scholarly journals Putting Theory into Practice: James Black, Receptor Theory and the Development of the Beta-Blockers at ICI, 1958–1978

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Quirke
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Beta Blockers ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
Pharmaceutical Innovation ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Receptor Theory ◽  
Drug Receptors ◽  
Paul Ehrlich

The concept of drug receptors has played a significant role in the biomedical sciences and in pharmaceutical innovation in the second half of the twentieth century. Although the concept dates back to the work of the German bacteriologist and immunologist Paul Ehrlich and of the British physiologist John Newport Langley at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, its acceptance was delayed because of conflicting ideas about drug action, and because of uncertainties and hesitations about the concept itself.

Orphans of the Empire: Lhasa’s Chinese Community from the Qing Era to the Early Twentieth Century

Modern China ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 009770042096992
Author(s):  
Huasha Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Chinese Community ◽  
Academic Assessment ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Traits ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

This article analyzes the transformation of Lhasa’s Chinese community from the embodiment of an expansionist power in the early eighteenth century to the orphan of a fallen regime after the Qing Empire’s demise in 1911. Throughout the imperial era, this remote Chinese enclave represented Qing authority in Tibet and remained under the metropole’s strong political and social influence. Its members intermarried with the locals and adopted many Tibetan cultural traits. During the years surrounding the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, this community played a significant role in a series of interconnected political and ethnic confrontations that gave birth to the two antagonistic national bodies of Tibet and China. The community’s history and experiences challenge not only the academic assessment that Tibet’s Chinese population had fully assimilated into Tibetan society by the twentieth century but also the widespread image of pre-1951 Lhasa as a harmonious town of peaceful ethnic coexistence.

scholarly journals SACRALISATION AND THE COLONIAL-INDIGENOUS ENCOUNTER IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN CHRISTIAN HISTORY: THE MEMORY AND LEGACY OF JOHANNES DU PLESSIS AS CASE STUDY

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retief Muller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Dutch Reformed ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Biblical Scholar ◽  
Christian History

The role of the Dutch Reformed Church’s mission policies in the development of apartheid ideology has in recent times come under increased scrutiny. In terms of the formulation of missionary theory within the DRC, the controversial figure of Johannes du Plessis played a significant role in the early twentieth century. In addition to his work as a mission theorist, Du Plessis was a biblical scholar at Stellenbosch University who was found guilty of heresy by his church body, despite having much support from the rank and file membership. This article asks questions regarding the ways in which his memory and legacy are often evaluated from the twin, yet opposing perspectives of sacralisation and vilification. It also considers the wider intellectual influences on Du Plessis such as the missiology of the German theologian, Gustav Warneck. Du Plessis’s missionary theory helped to lay the groundwork for the later development of apartheid ideology, but perhaps in spite of himself, he also introduced a subverting discourse into Dutch Reformed theology. Some of the incidental consequences of this discourse, particularly in relation to the emerging theme of indigenous knowledge, are furthermore assessed here.

“It’s a Bird! It’s a Plane! It’s an Elementary-Aged Girl!”

Funny Girls ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Michelle Ann Abate
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Gender Dynamics ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Popular Appeal

The Introduction provides necessary historical background information. It gives an overview of the book's overall aims and argument, and it also summarizes the project's methodology and organizational plan.When critics, scholars, and fans think about major developments in American comics from the first half of the twentieth century, they commonly think of events like the advent of the Sunday newspaper supplement, the rise of the comic book, and the backlash against the industry by individuals like Fredric Wertham. The Introduction to this project makes a case for adding another phenomenon to this history: the popularity of young female protagonists.As it explains, examining figures like Little Lulu, Nancy, and Little Orphan Annie-both individually and as part of a larger tradition-yields compelling new insights about the industry during the first half of the twentieth century. Remembering and recouping the cadre of Funny Girls who played such a significant role in the popular appeal and commercial success of American comics during the first half of the twentieth century challenges longstanding perceptions about the gender dynamics operating during this era.

An Anthropologist Orders a Beer

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-35
Author(s):  
K. Mitchell Snow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mexican Nationalism ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Indigenous Heritage

The extended turmoil associated with the decade-long armed portion of the Mexican Revolution provoked widespread concern about how the country would remake itself once the violence ended. Establishing a national esthetic as a means of unification played a significant role in this discussion, which began before hostilities ended. Some of the early manifestations of what might be regarded as Mexican nationalism arose from an appreciation of the land’s indigenous heritage while it was still under Spanish control. Although the willingness to fully embrace the indigenous components of its culture was largely a twentieth century phenomenon, by the late nineteenth century Mexican intellectuals did understand the nation to be essentially mestizo, or mixed race. It was from these premises that the discussion departed.

scholarly journals La costruzione dell’abitabilità in Val Bregaglia nel XX secolo

ARCHALP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (N. 4 / 2020) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Ruinelli
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Contemporary Architecture ◽  
Alpine Valleys

Both urbanized Alpine territories and cities share the need for a continuous renewalof spaces, and the theme of the regeneration of mountain areas is all the more topicaldue to the change in the ways of inhabiting such places. In order to play an activerole in these transformations, contemporary architecture should take into accountthe interpretation of both the landscape and the urban fabric. Among thearchitect’s analysis tools, comparison with the past plays a significant role, and especiallyin the Alpine valleys, where the circulation of ideas is sometimes slower or“overdue” compared to dynamic urban realities.The occasional presence of professionals coming from other locations, often fromcities, can be considered an opportunity to renew the local architectural culture;these architectures materialize perspectives “from an outside eye” and fresh interpretationsof places.In the Alpine valleys, tourism and the exploitation of water resources are twothemes often related to the presence of “infiltrations”: although Val Bregaglia is fairlyuntouched by tourism development, it provides some examples of holiday homesand bears the signs of large infrastructural interventions related to the exploitationof water resources.During the twentieth century, there were no resident architects in Val Bregaglia. Afterthe economic crisis of the years between the two world wars, design activitiessaw the intervention of architects such as Bruno Giacometti (Stampa, 1907-Zollikon,2012), Peppo Brivio (Lugano 1923-2016), Tita Carloni (Rovio 1931-Mendrisio2012) and Pierre Zoelly (Zurich 1923-2003).More recently, Miller & Maranta (Basel), H.J. Ruch (St. Moritz) and Lazzarini(Samedan) also carried out projects in this territory.

scholarly journals O agir democrático numa era de redes digitais

Compolítica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Stephen Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Political Messages ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
Capability Building

<p><strong>RESUMO</strong></p><p><strong></strong>A política contemporânea possui uma qualidade transitória e indeterminada, pairando de forma inquieta entre o centralizado e o em rede, o nacional e o global, o gerenciado e o populista, o analógico e o digital. Práticas políticas antes tomadas como certas começaram a parecer instáveis e modos emergentes de articulação política estão desestabilizando complacências institucionais. Ao longo do século XX, a consolidação de democracias políticas gerou abordagens de rotina à produção, ao processamento e à comunicação de mensagens políticas. Este sistema de comunicação política resultou em relações previsíveis entre elites políticas, mediadores jornalísticos e cidadãos. Como espero ter deixado claro nesta palestra, seria ingênuo supor que simplesmente mover a comunicação política online irá enriquecer ou degradar as vozes dos cidadãos democráticos. O antigo debate entre o bem e o mal da internet é despropositado e redundante. Porém, se a pressão democrática popular pelo tipo de construção de capacidade cívica que eu elenquei nesta palestra ganhar tração, tecnologias digitais, espaços e códigos podem, realmente, ter um papel significativo em facilitar práticas conducentes a uma democracia mais inclusiva, respeitosa e deliberativa. </p><p> </p><p class="p3"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="p3">Contemporary politics has a transitional and indeterminate quality, hovering uneasily between, the centralised and the networked, the national and the global, the managed and the populist and the analogue and the digital. Once taken-for-granted political practices have begun to seem unstable and emergent modes of political articulation are unsettling institutional complacencies. During the course of the twentieth century the consolidation of political democracies generated routine approaches to producing, processing, and communicating political messages. This political communication system resulted in predictable relations between political elites, journalistic mediators and citizens. As I hope I have made clear in this lecture, it would be naïve to assume that simply moving political communication online will either enrich or degrade the voices of democratic citizens. The old debate between Internet-Good and Internet-Bad is pointless and redundant. But if popular democratic pressure for the kind of civic capability-building that I have outlined in this lecture were to gain traction, digital technologies, spaces and codes might indeed play a significant role in facilitating practices conducive to a more inclusive, respectful and deliberative democracy.</p>

Young, Blithe, and Whimsical

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Timberman Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
American Poetry ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Contemporary American Poetry ◽  
Little Magazines ◽  
The Masses

This chapter challenges the conceptual model dominating histories of modern American poetry from the 1940s, in which political and aesthetic radicalism are seen as mutually exclusive responses to twentieth-century modernity, by analyzing the avant-gardism of The Masses. It considers how The Masses, together with several other little magazines, enriched the New Verse movement by joining and competing with Poetry: A Magazine of Verse as vibrant venues of contemporary American poetry. It explains how The Masses, by putting ideology above artistry, placed itself beyond the pale of true modernism. It argues that the verse published in The Masses was more than just belated sentimentalizing or Marxist sermonizing with no significant role in the emergence of modern poetry. On the contrary, the magazine had a substantial institutional and aesthetic impact upon the New Poetry. The chapter also contends that The Masses's eclectic and iconoclastic poetics of modernity was strongly aligned with the experimental spirit later valorized by historians as modernist.

Habad Contemplation in Context

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-258
Author(s):  
Naftali Loewenthal
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
The World ◽  
Spiritual Resources ◽  
Changing World

Habad teachings on prayer give a personal, individualistic dimension to the life of the hasid, as do Bratslav teachings on hitbodedut. Further, Habad teachings on contemplation, particularly in the twentieth century, constitute an interesting form of response to modernity: a reaching into the deep spiritual resources of hasidism in order to confront a changing world. However, would spiritually demanding systems of contemplation be relevant to the average member of the hasidic community? Does Habad contemplation lead away from the world or towards it? Such issues are discussed in this chapter together with consideration of examples of the contemplative individual, who, rather than being a lone mystic, fulfils a significant role in Habad society as a mashpia, spiritual guide, seeking to bond people together and maintain awareness of spiritual values.

1. The world of eugenics

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Philippa Levine
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
The World ◽  
Science And Culture

Early in the twentieth century, a powerful union of science and social policy emerged in countries across the world. Eugenics was a movement committed to using the principles of heredity and of statistics to encourage healthy and discourage unhealthy reproduction. Throughout the twentieth century, but especially in the earlier decades, eugenics played a significant role in shaping government policy. ‘The world of eugenics’ outlines the links between eugenics and social reform and the differences between positive and negative eugenics. It discusses how Nazism and eugenics became so closely connected; the rise of eugenics in science and culture worldwide; the approach to eugenics by different religions; and finally the forms of resistance to eugenics.

CÉSAR DE PAEPE AND THE IDEAS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 897-925
Author(s):  
WILLIAM WHITHAM
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
Practical Politics ◽  
Economic Necessity ◽  
Late Socialism ◽  
Social Property

This article explores the ideas of a key thinker of the International Working Men's Association in the 1860s and 1870s. César De Paepe, recognized by contemporaries as a major advocate of “collectivism,” attempted to justify social property as the logical consequence both of mutualist justice and of economic necessity. His theories played a significant role in informing the programs of other socialists in the turbulent 1870s, and sustained the successes of the Belgian workers’ party into the twentieth century. While historians focus on Marx and Bakunin or posit a break between “early” and “late” socialism, the study of De Paepe's writings in context draws attention to neglected themes in the intellectual development of modern socialism, and suggests that “utopianism” could underwrite practical politics. The article concludes by reflecting on De Paepe's significance for contemporary politics and the practice of intellectual history.

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