Finding the most effective cerumenolytic

AbstractAim:To conduct anin-vitrostudy to determine the most effective topical cerumenolytic.Method:Cerumen was collected from patients who attended the ENT out-patient clinic. The collected cerumen was formed into a homogeneous ball. Discs of wax were punched out and weighed to create samples of uniform shape and size. Each cerumen sample was placed in a tube which contained one of six test solutions. The tubes were observed at specific time points. Digital photographs were taken to record the degree of cerumen disintegration. The cerumen discs were then removed from the solutions, dried and re-weighed.Results:Distilled water caused the greatest reduction in the mass of the cerumen disc. Cerumen placed in distilled water and in sodium bicarbonate solution showed substantial disintegration at 12 hours. Cerumen placed in solutions containing oil-based agents showed no visible sign of disintegration and no reduction in dried weight.Conclusion:Distilled water resulted in the greatest degree of cerumenolysis. Oil-based cerumenolytics were ineffective.

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Comparison of the Cerumenolytic Activities of New and Currently Used Agents

Ear Nose & Throat Journal ◽

10.1177/0145561320986060 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 014556132098606

Author(s):

Nguyen Quynh Anh ◽

Pawin Numthavaj ◽

Thongchai Bhongmakapat

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Glycolic Acid ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Moderate Amount ◽

All Solutions

Objectives: This study compared the cerumen dissolution activities of 7.5% sodium bicarbonate, 5% potassium hydroxide, 10% lactic acid, 3% salicylic acid, 10% glycolic acid, and distilled water. Methods: An in vitro study was conducted with 36 cerumen samples. The cerumenolytic activities of the 6 agents were assessed by recording the degree of cerumen disintegration using digital photography at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 12 hours. The undissolved cerumen that remained after 12 hours was removed from the solutions and weighed after drying. Results: Potassium hydroxide showed the fastest cerumenolytic activity, dissolving a moderate amount of cerumen at 30 minutes, while glycolic acid and salicylic acid caused no visible changes in the cerumen samples. Samples treated with potassium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate exhibited higher degrees of disintegration compared to samples treated with distilled water (odds ratio and 95% CI: 273.237 [0.203-367 470.4] and 1.129 [0.002-850.341], respectively). The greatest reduction in cerumen weight was associated with the use of sodium bicarbonate; however, this result did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Among the solutions tested, 5% potassium hydroxide showed the fastest dissolution activity, yielding moderate disintegration within only 30 minutes. In terms of residual cerumen weight within 12 hours, all solutions exhibited equivalent effectiveness in the disintegration of cerumen.

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Effect of Two Antioxidants Agents on Microtensile Bond Strength to Bleached Enamel

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201600757 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 532-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marina Studart Alencar ◽

◽

Juliana Fraga Soares Bombonatti ◽

Rafael Massunari Maenosono ◽

Ana Flávia Soares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽

Sodium Ascorbate ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy Data ◽

Microtensile Bond Strength ◽

Etch And Rinse ◽

Bovine Enamel

Abstract This in vitro study evaluated the effect of sodium bicarbonate and sodium ascorbate on the microtensile bond strength of an etch-and-rinse system to bleached bovine enamel. Sixty bovine enamel blocks (4x4 mm) were flattened and randomly allocated into 5 groups: G1 (negative control): without treatment; G2 (positive control): bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP); G3: bleached and stored for 7 days in artificial saliva before restorative procedures; G4: bleached and treated with 10% sodium bicarbonate solution for 5 min; G5: bleached and treated with 10% sodium ascorbate hydrogel for 15 min. HP gel was applied twice (20 min each, except in G1) and the adhesive restorations were performed. After 24 h, the specimens were sectioned into sticks and submitted to microtensile bond strength testing with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min (n=12). As a complementary visual observation, the enamel surfaces of the G1 and G2 specimens were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). The means (standard deviation) were: G1: 24.22±7.74; G2: 18.29±5.88; G3: 40.88±7.95; G4: 19.95±5.67 and G5: 24.43±6.43. Adhesive failures were predominant in all groups. The comparison between the treatments indicates that waiting 7 days after bleaching is still the most effective approach. When this waiting period is not possible, application of sodium ascorbate or sodium bicarbonate seems to be a good alternative. Therefore, the practicality of obtaining sodium bicarbonate in the bleaching kits and its higher stability enables its clinical use.

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Vitamin E and reduced glutathione in Prochilodus lineatus (curimba) semen cryopreservation (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

Neotropical Ichthyology ◽

10.1590/s1679-62252012005000016 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 661-665 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniella A. J. Paula ◽

Estefânia S. Andrade ◽

Luis D. S. Murgas ◽

Viviane O. Felizardo ◽

Elissandra U. Winkaler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Reduced Glutathione ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Prochilodus Lineatus ◽

Semen Cryopreservation ◽

Cryoprotectant Solution

This study investigated the addition of antioxidants vitamin E and reduced glutathione on curimba (Prochilodus lineatus) semen cryopreservation and compared sodium bicarbonate solution and distilled water as activators. The experiment was conducted at the environmental station of CEMIG, in Itutinga-MG, Brazil, between December/2009 and January/2010. Semen samples (n = 7) with semen motility above 80% were diluted in cryoprotectant solutions composed of 10% methanol, 15% lactose and containing different concentrations of antioxidants: 50 (VE50), 100 (VE100) and 250 (VE250) µM of vitamin E, and 0.5 (RG0.5), 1.0 (RG1.0) and 1.5 (RG1.5) mM of reduced glutathione. A solution without antioxidants was used as a control. The semen was diluted at a ratio of 1:4 (100 ìL semen:400 ∝L cryoprotectant solution). The toxicity of the solutions was evaluated by investigating semen motility after 10 min in the solution. The rest of the diluted semen was placed into 0.5 mL straws maintained in nitrogen vapour for 24 hours and packed into a nitrogen liquid cylinder for four days. The samples were thawed in a water bath at 60°C for 8 s and the rate (%) and duration (s) of semen activation with distilled water or sodium bicarbonate was evaluated. In the toxicity test, we found that vitamin E and reduced glutathione were not toxic to curimba semen at any of the tested concentrations (P>0.05). The duration of motility was longer (P<0.05) in semen activated with sodium bicarbonate 1% (163 ± 11 s), which was considered the best activator for semen under these conditions. No significant differences were found between the cryoprotectant solutions used after freezing (P>0.05). Thus, the antioxidants vitamin E and reduced glutathione did not improve the quality of cryopreserved curimba semen, but they did not cause toxic effects to the semen in natura and they did not decrease its quality during cryopreservation.

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Pharmacokinetics of the Antiviral Agent β-l-3′-Fluoro-2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine in Rhesus Monkeys

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.49.2.560-564.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 560-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ghazia Asif ◽

Selwyn J. Hurwitz ◽

Giuseppe Gumina ◽

Chung K. Chu ◽

Harold M. McClure ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Dose ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Half Life ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Oral Absorption ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT β-l-3′-Fluoro-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (l-3′-Fd4C) is a potent and selective antiretroviral nucleoside with activity against lamivudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro. The pharmacokinetics of l-3′-Fd4C were characterized in three rhesus monkeys given single intravenous and oral doses. A two-compartment open model was fitted to the plasma and urine data. Plasma concentrations declined in a biexponential fashion with an average beta half-life of 12.45 h and central and steady-state volumes of distribution of 0.43 and 1.90 liters/kg, respectively. The average systemic and renal clearance values were 0.23 and 0.08 liters/kg, respectively, and the apparent mean terminal half-life of the oral dose was 12.5 h. The serum concentrations exceeded the 90% effective concentration value for lamivudine-resistant and wild-type HIV-1 after oral administrations. A large variation was observed in the oral bioavailability, which ranged from 15 to 31%. To determine whether the bioavailability may be improved by using a basic buffer solution, the oral dose was repeated to the same animals in a sodium bicarbonate solution. The bioavailability of l-3′-Fd4C administered with sodium bicarbonate was not significantly different from the bioavailability when the oral dose was administered in the absence of buffer (P = 0.49), suggesting that further development of this compound may warrant other approaches, such as development of a prodrug to improve its oral absorption.

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Effect of Processing on the Soluble Carbohydrate Content of Lentils

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-55.4.301 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 301-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

CONCEPCIÓN VIDAL-VAL VERDE ◽

JUANA FRÍAS ◽

SERAFÍN VAL VERDE

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Acid Solution ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Lens Culinaris ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽

The Other ◽

Raw Material ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Citric Acid Solution

Lentils (Lens culinaris), like other legumes, are important both nutritionally and agriculturally. Soaking of lentil drastically reduce the quantities of α-galactosides present in the raw material (45–100% reduction). Analysis of the soaking medium (distilled water, 0.1% citric acid solution, 0.07% sodium bicarbonate solution) showed that these losses could not be explained by leaching alone, since the α-galactosides in the soaking medium amounted to only 1–10% of the recorded losses. Other monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) underwent a conspicuous increase (120 and 280% respectively) after soaking. The results indicate that during the 9 h soaking period the sugars in the lentils underwent a metabolic mobilization reminiscent of the changes taking place during germination. Cooking of the soaked lentils modified the α-galactoside content only slightly. On the other hand fructose, glucose, and sucrose decreased significantly during cooking. Soaking and cooking in water led to removal of a substantial proportion of the flatulence-causing oligosaccharides.

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Bonding to bleached enamel treated with 10% sodium bicarbonate: a one-year follow-up

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2014.v17i4.1046 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Carla Müller Ramos ◽

Odair Bim Junior ◽

Raphaela Farias Rodrigues ◽

Rafael Massunari Maenosono ◽

Marina Studart Alencar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Clinical Performance ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽

Adhesive Systems ◽

Clinical Considerations ◽

Composite Resin Restorations ◽

One Year

Objective. This article is a brief review about in vitro proposals to overcome the low bond strength values to bleached dental surfaces through a one-year follow-up case report of the immediate replacement of composite resin restorations after enamel bleaching. Clinical considerations. The presence of residual oxygen after bleaching may be responsible for inhibiting the polymerization of the monomers present in the adhesive systems, leading to the failure of the restorative procedure. The use of antioxidants, especially the 10% sodium bicarbonate solution (SB), could be a fast and practical alternative to improve the bond strength of these restorations. In office bleaching with hydrogen peroxide 35% (Lase Peroxide Sense, DMC, Ribeirão Preto, SP, BRA) was performed followed by the removal of the unsatisfactory restorations. Then, the BS was applied and the new adhesive restorations were placed. After one year, the clinical performance of the restorations were successful, showing no signs of failure nor infiltration. Conclusions. The use of the 10% sodium bicarbonate in bleached enamel seems to be a viable alternative for clinical practice.

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SEM Evaluation of Fluoride Pretreatment Effects on Acid-Etching of Caries-Like Enamel Lesions In Vitro

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100098861 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 474-475

Author(s):

M. John Hicks

Keyword(s):

Dental Enamel ◽

Preventive Measure ◽

Acid Etching ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Adhesive Resin ◽

Fluoride Treatment ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Pretreatment Effects ◽

Preparation Techniques

Acid-etching of enamel surfaces has been performed routinely to bond adhesive resin materials to sound dental enamel as a caries-preventive measure. The effect of fluoride pretreatment on acid-etching of enamel has been reported to produce inconsistent and unsatisfactory etching patterns. The failure to obtain an adequate etch has been postulated to be due to fluoride precipitation products deposited on the enamel surface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fluoride pretreatment on acid-etching of carieslike lesions of human dental enamel.Caries-like lesions of enamel were created in vitro on human molar and premolar teeth. The teeth were divided into two fluoride treatment groups. The specimens were exposed for 4 minutes to either a 2% Sodium Fluoride (NaF) solution or a 10% Stannous Fluoride (SnF2) solution. The specimens were then washed in deionized-distilled water. Each tooth was sectioned into four test regions. This was carried out to compare the effects of various time exposures (0 to 2 minutes) and differing concentrations (10 to 60% w/w) of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) on etching of caries-like lesions. Standard preparation techniques for SEM were performed on the specimens.

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Preparation and Evaluation of Gemifloxacin Mesylate Floating Matrix Tablets in Healthy Human Volunteers

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2017.10.1.8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 3623-3630

Author(s):

Bhikshapathi D. V. R. N. ◽

Haarika B ◽

Jyothi Sri S ◽

K Abbulu

Keyword(s):

Drug Release ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Polymer Concentration ◽

Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽

Matrix Tablets ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Drug Bioavailability ◽

Floating Tablets

The purpose of present investigation was to develop floating matrix tablets of gemifloxacin mesylate, which after oral administration could prolong the gastric residence time, increase the drug bioavailability and diminish the side effects of irritating drugs. Tablets containing drug, various viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose such as HPMC K4M and HPMC K15M as matrix forming agent, Sodium bicarbonate as gas-forming agent and different additives were tested for their usefulness in formulating gastric floating tablets by direct compression method. The physical parameters, in vitro buoyancy, release characteristics and in vivo radiographic study were investigated in this study. The gemifloxacin mesylate floating tablets were prepared using HPMC K4M polymer giving more sustained drug release than the tablet containing HPMC K15M. All these formulations showed floating lag time of 30 to 47 sec and total floating time more than 12 h. The drug release was decreased when polymer concentration increases and gas generating agent decreases. Formulation that contains maximum concen-tration of both HPMC K15M and sodium bicarbonate (F9) showing sufficiently sustained with 99.2% of drug release at 12 h. The drug release from optimized formulation follows Higuchi model that indicates the diffusion controlled release. The best formulation (F9) was selected based on in vitro characteristics and used in vivo radiographic studies by incorporating barium sulphate as a radio-opaque agent and the tablet remained in the stomach for about 6 h.

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Seed-borne fungi of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides in Botswana.

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.11.005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 5016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. B. Khare* ◽

Loeto D. ◽

Wale K. ◽

Salani M.

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Continuous Light ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Percentage Germination ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

Hypochlorite Solution ◽

Cowpea Cultivars ◽

Petri Plate

Seeds of three cowpea cultivars namely Black eye, ER 7 and Tswana obtained from the Department of Agriculture Research, Gaborone were tested for the presence of seed-borne fungi, and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides. Four hundred fifty seeds of each cultivar of cowpea were disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min and washed three times with sterile distilled water before placing them in PDA plates (5 seeds/9 cm Petri plate), incubated at 22±2o C for 12 hour each under continuous light and dark. A total of eight fungi were detected from seeds of cowpea. These were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium equisiti, F. oxyaporum, Penicillium chyrosogenum, Rhizopus oligosporus and R. stolonifer. Rhizopus spp. were dominant fungi recovered from seeds, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon. The fungi detected resulted in decay and rotting of seeds, and thereby reducing percentage germination of seeds (22%, 37% and 63 % seed germination in Black eye, ER7 and Tswana varieties of cowpea respectively). Out of four fungicides tested, benlate, captan, dithane M 45 and chlorothalanil. Dithane M45 effectively controlled seed-borne fungi, and enhanced seed germination to an average of 86% (93% germination with no fungi detected in Tswana variety) as compared to chlorothalonile (79%), benlate and captan (77%) and un-treated seeds (45%). The fungal incidence was reduced to 2.3%, 4.3%, 5.3% and 5.3% when seeds were treated with dithane M-45, chlorothalonil, benlate and captan respectively as compared to 62% in non-treated seeds.

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