Health and Nationalist Reconstruction: Rural Health in Nationalist China, 1928–1937

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ka-Che Yip
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
The Government ◽  
Nationalist Government

In 1928, the newly established Nationalist government faced the formidable task of rebuilding the country after years of political disintegration. The central concern was national strengthening and modernization, and the government embarked on various programs of political, social and economic reconstruction. Medical modernization was part of this process. A study of the Nationalist efforts in this area is crucial to our understanding of the complexity of health developments in modern China since the Nationalist decade of 1928–1937 was the only period in pre-1949 China when a central government was able to assert some measure of control over the nation and preside over the construction of a modern health system. This process would include not only the initiation of new programs but also the consolidation and coordination of efforts on the part of individual reformers and groups. The examination of the evolution of such a system will illuminate a much neglected but important aspect of social and institutional developments in the Republican period. It will also lend historical perspective to the understanding of health developments after 1949. This essay focuses on the development and implementation of rural health programs in the Nationalist decade as well as the factors affecting the establishment of a viable health care system in the countryside.

Beholding the Miracle: Xavante Indians and Economic “Development” under Brazilian Military Rule

2001 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-580
Author(s):  
Seth Garfield
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Bilingual Teaching ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Machine Operators ◽  
The Government ◽  
Livestock Rearing

In 1978, the Brazilian military government launched a “community development project” for the Xavante Indians of Mato Grosso (“Projeto Xavante”) to promote mechanized rice production and livestock rearing, and to institute educational and health programs. As the project sought to foster indigenous self-sufficiency, the government Indian bureau, Fundaçaão Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) would deploy a team of technicians, agronomists, educators, and health care officials to train Xavante as agriculturists, machine operators, health care attendants, and bilingual teaching monitors. Under the administration of General Ismarth Araújo de Oliveira, FUNAI initially earmarked CR$8,635,207 for the Xavante Project and established a special coordinating unit in Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, the Ajudância Autônoma de Barra do Garças (AJABAG).

scholarly journals Social impacts of health care reforms in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 17011
Author(s):  
Tatyana Tagaeva ◽  
Lidiya Kazantseva
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the stages of healthcare sector reforms in Russia and the impact of this process on public health as the main indicator of the social state. A definition of public health is given; the scientific significance and relevance of the research are justified. The works of foreign and domestic authors, their approaches to the study of factors affecting public health are analysed. The analysis of the state of public health in 80s-90s of the last century during the political and economic crisis is made; the transition process from the so-called “budget-funded” financing model to the “insurance” one is described. Based on statistics and expert assessments, as well as international confrontations, conclusions are drawn about the multi-year underfunding of the healthcare sector, primarily from the state budget. A new stage of reforms is analysed: since 2014, the Russian government has begun the so-called “optimization” of healthcare. Its goals, results, feedbacks from doctors and patients are stated. They show the new reform is a negative process for health system. The blunders of health care reform have been sharply marked with the beginning of the pandemic of coronavirus infection. The facts of the self-sacrificing work of the doctors and nursing personnel during the pandemic period, the measures of the Government and the society to support medical workers were described.

scholarly journals Integration of and visions for community pharmacy in primary health care in Denmark

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 2212
Author(s):  
Rikke N. Hansen ◽  
Lotte S. Nørgaard ◽  
Ulla Hedegaard ◽  
Lone Søndergaard ◽  
Kerly Servilieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Central Government ◽  
National Level ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Pharmacy Services ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
The Government

In 2014, the Danish government launched a plan for health entitled: “Healthier lives for everyone – national goals for the health of Danes within the next 10 years”. The overall objective is to prolong healthy years of life and to reduce inequality in health. In Denmark, the responsibility for health and social care is shared between the central government, the regions and the municipalities. National and local strategies seek to enhance public health through national and local initiatives initiated by different stakeholders. The Danish community pharmacies also contribute to promoting public health through distribution of and counselling on medication in the entire country and through offering several pharmacy services, six of which are fully or partly remunerated on a national level. Because of greater demands from patients, health care professionals and society and a lack of general practitioners, the Danish community pharmacies now have the opportunity to suggest several new functions and services or to extend existing services. The Danish pharmacy law changed in 2015 with the objective to maintain and develop community pharmacies and to achieve increased patient accessibility. The change in the law made it possible for every community pharmacy owner to open a maximum of seven pharmacy branches (apart from the main pharmacy) in a range of 75 km. This change also increased the competition between community pharmacies and consequently the pharmacies are now under financial pressure. On the other hand, each pharmacy may have been given an incentive to develop their specific pharmacy and become the best pharmacy for the patients. Community pharmacies are working to be seen as partners in the health care system. This role is in Denmark increasingly being supported by the government through the remunerated pharmacy services and through contract with municipalities. Concurrent with the extended tasks for the Danish community pharmacies and utilisation of their excellent competencies in medication the community pharmacies need to focus on their main tasks of supplying medicines and implementing services. This requires efficient management, an increased use of technology for distribution and communication and continuing education and training.

scholarly journals PERAN PPAT DALAM PENYERAHAN FASILITAS UMUM DAN FASILITAS SOSIAL OLEH PENGEMBANG PERUMAHAN KEPADA PEMERINTAH KOTA SEMARANG

Jurnal Akta ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Yunianto Wahyu Sadewa ◽  
Jawade Hafidz
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
City Government ◽  
Public Facility ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Transaction Process ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Submission of location permit is required in the provision of social facilities and public facilities. Licensing is a unified process in the housing that is from the beginning to the management stage. The research that the author did in the city of Semarang, Central Java province. The research method applied in this research is the sociological juridical approach.The results of this study are: The role of PPAT has not been directly due to the formation of regulations from the central government and in the city of Semarang has not involved PPAT in the formation of Regional Regulations Semarang City. Factors affecting PPAT in the delivery of public facilities (fasum) and social facilities (fasos) to the Government of Semarang City, the pre-transaction stage where the developer must already have all the relevant licensing in the pre-transaction process until after / after the transaction developer must providing all social facilities and social facilities as promised during the first bidding process. Legal consequences with future PPAT role is expected to provide infrastructure and facilities from initial procurement to delivery based on the principles of openness, accountability, legal certainty, written warning. Suggestion from this research is for PPAT should the process of procurement and management of public facility (fasum) and social facility (fasos) is arranged pursuant to agreement of sale and purchase agreement (PPJB), for Government of Fasum and Fasos which have finished development process should be submitted from the developer to Government so that the responsibility for the management of public facilities and fasos is in the government, and for the National Land Agency (BPN), there must be a harmonious relationship between PPAT and the Land Office as an equal partner.Keywords: Role of PPAT, Submission of Social Facility, Semarang City Government

scholarly journals A Review On Public Health through Rural Health Mission: Pharmacist Roles and Responsibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
Renukaradhya Chitti ◽  
◽  
Jeet Bahadur Moktan ◽  
Kumaraswamy M ◽  
Shiv Kumar Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Well Being ◽  
National Rural Health Mission ◽  
Simultaneous Action ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
The Government

For many years, the Government of India has worked hard to offer health services to people all around the country, and it remains dedicated to doing so. It has formed numerous programmes to achieve the goal of “Health for All.” As a result, in 2005, The Hon’ble Prime Minister formed the The National Rural Health Mission will provide the countries’ network with well-being administrations. The National Rural Health Mission, which went into effect in April 2005, is considered the backbone of the rural sector. They have been instilled with the belief that, as a result of their efforts, something special has appeared to assist the country dwellers in re-establishing their well-being. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) aims to provide rural populations, especially disadvantaged groups, with comprehensive, low-cost, and high-quality health care. Material & Method: We reviewed all of the articles published on PubMed, Scopus, BMJ, Google scholar, Nature, Web of science that were focusing on, National rural health mission services, to achieving universal health coverage (UHC). Conclusion: This study compiles a list of all social need interventions that have been described in the literature to date. National health systems around the world are reforming to meet health goals, with a focus on cost containment, universal coverage, equity in access and quality, and resource efficiency and effectiveness. The primary purpose of the mission is to establish a fully operational, community-owned, decentralised health-care delivery system with cross-sectoral integration at all levels, enabling for simultaneous action on a wide variety of health determinants such as poverty and social equity.

scholarly journals FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUPPLY OF AFFORDABLE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING UNITS IN KENYAN URBAN AREAS: A CASE OF NAIROBI CITY AND ITS ENVIRONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
John Mburu Mbuguah
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Residential Housing ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Factor Loadings ◽  
Interesting Study ◽  
The Government ◽  
Housing Units

Purpose: The study focused on the factors affecting the supply of affordable residential housing units in Kenyan urban areas in the case of Nairobi city and its environs.Methodology: A descriptive survey research design was used. The target population comprised of all the real estate agents, valuers and property managers with headquarters in Nairobi totaling 90. A sample of 40% or 36 firms was taken and a random stratified sampling technique was used to select the sample units. The study used primary data collected through using questionnaires as well as secondary data as a source of literature review. The data collected was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. In particular, frequency tables and proportions or percentages were used. In addition factor analysis was used to supplement the descriptive statistics.Results: Findings from factor analysis indicated that the factors affecting the supply of affordable residential housing in Nairobi could be reduced to a three factor model. Findings from the study indicated that upon calculation of the rotated factor loadings, the Eigen Values of the three factors were still greater than 1 and the three factors still explained 75.51% of the total variance. The Unrotated factor loadings gave a clear picture of the importance of the variables to the factors. It seemed from the study that Factor1 was mostly defined by ‘legal’ variable, factor2 by ‘cost’ variable, and factor3 by ‘financial’, ‘socioeconomic’ and ‘infrastructural’ variables.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that to address cost related constraints to the supply of affordable housing in Nairobi, the architectural community should engage in research on cheap building products. The government through the central government and through the newly created counties should make infrastructural investment a priority. The legal framework relating to housing needed to be overhauled by the introduction of a new act on housing. It was the responsibility of the government in collaboration with the private sector to ensure that the high level of unemployment was addressed, that the inflation rate was lowered to an acceptable level and that the economic growth was enhanced. It was important to increase the access of mortgages and housing finance products to both the banked and the unbanked. The factors affecting the demand of affordable residential housing in Nairobi and other urban areas would form an area of further study.  In addition, the determinants of the prices of residential and non-residential houses in Nairobi would form an interesting study.

scholarly journals Selected Problems of Integration of Foreigners in the Czech Republic

Equilibrium ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Libuse Macakova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Government ◽  
Czech Society ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The aim of this paper is to characterize the problems of immigration and subsequent integration of foreigners in the Czech Republic. The starting point is a brief historical perspective on the development of migration policies of the Czech Republic and the development of immigration in recent years. The aspects discussed in particular are education and health care, as the main factors affecting the integration of immigrants. The analysis suggests a pivotal role of the state in the activities focused on the integration of foreigners, an important role is played by non-profit organizations. In the end of the paper attention is focused on the Czech public attitude to immigration. Active immigration policy in the Czech Republic began in 2003. Currently, integration is understood as an essential part of the immigration policy of the Government of the Czech Republic. Integration of foreigners into the Czech society is directly linked to the process of immigration and is crucial for the smooth immigrant participation in the local labor market and life in the country. The main problem is the lack of knowledge of the Czech language by adult immigrants and especially their children, lack of knowledge of the Czech language, which significantly complicates the possibility of integration into the Czech society. Access to health care is another critical area of integration. Not all areas of integration are managed entirely ideally. This paper tries to highlight specific partial deficiencies. Further development is possible only after an analysis of the basic factors of integration.

scholarly journals Project Muskan : Social responsibility of the plastic surgeon

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
Yogesh Bhatt ◽  
S Panse Nikhil ◽  
A Vyas Kinnari ◽  
S Bakshi Harpreet ◽  
S Tandale Mangesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Government Organization ◽  
Free Health Care ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tribal Areas

ABSTRACTAlthough exact statistics are not available, Indian plastic surgeons see around 7,00,000-8,00,000 burn admissions annually with around 10,00,000 cleft patients yet to be operated. In spite of this voluminous load, India does not have national health programs for the various deformities Indian plastic surgeons typically treat. As Plastic Surgeons, it is our social responsibility to treat these patients and bring ′ muskan ′ (smile in Hindi) back into their lives. Project Muskan was initiated as an innovative model for targeting these patients and is probably one of its kind in the field of plastic surgery in our country. It is unique because it is a perfect collaboration of government institutions, a Non Government Organization (NGO), and cooperative sectors providing free health care at the doorstep. Identification of the patients was done with the help of the extensive milk dairy network in the state of Gujarat. Provision of transport and other facilities was done by the NGOs and quality health care provision was taken care of by the government hospital. Project Muskan started from a single village but now covers around 3000 villages and tribal areas of Gujarat. It is a system that can be easily reproducible in all hospitals and has reestablished the faith of the common man in government institutes.

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