Vitamin A and carotenoids in certain invertebrates: IV. Mollusca: Loricata, Lamellibranchiata, and Gastropoda

Apart from a general account (Kon, 1954) of our work on vitamin A and carotenoids in invertebrates, our publications so far (Kon & Thompson, 1949a, b; Batham, Fisher, Henry, Kon & Thompson, 1951; Fisher, Kon & Thompson, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955) have been concerned only with marine Crustacea. We have also studied, during our investigation of the metabolism of vitamin A and its possible precursors in the sea, numerous species from most other phyla of marine invertebrates. Except for the nematode worm, Anisakis physeteris Baylis, taken from the stomach of a sperm whale, the only two phyla of invertebrate animals in which we have so far found vitamin A are the Arthropoda and the Mollusca. The vitamin was present in at least some species from each of the molluscan classes, Loricata, Gastropoda, Lamellibranchiata and Cephalopoda, but we have no information yet about the Solenogastres or the Scaphopoda of which we have analysed no representatives. So far as our studies were concerned, the cephalopods differed considerably from the other molluscs examined, and the relatively large amount of information they have provided will be more conveniently presented in a subsequent paper. The account which follows, therefore, deals only with species from the first three classes just listed.

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Genetic structure of Anisakis physeteris, and its differentiation from the Anisakis simplex complex (Ascaridida: Anisakidae)

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000051544 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 383-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

S. Mattiucci ◽

G. Nascetti ◽

L. Bullini ◽

P. Orecchia ◽

L. Paggi

Keyword(s):

Genetic Structure ◽

Life Stage ◽

Genetic Data ◽

Sperm Whale ◽

The Other ◽

Physeter Macrocephalus ◽

Trachurus Trachurus ◽

Rare Alleles ◽

Very High ◽

Anisakis Physeteris

SUMMARYThe genetic structure of Anisakis physeteris from the Mediterranean Sea has been analysed electrophoretically at 22 enzyme loci. The samples studied, although differing in the life-stage (larvae and adults), and in the host (the fishes Micromesistius poutassou and Trachurus trachurus, and the sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus) were genetically homogeneous. Of these loci 11 (Ldh, Sod, Np, Adk-2, Pgm-1, Est-1, Est-2, Acph-1, Acph-2, Lap-2 and Ca) were found to be monomorphic, while the other 11 (Sdh, Mdh, ldh, 6-Pgdh, G3pdh, Got, Adk-1, Pgm-2, Lap-1, Mpi and Gpi) showed from 2 to 7 alleles. The following values of genetic variability were estimated: He = 0·ll, P = 0·50, A = 1·95. Distinct alleles were found between A. physeteris and the A. simplex complex at 19 out of the 22 loci studied, and only few rare alleles were shared at the remaining 3 loci. The genetic divergence between A. physeteris and A. simplex A and B is therefore very high, the values of Nei’s index D being 7·384 and 6·443 respectively (I = 0·001 and 0·002). The assignation of A. physeteris and the A. simplex complex to two distinct subgenera, Skrjabinisakis and Anisakis, as proposed by Mosgovoy on a morphological basis, appears to be fully justified according to our genetic data.

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Lessons from the study of plant mating systems for exploring the causes and consequences of inbreeding in marine invertebrates

Marine Biology ◽

10.1007/s00227-021-03838-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 168 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kevin C. Olsen ◽

Will H. Ryan ◽

Ellen T. Kosman ◽

Jose A. Moscoso ◽

Don R. Levitan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mating Systems ◽

Marine Invertebrates ◽

Reproductive Traits ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Life History Variation ◽

Invertebrate Animals ◽

Plant Mating Systems ◽

Critical Insight ◽

Insight Into

AbstractMany benthic marine invertebrates resemble plants in being modular and either sessile or sedentary, and by relying on an external vector to disperse their gametes. These shared features, along with recent evidence of inbreeding in these taxa, suggest that theory and practice bearing on the evolutionary costs and benefits of inbreeding for plants could advance our understanding of the ecology and evolution of invertebrate animals. We describe how the theory for the evolution of inbreeding and outbreeding could apply to benthic invertebrates, identify and compare techniques used to quantify inbreeding in plants and animals, translate relevant botanical concepts and empirical patterns to their zoological equivalents, and articulate predictions for how inbreeding might be associated with major axes of variation in sessile and sedentary marine invertebrates. The theory of inbreeding and outbreeding provides critical insight into major patterns of life-history variation in plants and holds similar promise as a complementary perspective on the evolution of reproductive traits, lifespan, ecological strategies, and dispersal in marine invertebrates. Extending what we have learned from plants to marine invertebrates promises to broaden the general study of mating systems.

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The Computational Strength of Extensions of Weak König’s Lemma

BRICS Report Series ◽

10.7146/brics.v5i41.19486 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 5 (41) ◽

Author(s):

Ulrich Kohlenbach

Keyword(s):

Natural Number ◽

Arbitrary Function ◽

The Other ◽

Binary Trees ◽

Subsequent Paper ◽

Bounded Functions ◽

The One ◽

Weak König’S Lemma ◽

König’S Lemma

The weak König's lemma WKL is of crucial significance in the study of fragments of mathematics which on the one hand are mathematically strong but on the other hand have a low proof-theoretic and computational strength. In addition to the restriction to binary trees (or equivalently bounded trees), WKL is also `weak' in that the tree predicate is quantifier-free. Whereas in general the computational and proof-theoretic strength increases when logically more complex trees are allowed, we show that this is not the case for trees which are given by formulas in a class Phi where we allow an arbitrary function quantifier prefix over bounded functions in front of a Pi^0_1-formula. This results in a schema Phi-WKL. Another way of looking at WKL is via its equivalence to the principle For all x there exists y<=1 for all z A0(x; y; z) -> there exists f <= lambda x.1 for all x, z A0(x, fx, z); where A0 is a quantifier-free formula (x, y, z are natural number variables). We generalize this to Phi-formulas as well and allow function quantifiers `there exists g <= s' instead of `there exists y <= 1', where g <= s is defined pointwise. The resulting schema is called Phi-b-AC^0,1. In the absence of functional parameters (so in particular in a second order context), the corresponding versions of Phi-WKL and Phi-b-AC^0,1 turn out to be equivalent to WKL. This changes completely in the presence of functional variables of type 2 where we get proper hierarchies of principles Phi_n-WKL and Phi_n-b-AC^0,1. Variables of type 2 however are necessary for a direct representation of analytical objects and - sometimes - for a faithful representation of such objects at all as we will show in a subsequent paper. By a reduction of Phi-WKL and Phi-b-AC^0,1 to a non-standard axiom F (introduced in a previous paper) and a new elimination result for F relative to various fragment of arithmetic in all finite types, we prove that Phi-WKL and Phi-b-AC^0,1 do neither contribute to the provably recursive functionals of these fragments nor to their proof-theoretic strength. In a subsequent paper we will illustrate the greater mathematical strength of these principles (compared to WKL).

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Performance of polychaete assisted sand filters under contrasting nutrient loads in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-77764-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Jerónimo ◽

Ana Isabel Lillebø ◽

Andreia Santos ◽

Javier Cremades ◽

Ricardo Calado

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Particulate Organic Matter ◽

Marine Invertebrates ◽

The Other ◽

Nutrient Loads ◽

Effluent Water ◽

Lower Content ◽

Hediste Diversicolor ◽

Sand Filters

AbstractPolychaete assisted sand filters (PASFs) allow to combine a highly efficient retention of particulate organic matter (POM) present in aquaculture effluent water and turn otherwise wasted nutrients into valuable worm biomass, following an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) approach. This study evaluated the bioremediation and biomass production performances of three sets of PASFs stocked with ragworms (Hediste diversicolor) placed in three different locations of an open marine land-based IMTA system. The higher organic matter (OM) recorded in the substrate of the systems which received higher POM content (Raw and Df PASFs – filtered raw and screened by drum filter effluent, respectively) likely prompted a superior reproductive success of stocked polychaetes (final densities 2–7 times higher than initial stock; ≈1000–3000 ind. m−2). Bioremediation efficiencies of ≈70% of supplied POM (≈1.5–1.8 mg L−1) were reported in these systems. The PASFs with lower content of OM in the substrate (Df + Alg PASFs – filtered effluent previously screened by drum filter and macroalgae biofilter) differed significantly from the other two, with stocked polychaetes displaying a poorer reproductive success. The PASFs were naturally colonized with marine invertebrates, with the polychaetes Diopatra neapolitana, Terebella lapidaria and Sabella cf. pavonina being some of the species identified with potential for IMTA.

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I.—New Trilobites from the Bala Beds of Co. Waterford

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800005793 ◽

1895 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

F. R. Cowper Reed

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Anterior Margin ◽

The Other ◽

Numerous Species ◽

Preliminary Examination ◽

A New Species

Amongst the numerous species of Trilobites which occur in the impure limestones of Bala age in Co. Waterford, two new and undescribed forms were recently found by me in the course of a preliminary examination of that area. At present the exact horizon of the beds has not been determined, but they may undoubtedly be referred to the Bala series. One of the new species belongs to the genus Cybele, and is a most bizarre form, with a long, snout-like projection of the anterior margin. The other is a new species of Trinucleus, bearing some resemblance to Angelin's T. bucculentus, which occurs in beds of “regio Ba” in Norway.

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Development and Validation of a Recipe Method for Doughs

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods7100163 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 163

Author(s):

Adriana Lezama-Solano ◽

Edgar Chambers

Keyword(s):

Food Product ◽

Qualitative Studies ◽

The Other ◽

Potential User ◽

Think Aloud ◽

Preparation Process ◽

Online Surveys ◽

Total N ◽

Amount Of Information ◽

Development And Validation

Recipes have a great impact on consumers’ behavior in the kitchen; building a recipe requires the understanding of the potential user. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate different recipe styles for the preparation of doughs by understanding people’s descriptions of these. Two qualitative studies were performed (43 wheat and 50 corn dough preparers). During interviews, participants described the preparation process of the doughs using the Think Aloud technique. Finished doughs were described as not sticky, soft, and pliable. Based on these descriptions, five recipes were created: not detailed, detailed, very detailed, paragraph-form, and ‘with images’. Recipes were validated in two online surveys (total n = 600), where respondents evaluated the easiness, likeability, likelihood of using, helpfulness, and amount of information. Respondents considered the recipe with images as easier and more helpful. The very detailed recipe was considered more difficult, less helpful, and was liked less than the other recipes. Understanding and identifying the terms and techniques people use is a good way to communicate how to prepare a food product and can be used to develop and improve recipes. However, the format in which the recipe is presented is an important factor considered by users when following recipes.

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Key Issues: A Round Table Discussion

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100018868 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 137 ◽

pp. 776-786

Author(s):

T.M. Brown ◽

P. Demarque ◽

R. Noyes ◽

F. Praderie ◽

I.W. Roxburgh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Data ◽

Round Table ◽

The Other ◽

Complete List ◽

Round Table Discussion ◽

Amount Of Information ◽

Table Discussion ◽

Key Issues ◽

The Way

We have taken part to an exceptionally rich colloquium, characterized by a large amount of information in all fields of physics, and a remarkable collection of observational data. Our understanding of what is going on inside the stars has changed in a radical manner during the last years, on one side because the observations are bringing new kinds of information, and on the other side because theory in its development is taking into account a number of processes, some of them having been completely ignored only ten years ago.It is impossible to draw here a complete list of problems. There are many cases where some inconsistency could be found in the theory itself or some contradiction between observational data and theory. I recommended that such a list should be drawn carefully. The participants to the round table discussion will give their contribution, helping to open the way to new fields of research and to new discoveries.

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Development of Model Equations for Selecting Optimum Storage Parameters for Stored Cabbages

International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.12.95 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 95-105

Author(s):

Musliu Olushola Sunmonu ◽

O. Chukwu ◽

Z.D. Osunde ◽

B.A. Alabadan

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Software Package ◽

Evaporative Cooling ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

The Other ◽

Develop Model ◽

Jute Sack ◽

Model Equations ◽

Rate Of Evaporation

A study was carried to develop model equations for selecting optimum storage parameters for stored cabbages in passive evaporative cooling structures.Three sets of four different types of passive evaporative cooling structures made of two different materials; clay and aluminium were designed and constructed as part of the study. One set consists of four separate cooling chambers. Two cooling chambers were made with aluminium container (cylindrical and square shapes) and the other two were made of clay container (cylindrical and square). These four containers were separately inserted inside a bigger clay pot inter-spaced with clay soil of 5 cm (to form tin-in-pot, pot-in-pot, tin-in-wall and wall-in wall) with the outside structure wrapped with jute sack. The other two sets followed the same pattern with interspacing of 7 cm and 10 cm, respectively. The set with 7 cm clearance served as the control in which the interspace soil and the jute sacks were constantly wetted at intervals of between 2 to 4 hours depending on the rate of evaporation with water at room temperature. The other two sets (5 cm and 10 cm interspaced soil) were constantly wetted with salt solution (sodium chloride) at the same interval to keep the soil in moist condition. Freshly harvested matured cabbages were used for the experiments and the temperature and relative humidity were monitored daily. The vitamin A, vitamin E, bacterial and fungal counts of this produce were determined at intervals of three days for a period of 21 days. Mathematical models (using essential regression software package) were developed to predict the vitamin A and vitamin E contents of the stored produce at various conditions considered in the study. Further analysis by optimization process revealed optimum storage conditions for the stored produce using essential regression software package. Optimum values of 8.86IU and 4.03 mg/ml in storage were obtained for vitamin A and vitamin E contents, respectively for stored cabbages at various conditions.

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Debates in the House of Lords, 1628

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ◽

10.2307/3678315 ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 38-55

Author(s):

H. Relf

Keyword(s):

Subject Matter ◽

General Consideration ◽

The Other ◽

House Of Commons ◽

Amount Of Information ◽

House Of Lords ◽

The Subject

In searching through the Bodleian last April for debates in the House of Commons during the period of the sixteentwenties, I came across a volume of debates in the House of Lords. My attention was attracted by the subject-matter, for the volume was taken up almost entirely with the Lords' discussion of the Petition of Right during the month of May, 1628. The more I read, the more I was impressed with the amount of information on that important subject added by these notes. From the handwriting, the notes were easily identified as those of Henry Elsing, Clerk of the Parliaments. Then I remembered that earlier in the winter, in going over manuscript material in the Petyt Collection, I had there noted two volumes of debates in the House of Lords. Upon a comparison of handwriting, I found that those volumes were also the work of Henry Elsing. One of the volumes was for 1621, but the other covered the session of 1628 from the beginning to the point where the Bodleian volume begins. Here was more material on the Petition of Right. But for the time being my interest swerved from that particular subject to a more general consideration of the value of my discoveries, and to the possibility it opened up of carrying on a work of editing begun by Samuel Rawson Gardiner.

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Concluding remarks

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.1958.0158 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 246 (1247) ◽

pp. 490-494

Keyword(s):

Parity Violation ◽

Present Approach ◽

The Other ◽

Clear Picture ◽

Present Stage ◽

Amount Of Information ◽

Other Hand ◽

One Year

I shall not attempt to sum up the conclusions of the day’s discussion, because what conclusions we have come to (and quite a number of points have come out clearly) are rather involved and technical, and I should not at this time go into details; on many major points we have not reached any definite conclusions. There remains much more interesting work to be done; but I should like to comment on a few facts that have come out: In the first place, one is impressed by the amount of information which has been produced in the course of a year. Most of the problems which we have discussed during the day did not exist even as questions one year ago, and it is quite impressive what has been done in this time. We should not complain that all the answers are not available today. Of course, the existence of parity violation is now established beyond any doubt, and an extremely simple feature seems to emerge, though still subject to exact confirmation, in the behaviour of the polarizations, which seems to select fairly heavily between the possible interactions. On the other hand, we have no clear picture yet of the recoil data which might be capable of tying down the possible interactions very closely, or alternatively of showing us that there is something basically wrong with the whole present approach. We should not discount that possibility at the present stage.

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