Planning in Africa

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelmalek Ben-Amor ◽  
Frederick Clairmonte
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Developed Countries

Economic planning is now a commonly acclaimed ideal in the underdeveloped countries, particularly in Africa. Both the theory and the practice were transmitted by the developed countries. Certainly, the advanced economies have very different conceptions of planning, depending on whether they are centrally planned or market-oriented. The former embrace economic planning by ideological predilection; the latter are moving in the direction of ‘indicative’ planning, or at least state intervention on an extended scale. This course was induced by the goad of the crisis-ridden years of the great depression, the exigencies of World War II, the pressures of post-war reconstruction, and the stupendous technological and organisational revolution of our times. In the metropolitan countries—France, Belgium, and the United Kingdom—the idea and practice of economic planning was propagated to the colonies during and after the war.

scholarly journals Contracts in Underdeveloped Countries

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (09) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
Brian Harris
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
British Government ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Third World ◽  
University Council

A number of schemes exist to provide aid from the developed countries to those countries which are less privileged and belong to the Third World. For example, the official Guide Book (1978) of the Inter-University Council states: The Inter-University Council for Higher Education (IUC) was established in 1946 by the Universities in the United Kingdom, at the request of the British Government, to assist the advancement of higher education in developing countries and, to this end, to encourage co-operation between Universities in those countries and Universities in the United Kingdom … In 1970 the IUC became a corporate, independent body and entered into a general agreement with the Ministry of Overseas Development which provided that all British official aid to the Universities with which it was associated should as soon as possible be co-ordinated by the Council.’

Charles de Gaulle and European Community

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
David Ramiro Troitino ◽  
Tanel Kerikmae ◽  
Olga Shumilo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
European Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Charles De Gaulle ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Post War ◽  
De Gaulle

This article highlights the role of Charles de Gaulle in the history of united post-war Europe, his approaches to the internal and foreign French policies, also vetoing the membership of the United Kingdom in the European Community. The authors describe the emergence of De Gaulle as a politician, his uneasy relationship with Roosevelt and Churchill during World War II, also the roots of developing a “nationalistic” approach to regional policy after the end of the war. The article also considers the emergence of the Common Agricultural Policy (hereinafter - CAP), one of Charles de Gaulle’s biggest achievements in foreign policy, and the reasons for the Fouchet Plan defeat.

Strength and Impotence. The Developing Countries and the Development in New Territories

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Willy Østreng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Third World

This article examines the possible political and economic effects of large-scale mineral extraction from the seabed. The findings presented indicate that development in new territories may conceivably serve to exacerbate existing conflict dimensions, notably the North/South dimension in global politics. Because of the developed countries' monopoly on know-how and economic capability, exploration and exploitation of the inorganic resources of the ocean floor has de facto been the exclusive domain of these countries. On the basis of this the author shows that if large-scale production of seabed resources should become a reality in the near future, the underdeveloped countries will be forced to watch it from the sidelines. As a consequence, the exploitation of offshore raw materials will probably contribute to the further widening of the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries. Further commenting on the fact that the latter today are the main producers of the most promising seabed resources, the author expresses the view that exploitation will have a detrimental effect on the economics of the Third World countries, since it might lead to overproduction and price reductions.

Environmental Management - The Double Edged Sword: A Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Durgesh Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Pollution ◽  
Environmental Management ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Ultraviolet Rays ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Dangerous Level

Incessant floods and deluge, sudden droughts, tsunami, continuously warming up of the weather, asthma, allergy, breathlessness, time and again, remind of severe problems taking place in our environment. Air pollution and water pollution have kept on baffling us over a period of time since long ages. Initially the advanced countries went for uncontrolled industrialisation ignoring their aftermath on the environment. Dangerous gases mounted up in the environment increasing the pollution in air as well as in water. Not only was it in CO2 and CO mounting up to the above dangerous level but slowly and steadily, damaging the ozone layer too thereby, permitting the ultraviolet rays to reach to the human civilization. Afterwards, the underdeveloped nations have also been following the same path of industrialisation, thereby, adding up to the already preserved prolonged diseases of environment. The developed countries blame developing nations for the pollution issues and greenhouse effect. And the underdeveloped countries cross blame the developed ones for the same. Overall, the environmental issues have come up as the most important issues for the survival of the mankind if the suitable step is not taken to preserve the climate and the environment. Government and the industries have to join hands to combat this menace. This paper proposes to discuss the reasons for the environmental problems and the possible solutions to combat them specially global warming and the climate change.

The House and the Federal Role: A Computer Simulation of Roll-Call Voting

1968 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 494-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
White House ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Post War ◽  
The New Deal

Much of the business of the U.S. Congress in the post war period has involved issues concerning the size and scope of activities of the federal government. The legislation in this area can be traced, for the most part, to measures which originated during the period of the New Deal in response to the Great Depression and to measures enacted during World War II to meet the short-run exigencies attendant to rapid economic and social mobilization. From the point of view of the expansion of the federal role, the Eisenhower years are of some moment. While they marked a lull in the expansionist trend witnessed under the Democratic presidencies of Roosevelt and Truman, their significance lies in the fact that despite the change in adminsitrations, there was no reversal of the policies begun during the Roosevelt years. While most of the Republican legislators were on record in opposition to the expansion of the federal role, the failure of the Republican Party to introduce and enact legislation to reverse the trend of federal expansion resulted in a new plateau of federal activity from which the congressional dialogue was to proceed during the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations.While the 87th Congress, meeting during Kennedy's first two years in the White House, did not enact the quantity of legislation expanding the federal role that Kennedy had called for in his inaugural, In the 88th Congress both parties supported a larger federal role to a greater extent than they had previously. In fact the first sessions of the 88th Congress as it bears on the federal role has been summed up as follows: “At no time did the majority of both parties reject a larger federal role.” (Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1963, p. 724) With two exceptions, the statement holds true for the second session in 1964.

The rate of profit and economic stagnation in the United States economy

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
Fred Moseley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Debt Burden ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
United States Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post War ◽  
Rate Of Profit

AbstractIn the first thirty years after World War II, the US economy performed very well. The rate of growth averaged 4—5%, the rate of unemployment was seldom above 5%, inflation was almost non-existent (1—2%), and the living standards of workers improved steadily. These were the ‘good old days'. However, this long period of expansion and prosperity ended in the 1970s. Since then, both the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation have been much higher than before, and the average real wages of workers (i.e. the purchasing power of wages) have declined some 20%. Productivity growth has also slowed down and the debt burden of both capitalist enterprises and the Federal government has increased dramatically. It is in this sense that we may refer to the ‘economic crisis’ of the US economy over the last two decades. This crisis has certainly not been as severe as the Great Depression of the 1930s, but the economic performance has been significantly worse than in the early post-war period.

The International Monetary Fund in Economic Development: Equality and Discrimination

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-48
Author(s):  
F. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
International Finance ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

While the demand for economic development by underdeveloped countries has a long history, two landmarks call for brief comment: 1960, when a massinflux of newly-independent underdeveloped countries lent political strength to their clamours; and 1973, when the spectacular rise in oil prices became a potential weapon of the developing countries. The chief political forum of the latter has been the General Assembly of the United Nations, but battle has also been done in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), chief forum on international trade. Some concessions have been wrested from the developed countries, but progress in the two chief fora of public international finance, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, has been slow. Both of these international institutions have become the focus of manoeuvre between the developing and the developed countries.

scholarly journals The Secular Stagnation Hypothes is and the Future of Europe’s Advanced Economies

Politeja ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3(66)) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Artur F. Tomeczek
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
Secular Stagnation ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Natural Rate Of Interest

The secular stagnation hypothesis originated in the late 1930s when Alvin Hansen proposed that the American economy will experience a prolonged depression because of the slowdown in demographics. Widely discussed in the aftermath of the Great Depression, interest in this hypothesis has waned as the world entered a period of rapid economic growth after World War II. In the years following the Great Recession, the secular stagnation hypothesis has once again come to the forefront of economic research when Lawrence Summers introduced the so‑called “new secular stagnation hypothesis.” This article aims to establish whether the secular stagnation hypothesis is relevant to the future of Europe’s advanced economies. Two main symptoms of secular stagnation (demographic slowdown and decline in the natural rate of interest) are especially noticeable in Western Europe. The article has three parts. Part one contains a theoretical overview of the secular stagnation hypothesis. Part two comprises the empirical analysis of the macroeconomic situation in selected advanced economies in Europe and a short review of findings in the literature on the natural rate of interest. Part three identifies possible future problems and provides brief policy recommendations. I conclude that Italy, and to a lesser degree, Spain and Germany, are the countries most vulnerable to secular stagnation.

scholarly journals Convergence, trade and industrial policy: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the international economy, 1900–1980

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Bértola ◽  
Gabriel Porcile
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Pattern Of Specialization ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractThis paper discusses the economic performance of three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) from a comparative perspective, using as a benchmark a group of four developed countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States). The focus is on the relative performance within the region and between the Latin American countries and the developed countries in the period 1900–1980. The paper argues that Argentina and Uruguay benefited from a privileged position in international markets at the beginning of the 20th century and this allowed them to converge. However, they failed to adjust to the major long-run change in the pattern of world trade brought about by World War I and the Great Depression, which implied a persistent decline of their export markets. On the other hand, Brazil, after having been much less successful until 1930, grew at higher rates thereafter based on rapid structural change and the building up of competitive advantages in new industrial sectors. The more vigorous Brazilian policy for industrialization and export diversification may explain why Brazil succeeded in changing its pattern of specialization, while Argentina and Uruguay were locked in to the old pattern. A typology of convergence regimes is suggested based on the growth experience of these countries.

scholarly journals "ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN URBAN SLUMS" (WITH REFERENCE TO KHANDWA CITY)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Sushila Gaikwad
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Almost All

Presently, the environment and environment that surrounds us is called Pariran. The balance of all the components in the environment is necessary in a certain proportion, but due to man's desire for rapid development and tampering with nature, this balance is slowly ending.The ever-increasing population on Earth is becoming a major cause of concern in the world today, as population growth has affected almost all countries in some way and has hindered their progress. The pressure of population is not much in the developed countries, but the situation is very pathetic in the developing and underdeveloped countries. This rate of population growth is worrying, because despite the continuous growth, most of our population is living low standard of living. Notwithstanding the unprecedented increase in food production, nutrition is not available to all. The situation is getting pathetic. Resources are running out, there is energy crisis, shortage of drinking water and environment is polluted. Due to increasing population, deforestation of forests, unnecessary exploitation of ground water, proliferation of residential colonies, lack of energy, etc. have created problems. वर्तमान में हम जिस वातावरण एवं परिवेष द्वारा चारों ओर से घिरे है उसे पर्यारण कहते है। पर्यावरण में सभी घटकों का निष्चित अनुपात में संतुलन आवष्यक है, किन्तु मनुष्य की तीव्र विकास की अभिलाषा एवं प्रकृति के साथ छेड़छाड़ के कारण यह संतुलन धीरे-धीरे समाप्त हो रहा है। पृथ्वी पर निरंतर बढ़ती जनसंख्या आज विष्व में चिंता का प्रमुख कारण बन रही है, क्योंकि जनसंख्या वृद्धि ने लगभग सभी देषों को किसी न किसी प्रकार से प्रभावित किया है और उनकी प्रगति में बाधाएं उत्पन्न की है। जनसंख्या का दबाव विकसित देषों में तो कुछ अधिक नहीं है, किंतु विकासषील व अविकसित देषों में स्थिति बहुत अधिक दयनीय है। जनसंख्या वृद्धि की यह दर चिंताजनक है, क्योंकि निरंतर विकास के बावजूद भी हमारी अधिकांष जनसंख्या निम्न जीवन स्तर जी रही है। खाद्यान उत्पादन में अपूर्व वृद्धि के बावजूद सभी को पोषक उपलब्ध नहीं है। अधिक स्थिति दयनीय हो रही है। संसाधन समाप्त हो रहे है, ऊर्जा का संकट है, पेयजल की कमी और पर्यावरण प्रदुषित है। बढ़ती जनसंख्या के कारण वनों का विनाष भूमिगत जल का अनावष्यक दोहन, आवासीय काॅलोनियों का प्रसार, ऊर्जा की कमी आदि समस्याएँ उत्पन्न हो गई है।

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