Religious Belief, Economic Interest and Social Policy: Temple Endowments in Sri Lanka during the Governorship of William Gregory, 1872–77

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
British Rule ◽  
The Social ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Official Recognition

The social context of land endowed for the maintenance of temples in the Kandyan region of Sri Lanka has long been recognized by scholars as an important topic for historical and sociological research. Most historical writing on the subject is concerned with changes in government policy towards temple endowments after the imposition of British control in 1815. The first forty years of British rule have received more attention than any later period; consequently emphasis has been placed on the gradual of process British disengagement from the pre-colonial policy of close official involvement in the administration of temple land. This research has fruitfully illustrated tensions inherent to colonial rule in the early nineteenth century, especially the conflict between the religious beliefs of the colonizers and the desire to avoid unrest among non-Christians. However, little detailed research has been carried out on either official or popular attitudes towards temple endowments after the colonial government formally gave up its responsibility for their administration in the middle of the nineteenth century. As a result, the uneven and partial official movement towards a reassertion of government control in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is usually portrayed as official recognition of earlier mistakes concerning disestablishment. This view does not take into account the considerable economic importance of the endowments. Changing official attitudes towards religion, as well as internal developments within Buddhism, did indeed influence government policy, but changes in economic policy and in the control and use of land were also important.

Alcohol, Racial Segregation and Popular Politics in Northern Rhodesia

1990 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Ambler
Keyword(s):  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Colonial Government

Historians who have studied the rise of African opposition to colonialism in Northern Rhodesia have concentrated largely on the development of political parties and their campaigns for political rights. This paper explores some of the social and cultural elements of the popular movement against British rule through an examination of challenges to restrictions on the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages. In Northern Rhodesia as in much of British-ruled east, central and southern Africa, the colonial government banned the consumption by Africans of all European-type alcoholic drinks and placed tight restrictions on the brewing and sale of grain beers. In the immediate postwar period racially discriminatory alcohol regulations emerged as a highly emotional issue and remained so despite liberalization of the restrictions on beer and wine. But the focus of popular anger was the municipal grain beer monopolies and attempts on the part of the authorities to stamp out an illegal beer trade conducted by women brewers. Beginning in the mid-1950s this anger erupted in a series of protests and boycotts directed against municipal beerhalls. The protesters, many of whom were women, opposed the exclusion of Africans from a potentially lucrative sector of trade as well as the supposedly immoral and degrading characteristics of the beerhalls. Examination of the struggle over the beerhalls illuminates some of the diverse and contradictory sources and objectives of popular political expression during this period and in particular sheds light on the interplay among issues of race, class and gender in the nationalist movement.

The Effect of Meiji Government Policy on Traditional Japanese Music During the Nineteenth Century: The Case of the Shakuhachi

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-292
Author(s):  
Kiku Day
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Edo Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Primary School Curriculum ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
Japanese Music ◽  
Modernization Process

The nineteenth century was the major turning point in traditional Japanese music, leading to changes in the musical world that rendered it well-nigh unrecognizable. With the introduction, in 1871, of a primary school curriculum in which only Western music was to be taught, traditional Japanese music began its journey to marginalization – in the end becoming a genre that sounded foreign to a majority of the inhabitants of its own native country.The vertical bamboo flute shakuhachi was particularly affected by the new Meiji government's modernization process. During the Edo period (1603–1867), mendicant monks organized in the Fuke sect had enjoyed a monopoly on playing the instrument. With the abolishment of the sect, in 1871, and the prohibition of begging for the following decade, the social position of shakuhachi players was radically changed. This article explores the ways in which shakuhachi players adapted to these changes in order to survive. That adaptation affected not only the construction of the instrument, but also the music itself.

A Preliminary Study of Chinese Leadership in Singapore, 1900–1941

1968 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Ching Fatt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Chinese Leadership ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Fields ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Colonial Government

Under the direct rule of the British Colonial Government in nineteenth-century Singapore, the Chinese leaders held little political power. They were essentially community leaders, charitable and enterprising. They worked for peace and harmony in a multiracial society and were closely attached to the British Colonial administration. Though the Chinese leadership played various roles in economic, political, diplomatic and social fields, it was in the social arena that it contributed most. These nineteenth-century leaders were essentially social workers who had established no radical traditions nor shaped any unique patterns of leadership.

scholarly journals Pelayaran Angkutan Jamaah Haji di Hindia Belanda (Tahun 1911-1930)

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fauzan
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
Colonial Government

Abstrak Tulisan membahas tentang transportasi ibadah haji di masa pemerintahan Hindia Belanda pada tahun 1911-1930 M. Tujuan riset ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi transportasi haji, baik dalam arti ekonomis maupun sebagai sarana pendukung bagi perjalanan haji yang ada di pelabuhan Batavia. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian kualitatif, sementara data diperoleh melalui penelusuran literatur dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis ini didasarkan pada teknik heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ada sebuah ironi terkait dengan kebijakan pemerintah kolonial terkait dengan aturan transportasi yang termuat dalam Ordonansi Hajj tahun 1898 – 1922 yang menekankan pada aspek kesehatan fasilitas ibadah. Pembahasan terkait transportasi ibadah haji ini menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah Hindia Belanda sebenarnya tidak memberikan pelayanan dalam perjalanan ibadah haji, kecuali hanya mementingkan aspek ekonomi saja. Kesimpulan ini diambil berdasarkan fakta bahwa banyak jamaah haji yang sakit dan meninggal dalam kapal angkutan milik pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Kapal ini tidak dilengkapi fasilitas yang memadai dan kabin yang tidak layak untuk perjalanan jauh. Kata kunci: kebijakan kolonial, Hindia Belanda, Transportasi, haji, Batavia  ------- Abstract This paper discusses the transportation of pilgrims at Netherlands Indie in 1911-1930. The purpose of writing this research to determine the conditions transportation of pilgrims both in terms ofeconomic, as well as of supporting facilities above pilgrims hajjships available at the port of Batavia. The method used in this study is qualitative. While data collection is done through literature research and documentation. This data analysis technique based on heuristic techniques, verification, interpretation, and historiography. The findings of this study is an irony between the colonial government policy for transportation improvements embodied in Ordinance Hajj pilgrimage in 1898 to 1922 which it prioritizes health facilities worshipers. This discussion of the findings in the transportation of pilgrims produced that belonged to the Dutch East Indies in the dynamics can not serve pilgrims journey to the maximum and is only concerned with the economic aspects alone. Thus it can be concluded because often was found pilgrims are sick and even died in the course of the ships belonging to the Dutch East Indies Hajj, because Hajj ships is in the know of inadequate facilities and the rooms were not comfortable for long journeys pilgrims. Keywords: Colonial Policy, Dutch East Indies, Transportation of pilgrims, Pilgrimage, Batavia.

Government Policy and Economic Development in Germany and Japan: A Skeptical Reevaluation

1981 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank B. Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
Direct Government ◽  
Question Development

Recent studies, when taken together, suggest that the bureaucratic elites of nineteenth-century Germany and Japan were much less successful in stimulating economic development than has been traditionally asserted. Direct government investment was neither extensive nor successful. Government-sponsored institutional change, notably in financial structures, had little if any beneficial impact. Development in both nations resulted from the gradual emergence of a commercial culture, and on world factors exogenous to government policy. The bureaucratic elites failed to adjust to changed circumstances, instead leading both nations into disastrous wars. These results call into question development strategies based on central government control.

Promoting Mass Movements- A New Perspective On Japanese Wartime Imperialism In Korea

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Shinyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Extended Family ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Japanese Imperialism ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Economic Bloc ◽  
Colonial Government

This article aims to explore the Japanese colonial government’s efforts to promote mass movements in Korea which rose suddenly and showed remarkable growth throughout the 1930s. It focuses on two Governor-Generals and the directors of the Education Bureau who created the Social Indoctrination movements under Governor-General Ugaki Kazushige in the early 1930s and the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement of Governor-General Minami Jirō in the late 1930s. The analysis covers their respective political motivations, ideological orientation, and organizational structure. It demonstrates that Ugaki, under the drive to integrate Korea with an economic bloc centered on Japan, adapted the traditional local practices of the colonized based on the claim of “Particularities of Korea,” whereas the second Sino-Japanese War led Minami to emphasize assimilation, utilizing the ideology of the extended-family to give colonial power more direct access to individuals as well as obscuring the unequal nature of the colonial relationship. It argues that the colonial government-led campaigns constituted a core ruling mechanism of Japanese imperialism in the 1930s.

Liszt at the Piano: The Impact of Iconography on mid-Nineteenth Century Musicology

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Suzanne Marie Francis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Music History ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Iconic Status ◽  
The Impact

By the time of his death in 1827, the image of Beethoven as we recognise him today was firmly fixed in the minds of his contemporaries, and the career of Liszt was beginning to flower into that of the virtuosic performer he would be recognised as by the end of the 1830s. By analysing the seminal artwork Liszt at the Piano of 1840 by Josef Danhauser, we can see how a seemingly unremarkable head-and-shoulders bust of Beethoven in fact holds the key to unlocking the layers of commentary on both Liszt and Beethoven beneath the surface of the image. Taking the analysis by Alessandra Comini as a starting point, this paper will look deeper into the subtle connections discernible between the protagonists of the picture. These reveal how the collective identities of the artist and his painted assembly contribute directly to Beethoven’s already iconic status within music history around 1840 and reflect the reception of Liszt at this time. Set against the background of Romanticism predominant in the social and cultural contexts of the mid 1800s, it becomes apparent that it is no longer enough to look at a picture of a composer or performer in isolation to understand its impact on the construction of an overall identity. Each image must be viewed in relation to those that preceded and came after it to gain the maximum benefit from what it can tell us.

Charles Dickens and the Properties of Fiction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ushashi Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Dense Network ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Domestic Ideology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Literary Collaboration ◽  
Economic Relationship

This book explores the significance of rental culture in Charles Dickens’s fiction and journalism. It reveals tenancy, or the leasing of real estate in exchange for money, to be a governing force in everyday life in the nineteenth century. It casts a light into back attics and landladies’ parlours, and follows a host of characters—from slum landlords exploiting their tenants, to pairs of friends deciding to live together and share the rent. In this period, tenancy shaped individuals, structured communities, and fascinated writers. The vast majority of London’s population had an immediate economic relationship with the houses and rooms they inhabited, and Dickens was highly attuned to the social, psychological, and imaginative corollaries of this phenomenon. He may have been read as an overwhelming proponent of middle-class domestic ideology, but if we look closely, we see that his fictional universe is a dense network of rented spaces. He is comfortable in what he calls the ‘lodger world’, and he locates versions of home in a multitude of unlikely places. These are not mere settings, waiting to be recreated faithfully; rented space does not simply provide a backdrop for incident in the nineteenth-century novel. Instead, it plays an important part in influencing what takes place. For Dickens, to write about tenancy can often mean to write about writing—character, authorship, and literary collaboration. More than anything, he celebrates the fact that unassuming houses brim with narrative potential: comedies, romances, mysteries, and comings-of-age take place behind their doors.

Who Was This Man?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitch Kachun
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Broad Context ◽  
Military Power ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Revolution

Chapter 1 introduces the broad context of the eighteenth-century Atlantic world in which Crispus Attucks lived, describes the events of the Boston Massacre, and assesses what we know about Attucks’s life. It also addresses some of the most widely known speculations and unsupported stories about Attucks’s life, experiences, and family. Much of what is assumed about Attucks today is drawn from a fictionalized juvenile biography from 1965, which was based largely on research in nineteenth-century sources. Attucks’s characterization as an unsavory outsider and a threat to the social order emerged during the soldiers’ trial. Subsequently, American Revolutionaries in Boston began the construction of a heroic Attucks as they used the memory of the massacre and all its victims to serve their own political agendas during the Revolution by portraying the victims as respectable, innocent citizens struck down by a tyrannical military power.

Resurrection

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Tolstoy
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

Resurrection (1899) is the last of Tolstoy's major novels. It tells the story of a nobleman's attempt to redeem the suffering his youthful philandering inflicted on a peasant girl who ends up a prisoner in Siberia. Tolstoy's vision of redemption achieved through loving forgiveness, and his condemnation of violence, dominate the novel. An intimate, psychological tale of guilt, anger, and forgiveness, Resurrection is at the same time a panoramic description of social life in Russia at the end of the nineteenth century, reflecting its author's outrage at the social injustices of the world in which he lived. This edition, which updates a classic translation, has explanatory notes and a substantial introduction based on the most recent scholarship in the field.

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