scholarly journals SCFA: mechanisms and functional importance in the gut

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Martin-Gallausiaux ◽  
Ludovica Marinelli ◽  
Hervé M. Blottière ◽  
Pierre Larraufie ◽  
Nicolas Lapaque
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
System Development ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Processing ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, the importance of the gut microbiota in human health has been revealed and many publications have highlighted its role as a key component of human physiology. Owing to the use of modern sequencing approaches, the characterisation of the microbiome in healthy individuals and in disease has demonstrated a disturbance of the microbiota, or dysbiosis, associated with pathological conditions. The microbiota establishes a symbiotic crosstalk with their host: commensal microbes benefit from the nutrient-rich environment provided by the gut and the microbiota produces hundreds of proteins and metabolites that modulate key functions of the host, including nutrient processing, maintenance of energy homoeostasis and immune system development. Many bacteria-derived metabolites originate from dietary sources. Among them, an important role has been attributed to the metabolites derived from the bacterial fermentation of dietary fibres, namely SCFA linking host nutrition to intestinal homoeostasis maintenance. SCFA are important fuels for intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and regulate IEC functions through different mechanisms to modulate their proliferation, differentiation as well as functions of subpopulations such as enteroendocrine cells, to impact gut motility and to strengthen the gut barrier functions as well as host metabolism. Recent findings show that SCFA, and in particular butyrate, also have important intestinal and immuno-modulatory functions. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and the impact of SCFA on gut functions and host immunity and consequently on human health.

The impact of host nutrition on gastrointestinal helminth populations

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. P. Bundy ◽  
M. H. N. Golden
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminth ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Clinical Cases

SUMMARYMalnutrition and helminth infection are amongst the most prevalent chronic conditions affecting human health globally. It is estimated that parasitic helminths infect more than 1 billion people, and that more than 2 million clinical cases occur each year (Peters, 1978; Walsh, 1984). Estimates of the incidence of clinical malnutrition suggest that between 5 and 8 million cases occur annually. In many parts of the developing world malnutrition and infection conjointly are the most serious health problem in children, acting as primary or more often as secondary factors in mortality (Puffer & Serrano, 1973). The impact on health is exacerbated because both conditions are chronic, are most common in growing children and, most importantly, tend to occur together in the same individuals (Pawlowski, 1984; Chandra & Newberne, 1977).

scholarly journals Mice exposed to infant formula enriched with polyamines: impact on host transcriptome and microbiome

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1622-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Gómez-Gallego ◽  
María García Romo ◽  
Rafael Frías ◽  
María Jesús Periago ◽  
Gaspar Ros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
System Development ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
The Impact

Previous studies using a BALB/cOlaHsd model have shown the impact that the supplementation of infant formula with polyamines has on the modulation of microbial colonization and immune system development.

Alteration of gene expression in human cells treated with the agricultural chemical diazinon: possible interaction in fetal development

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Mankame ◽  
R Hokanson ◽  
R Fudge ◽  
R Chowdhary ◽  
D Busbee
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Human Health ◽  
System Development ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Mcf 7

Agricultural chemicals frequently alter human health or development, typically because they have endocrine agonist or antagonist activities and alter hormone-regulation of gene expression. The insecticide, diazinon, was evaluated for gene expression disrupting activity using MCF-7 cells, an estrogen-dependent human cell line, to examine the capacity of the insecticide to disrupt gene expression essential for morphological development, immune system development or function, and/or central nervous system development and function. MCF-7 cells were treated with 30, 50 or 67 ppm diazinon, and gene expression was measured in treated cells compared to expression in untreated or estrogen-treated cells. DNA microarray analysis of diazinon-treated cells showed significant upor down-regulation of a large number of genes compared to untreated cells. Of the 600 human genes on the Phase 1 chip utilized for these studies, two specific genescalreticulin and TGF-b3were selected for corroboration using quantitative real time PCR (qrtPCR). qrtPCR, completed to assess gene expression levels for calreticulin and TGFb3, confirmed results showing significant up-regulation of these two genes obtained from the microarray data. These studies were designed to provide baseline data on the gene expressionaltering capacity of a specific chemical, diazinon, and allow a partial assessment of the potentially deleterious effects associated with exposure of human cells to this chemical. Currently, it is not known whether results from cells in vitro can be extrapolated to human health consequences of chemical exposure.

scholarly journals Development and Function of the Intestinal Microbiome and Potential Implications for Pig Production

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Nowland ◽  
Kate Plush ◽  
Mary Barton ◽  
Roy Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
System Development ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The intestinal microbiota has received a lot of attention in recent times due to its essential role in the immune system development and function. Recent work in humans has demonstrated that the first year of life is the most critical time period for microbiome development with perturbations during this time being proven to have long term health consequences. In this review, we describe the literature surrounding early life events in humans and mice that contribute to intestinal microbiota development and function, and compare this to piglets predominantly during their lactation period, which focuses on the impact lactation management practices may have on the intestinal microbiota. Although extensive research has been conducted in this area in humans and mice, little research exists in pigs during perceivably the most critical time period of development, which is the lactation period. The research reviewed outlines the importance of appropriate intestinal microbiota development. However, further research is needed in order to understand the full extent routine farm practices have on a piglet’s intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals Social effects on age-related and sex-specific immune cell profiles in a wild mammal

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 20200234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sil H. J. van Lieshout ◽  
Elisa P. Badás ◽  
Michael W. T. Mason ◽  
Chris Newman ◽  
Christina D. Buesching ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
System Development ◽  
Wild Mammal ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age Related Changes

Evidence for age-related changes in innate and adaptive immune responses is increasing in wild populations. Such changes have been linked to fitness, and knowledge of the factors driving immune response variation is important for understanding the evolution of immunity. Age-related changes in immune profiles may be owing to factors such as immune system development, sex-specific behaviour and responses to environmental conditions. Social environments may also contribute to variation in immunological responses, for example, through transmission of pathogens and stress arising from resource and mate competition. Yet, the impact of the social environment on age-related changes in immune cell profiles is currently understudied in the wild. Here, we tested the relationship between leukocyte cell composition (proportion of neutrophils and lymphocytes [innate and adaptive immunity, respectively] that were lymphocytes) and age, sex and group size in a wild population of European badgers ( Meles meles ). We found that the proportion of lymphocytes in early life was greater in males in smaller groups compared to larger groups, but with a faster age-related decline in smaller groups. By contrast, the proportion of lymphocytes in females was not significantly related to age or group size. Our results provide evidence of sex-specific age-related changes in immune cell profiles in a wild mammal, which are influenced by the social environment.

Innovative approaches to the correction of chronotrope status of pregnant and lactating women

2016 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
S.I. Zhuk ◽  
◽  
K.K. Bondarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Bioavailability ◽  
Key Words Mthfr

Most recent studies show the impact of violations in the metabolism of folate and metin period in the pathogenesis of neural tube defects (NTD) of the fetus. Metafolin has a number of advantages, which primarily includes direct intake of substances in biologically active form and the optimum effect, even in the case when the patient homozygote and/or heterozygote genotype 677С T polymorphism in MTHFR. With the aim of prevention and treatment of various pathological conditions related to folate deficiency during pregnancy, it is advisable to apply vitamin-mineral complexes, containing metafolin - active form of folate with high bioavailability. Key words: MTHFR, metafolin, folic acid, pregnancy.

Exogenous Neonatal Erythropoietin Mitigates Brain Damage After a Combination of Prenatal Hypoxic-Ischemia and Lipopolysaccharide Inflammation in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. A353
Author(s):  
Shenandoah Robinson ◽  
Qing Li
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
System Development ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemia ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Many infants born very preterm who suffer brain damage most likely experienced a combined insult from intrauterine infection and placental insufficiency. Damage is thought to be synergistic rather than additive but the mechanisms of combined injury remain elusive. A combination of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and hypoxia-ischemia has been used in rats to model the dual insult that occurs in human infants prenatally. Erythropoietin, a pleiotrophic cytokine that is essential for central nervous system development, ameliorates brain injury after isolated hypoxic-ischemic or inflammatory insults through different intracellular signaling pathways. We hypothesized that exogenous neonatal EPO administration would lessen the damage of a combined prenatal insult in rats. Methods On embryonic Day 18 fetal rats experienced 60 minutes of transient uterine artery occlusion with or without intracervical LPS administration with sham controls receiving surgery but no occlusion and saline for LPS. Survival was recorded and histological biochemical and functional assays were performed. Means were compared with ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc analysis. Results After a combined insult of HI and 0.15-mg/kg LPS on E18 the survival of pups by postnatal Day 1 (P1) decreased from 77% with HI alone to 22% for LPS plus HI. When exogenous systemic EPO was administered P1–P3 survival to P9 improved markedly from 40% (2 of 5) for saline-treated insult pups to 100% (6 of 6) for EPO-treated. Initial histological analyses show EPO decreases the number of brain activated caspase 3 and activated microglia by P9. Additional analyses will be presented. Conclusion As at least 60% of placentas from infants born pre-term show evidence of chorioamnionitis, assessment of the impact of exogenous EPO on a model of a combination injury is essential prior to proceeding with a clinical trial. Initial results indicate neonatal exogenous EPO mitigates damage from the combined insult.

Role of Nutraceuticals in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: A Review in the Indian Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Sheena Chhabra ◽  
Apurva Bakshi ◽  
Ravineet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Immense Potential ◽  
Specific Health

Nutraceuticals have been around for quite some time. As the nomenclature suggests, they are placed somewhere between food (nutra-) and medicine (-ceuticals) in terms of their impact on human health. Researches have focused on the impact of various types of nutraceuticals on health, their efficacy in health promotion and disease prevention, and often on suitable uses of certain categories of nutraceuticals for specific health issues. However, we are still far from utilizing the immense potential of nutraceuticals for benefiting human health in a substantial manner. We review the available scholarly literature regarding the role of nutraceuticals in health promotion, their efficacy in disease prevention and the perception of nutraceuticals' health benefits by consumers. Thereafter we analyze the need for regulation of nutraceuticals and various provisions regarding the same.

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