scholarly journals The Trials and Tribulations of Two Historians: Adjudicating Responsibility for Pollution and Personal Harm

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rosner ◽  
Gerald Markowitz
Keyword(s):  
Personal Harm

Gender Specific Emotional Responses to Anticipated Crime

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon C. Moore ◽  
Jonathan Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Dimensional Measure ◽  
Property Loss ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
And Control ◽  
Specific Fear ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Personal Harm

In this paper multivariate analyses are used to test two hypotheses specific to the assumption that women are more fearful of crime than men. First, national crime survey responses to a global fear of crime question were analysed to assess whether responses to global questions were biased towards particular crime types. Results show that non-specific global fear of crime questions elicit responses most associated with fear of physical harm - explaining the persistent finding in previous research that women are more fearful than men. Second, a two-dimensional measure of fear of crime was derived from six crime specific fear of crime responses. Gender and control variables were regressed onto the derived measures of fear to test the hypothesis that dimensions of fear are gender specific. Results show that women are relatively more fearful of personal harm but no gender difference was found for fear of property loss. These data are consistent with a physical vulnerability explanation and, taken together, suggest that the irrationality hypothesis can be rejected.

scholarly journals Crisis Communication Characteristics & Errors: A Case Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Martial Pasquier ◽  
Etienne Fivat
Keyword(s):  
Information Management ◽  
Crisis Communication ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Important Impact ◽  
Media Communications ◽  
The University ◽  
Personal Harm

In 2006, events surrounding the University of Geneva led to the resignation of its executive board, and a political reform of the institution. This case constitutes a typical example of where a crisis is strengthened, and even created, by inappropriate information-management. Such situations, in which material damages and personal harm are generally quite limited, are increasingly frequent and have a particularly important impact on public trust in political and administrative institutions. The main aim of this paper is to identify the characteristics of this type of crisis, and errors linked to it from a media-communications perspective. This will be done through an analysis of publications in four different newspapers, as well as of official documents and statements from the period during which the crisis took place and in the months that followed.

People Use Self-Control to Risk Personal Harm: An Intra-Interpersonal Dilemma

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine D. Rawn ◽  
Kathleen D. Vohs
Keyword(s):  
Self Control ◽  
Personal Harm

scholarly journals What’s Pain Got To Do With It?: Young Adults With and Without Chronic Pain Perceive Minimal Risks and Moderate Benefits from Cannabis Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Shorey-Fennell ◽  
Renee Magnan ◽  
Benjamin Ladd ◽  
Jessica Fales
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Outcome ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Personal Benefit ◽  
Pain Status ◽  
Personal Harm

Many young adults experience chronic pain and given its wide availability and potential pain reducing properties, young adults may use cannabis to self-medicate for pain. However, little is known about young adult users’ perceptions of potential health risks and benefits of cannabis, and whether these perceptions differ by chronic pain status. As a part of a larger study, young adult recreational cannabis users (N=176, ages 18-29) who reported using at least once a week completed assessments of use frequency and perceived cannabis-related risks and benefits. The sample had a high proportion of participants who met criteria for chronic pain (51.1%). The majority of the sample reported using daily or multiple times daily (80.7%) with an average of 2.68 (SD=1.42) sessions per day across administration modes (e.g. smoking, edibles, tinctures). Participants answered questions about their lifetime chances of experiencing five cannabis-related risks (personal harm, negative health outcome, negative mental health outcome, harming someone else, increased pain) and benefits (personal benefit, positive health outcome, positive mental health outcome, benefitting someone else, decreased pain; 1=Very low to 7=Very high). Overall, young adult users perceived their risk to be very low (M=1.62, SD=.73) and 40.3% of the sample had an average risk score (combined across the five risk items) of 1.00, while only one participant reported an average risk above 4.00. In particular, participants reported a low lifetime chance of experiencing personal harm (M=1.51, SD=.90), harming someone else (M=1.20, SD=.58), or experiencing increased pain (M=1.24, SD=.74) due to their cannabis use. In contrast, young adult users perceived somewhat high chances of experiencing benefits related to their cannabis use (M=4.78, SD=1.46). In particular, participants perceived a high chance of experiencing reduced pain (M=5.88, SD=1.55), personal benefit (M=4.84, SD=1.86), and positive mental health outcomes (M=4.82, SD=1.77). There was no difference based on pain status on frequency of use, average daily sessions, or perceived risks, and only one difference in perceived benefits. Participants without chronic pain anticipated more personal benefit from cannabis use (M=5.15, SD=1.74) than those with chronic pain (M=4.53, SD=1.94, t(171)=2.21, p=.03). Overall, results suggest young adult recreational users perceive very low risks of their cannabis consumption and moderately high benefits, regardless of pain status. Looking at individual areas of potential risk and benefits may yield targets for future health education campaigns. For example, perceptions of low risk/high benefits regarding mental health outcomes may not be accurate for this heavy using sample.

“How Do You Prove a Negative?” Roger Clemens’s Image-Repair Strategies in Response to the Mitchell Report

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Growth Hormones ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Press Conference ◽  
Image Repair ◽  
Baseball Pitcher ◽  
Personal Harm ◽  
Image Repair Strategies

This case study examines star Major League Baseball pitcher Roger Clemens’s image-repair strategies during a press conference he held to respond to allegations that he had used steroids and human-growth hormones earlier in his playing career. When professional athletes are confronted with allegations of cheating or illegitimately enhancing their athletic performance, they are faced with a crisis situation, and selecting and performing the appropriate response is paramount in repairing their image and mitigating personal harm (e.g., loss of endorsements). In many cases, however, professional athletes rely on attorneys, agents, or other individuals who might underestimate the relevance of appropriately communicating image repair, thereby resulting in the athlete’s image being further damaged. Although Clemens employed various image-repair strategies during his press conference, his failure to enact these strategies appropriately further harmed his reputation and ultimately raised more questions than he answered.

scholarly journals Does autonomous moral reasoning favor consequentialism?

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caner Turan
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Innocent Person ◽  
Moral Intuitions ◽  
Innocent People ◽  
Normative Power ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Joshua Greene ◽  
Personal Harm

This paper addresses an important issue that has been commonly debated in moral psychology, namely the normative and metaethical implications of our differing intuitive responses to morally indistinguishable dilemmas. The prominent example of the asymmetry in our responses is that people often intuitively accept pulling a switch and deny pushing as a morally permissible way of sacrificing an innocent person to save more innocent people. Joshua Greene traces our negative responses to actions involving “up close and personal” harm back to our evolutionary past and argues that this undermines the normative power of deontological judgments. I reject Greene’s argument by arguing that our theoretical moral intuitions, as opposed to concrete and mid-level ones, are independent of direct evolutionary influence because they are the product of autonomous (gene-independent) moral reasoning. I then explain how both consequentialist and deontological theoretical intuitions, which enable us to make important moral distinctions and grasp objective moral facts, are produced by the exercise of autonomous moral reasoning and the process of cultural evolution. My conclusion will be that Greene is not justified in his claim that deontology is normatively inferior to consequentialism.

scholarly journals Unmasked: A comparative analysis of the physician’s ethical and legal duty to treat during a pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-229
Author(s):  
Cristina Pelkas ◽  
Matthew Boisseau
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Student Debt ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Ethical Duty ◽  
The World ◽  
Legal Duty ◽  
First Time ◽  
Personal Harm

For the first time in over a hundred years, the world faces a devastating pandemic. Millions have been infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 virus and thousands have died. Unprecedented global shortages of protective equipment have resulted in the infection and death of healthcare workers. The legal and ethical duty of a doctor to treat during a pandemic has evolved over time, shaped by legislation and ethical guidance following SARS and the September 11 terrorism attacks. A positive ethical obligation to treat is arguably outweighed by the inability to meet occupational safety standards and high risk of personal harm, in addition to a physician’s competing duties to future patients, their families and colleagues. Nevertheless, individuals who continue working should be acknowledged by society with accessible worker’s compensation, alternative accommodation, hazard pay and student debt forgiveness so that healthcare workers continue to serve patients, answering far beyond the call of duty.

scholarly journals Requiring genetic knowledge: a principled case for support

Legal Studies ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Chico
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Genetic Test ◽  
Genetic Knowledge ◽  
Legal Recognition ◽  
Whole Genomes ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Personal Harm

Should people be required to know information about themselves that arises from their genetic test? This question is highly relevant given the NHS's plans to sequence 100,000 whole genomes before 2017. The approach to this issue in the USA generated significant opposition to requiring knowledge, on the basis that it interferes with autonomy. This piece presents a different perspective, arguing that requiring knowledge may not undermine the legal conception of autonomy, giving reason to doubt that it would be unlawful to require people to have genetic information about themselves. Following this, the piece presents an alternative principled position that might support a legal recognition of the interest in not having information about oneself; namely that of preventing personal harm. However, this approach runs into difficulties if the reasons for requiring knowledge are also based on preventing personal harm. The argument considers how interests might be balanced in this competing harms context.

Smoking: A Panel Study of Beliefs and Behavior following the PHS Report

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Swinehart ◽  
John P. Kirscht
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Personal Relevance ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Smoking And Health ◽  
Do So ◽  
Personal Harm

Following the PHS Report on smoking and health, a panel study of 128 college students was conducted, with questionnaires administered 2, 4, and 12 wk. after the Report appeared. Data were obtained on smoking behavior, recall and evaluation of the contents of the Report, perceptions of the personal relevance of health threats from smoking, satisfactions derived from smoking and expected benefits from quitting. Restrictions in the data obtained prevented a test of the prediction that a specified combination of beliefs would lead to a given behavioral change. The data partially confirmed predicted belief differences between those who continued to smoke, those who resumed smoking, and non-smokers. Neither the level of, nor changes in, reported satisfactions from smoking and benefits expected from quitting seemed to be used as means for dissonance reduction. However, smokers, as compared with non-smokers, became less accurate in recalling the content of the Report, and evaluated the Report less favorably. Smokers appeared to accept the possibility of personal harm from smoking but believed they could quit if they decided to do so. An intention to quit apparently helped some smokers tolerate the disturbing discrepancy between their beliefs and their behavior.

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