity is shown to have a probability of occurring by chance of 1 in 3·5 × 106. Thus it is effectively certain that the naso-frontal portion of the head is part of at least one pathway taken by this parasite on its way from the skin to the intestine of its host. By suitable protection of the infection site it was confirmed that migration to the head was achieved by an internal route and not as a result of grooming. Larvae were recovered from the cranium in the same rats over the period 15–40 h, but the peak proportion of the dose occurred at 20 h, and < in this location. Whether the cranium is also part of the pathway is therefore still undecided. The significance of this novel analysis in the general context of in-host migration of infective stages is discussed and it is concluded, following its application to data sets from other authors, that the only cases in which proof can be demonstrated are the anterior skull of the rat for S. ratti (present data) and the lung of the same host for Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Twohy, 1956).

scholarly journals A Study on the Development of Cranial Traction Therapy Program for Facial Non-Symmertric Correction -Utilize Delphi Technique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hea-Ju Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Delphi Technique ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Hard Tissues ◽  
The Mean

The purpose of this study is to develop a cranial traction therapy program to help correct facial asymmetry of the hard tissues through the means of the treatment of soft tissues&mdash;a non-surgical therapeutic method for the correcting of facial asymmetry. We have formed a group of experts who have agreed to the study. In the primary survey, open questions were used. In the second survey, the results of the first survey were summarized and the degree of agreement was presented to the questions in each category. In the third survey, we conducted a statistical analysis of the degree of agreement on each item of question. All surveys also performed email. The distribution was calculated using the SPSS (ver.23.0) program, and the mean difference between the result and X&sup2; was calculated. The significance level was set to p&amp;lt;.05. Most of the questions attained a certain level of consensus by the experts (average of 4.0 or higher), it can be said that most are important and suitable questions. the results regarding the degree of importance for each of the points of evaluation made by the groups of experts in both the second and third stage of the cranial traction therapy program were verified using content validity ratio (CVR 77). The ratio for the cranial traction 13 points of evaluation was within the range of 0.40&sim;1.00, so the Delphi program for the cranial traction therapy verified that the content was valid.

scholarly journals Exploring Student’s Ability in Applying Writing Mechanism in Recount Text

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Onda Purba
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Score Range

This study is carried out with the purposed that after gives the test by recount text. The students are hoped can be able to increase their ability in applying writing mechanism. This study is non-experimental research. Non-experimental is used as the mean in collecting the data. The population of this study was the students at the Third Grade of MAN Model Sorong in the years 2014/2015, by the number were 180 students. The sample of this study was the students of XII IPA I by the number were 23 students. The writer used only one test and non-experimental design in this study. The result of study was presented into tables and had explained by percentage. In analysing data, the writer used table of category and score range in writing based on Sahidu. The result of this study showed that there were 11 students in excellent category (47,8%), 7 students in good category (30,4%), 4 students in average category (17.3%) and the last in poor category 1 student (4,34%). The mean from 23 students, there are 11 students almost writing perfectly in using the 6 elements in punctuation and capital letters. The writer concluded that ability of the students in XII IPA I in MAN MODEL Sorong was used capital letters and punctuation good enough.

Penetration of mammalian skin by the infective larva ofNippostrongylus brasiliensis

Parasitology ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Infective Larva ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Mammalian Skin

The behaviour of the third-stage larvae ofNippostrongylus brasiliensishas been studied on rat, mouse and human skin. Locomotion in thin films of moisture is by two-dimensional, undulatory propulsion on skin, and by three-dimensional, undulatory propulsion on hairs. In drops of water or in thick films of moisture locomotion is less efficient than in thin films. It is suggested that the thin film of moisture around larvae on the skin may become coated with a thin monolayer of lipid which could reduce evaporation from the surface of the nematode and from the film of moisture, thus extending the period before desiccation begins. Studies with the electron microscope have shown that the larvae move horizontally into the stratum corneum and later penetrate the epidermis and dermis by separating the constituent cells of these tissues. In the dermis there is dissolution of collagen around the larvae. It is suggested that this separation of cells and dissolution of collagen need not be brought about by enzyme action, as similar effects can be brought about by changes in pH or ionic composition of the bathing medium.

An electron microscope study of the body wall of the third-stage larva of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

Parasitology ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Matrix Layer ◽  
Inner Cortex ◽  
Excretory Canal

The cuticle of the third-stage larva of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis consists of seven layers: an outer triple-layered membrane, a double-layered outer cortex, an inner cortex, a matrix layer, a striated layer and two fibril layers. In each ‘annule’ two fibres run transversely around the nematode and lie between the inner cortex and the matrix layer. There is no basement lamella.The hypodermis is a thin layer between the muscles and the cuticle, but expands to form the dorsal, ventral and lateral cords. The nerves lie between the plasma membrane of the hypodermis and the basement membrane or between the plasma membrane of the hypodermis and the sarcolemma of the muscles. The muscle cells are typical of those described previously for nematodes. The ‘myofibrils’ are apparently similar to those of Ascaris.An excretory canal is present in each lateral cord and is enclosed by the basement membrane but is not embedded in the hypodermal tissue. Numerous small vesicles appear to move across the wall of the excretory canal and open into the central lumen.I am grateful to Dr P. Tate, Dr R. W. Horne and Dr K. A. Wright for helpful discussions, to Professor C. P. Read and Dr A. Enders for the use of facilities at Rice University, Houston, Texas and to Professor J. D. Boyd for permission to use the electron microscope in the Department of Anatomy. Thanks are also due to Mr A. J. Page for technical assistance.

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