Fluctuations in rat liver alanine-amino-transferase activity during experimental nippostrongylosis

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306
Author(s):  
Lucy J. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Alanine Amino Transferase ◽  
A Value ◽  
Gluconeogenic Enzyme ◽  
Alt Activity

SUMMARYThe activity of the gluconeogenic enzyme, alanine-amino-transferase (ALT), in a preparation from the liver of rats was studied by means of an in vitro assay throughout the course of a primary infection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, established by a subcutaneous injection of approximately 4000 3rd-stage larvae. The activity was measured on days 1–14 p.i. in both uninfected and infected rats and a marked pattern in the enzyme's activity was observed. In infected rats, the activity increased from 1·46±0·19 U/g liver on day 1 p.i. to a peak on day 4 p.i. of 10·75±1·62 U/g liver, then decreased to a trough of 0·44±0·18 U/g liver on day 10 p.i. before returning to original levels by day 14 p.i., by which time the infection had been largely eliminated. In uninfected rats the activity of the liver enzyme remained constant throughout this period with a value of 2·54±0·12 U/g liver. The activity of the enzyme in vitro was found to be related to the size of the inoculum on days 4 and 10 p.i. It was proposed that these observations could be due to either (1) a direct effect of the parasite, or (2) a consequence of the host immune response to the infection. In order to investigate the second proposition more fully, liver ALT activity was investigated by in vitro assay on selected days p.i. in rats experiencing a secondary N. brasiliensis infection. In these rats the liver ALT activity was observed to reach a peak on day 2 p.i., with an activity of 3·87 ± 0-28 U/g liver, and a trough on day 4 p.i. with an activity of 0·11 ±0·03 U/g liver, returning to similar levels to those measured in uninfected rats by day 7 p.i. When serum prepared from rats having secondary N. brasiliensis infections collected on day 4 p.i. was added to the assay, a reduction in the activity of liver ALT activity from both the infected and uninfected rats was measured by in vitro assay. The results are discussed in relation to protein metabolism and gluconeogenesis in rats infected with N. brasiliensis, and also in relation to the host’s immune response to the parasitic infection.

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: further properties of antibody-damaged worms and induction of comparable damage by maintaining worms in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Love ◽  
Bridget M. Ogilvie ◽  
Diane J. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Isoenzyme Pattern ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Ultrastructural Morphology ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Worm Expulsion ◽  
Anterior Migration

When adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were maintained in vitro they became damaged. Using the criteria of ultrastructural morphology, acetylcholinesterase isoenzyme pattern and the behaviour of the worms after transfer to a normal rat, this damage appeared to be similar to that produced by the in vivo action of antibodies.Antibodies were shown to be responsible for the anterior migration of adult worms which occurs during primary infections in mature rats and in the prolonged infections seen in lactating and immature rats.Antibody damaged worms and worms unaffected by antibodies were equally able to stimulate the immune response required for worm expulsion. Apparently antibody damage is not required for the initiation of the second immune component necessary for expulsion of this parasite.

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: observations on factors affecting the establishment of secondary worm populations in rats

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Conwil Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Cellular Immune

Previously immunized rats of different ages were exposed either to one large, or several small challenge infections with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The number of secondary worms harboured by each of these rats was then determined on the fourteenth day after exposure to challenge. It was found that worms adapted more efficiently to host immunity when both (a) the rats were less than 11 weeks old when challenged and (b) the challenge was given in small repeated doses over a period of weeks. The age of the rats on exposure to the immunizing primary infection, however, had little or no affect per se on the subsequent establishment of immune-adapted worms. It is tentatively suggested that the failure of worms to adapt effectively to the acquired immunity of older rats resulted from the acquisition by these rats of a fully competent cellular immune response.

Structural changes in the bovine nematode Haemonchus placei, that may be associated with host immune response

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Harness ◽  
K. Smith ◽  
Patricia Bland
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Haemonchus Placei

The structure of H. placei adult worms, obtained from calves at 4, 7, 10 or 11–13 weeks after primary infection, has been studied. A reorganization of rough endoplasmic reticuhim in the cytoplasm of the gut cells was seen at 10 weeks and this was followed by marked vacuolation of many of these cells, associated with an increase in lipid production. Increases of lipid were also found in the hypodermis, lateral cords and occasionally muscle cells of worms examined at 11–13 weeks after infection.It is suggested that these changes are the result of the host immune response, because they resemble changes which occur in the rat nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and which are known to be caused by host immunity.

scholarly journals Decitabine Promotes Modulation in Phenotype and Function of Monocytes and Macrophages That Drive Immune Response Regulation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Fabiana Albani Zambuzi ◽  
Priscilla Mariane Cardoso-Silva ◽  
Ricardo Cardoso Castro ◽  
Caroline Fontanari ◽  
Flavio da Silva Emery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
M2 Macrophage ◽  
M2 Polarization ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Decitabine is an approved hypomethylating agent used for treating hematological malignancies. Although decitabine targets altered cells, epidrugs can trigger immunomodulatory effects, reinforcing the hypothesis of immunoregulation in treated patients. We therefore aimed to evaluate the impact of decitabine treatment on the phenotype and functions of monocytes and macrophages, which are pivotal cells of the innate immunity system. In vitro decitabine administration increased bacterial phagocytosis and IL-8 release, but impaired microbicidal activity of monocytes. In addition, during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, treatment promoted the M2-like profile, with increased expression of CD206 and ALOX15. Macrophages also demonstrated reduced infection control when exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. However, cytokine production remained unchanged, indicating an atypical M2 macrophage. Furthermore, when macrophages were cocultured with lymphocytes, decitabine induced a reduction in the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, maintaining IL-10 production, suggesting that decitabine could potentialize M2 polarization and might be considered as a therapeutic against the exacerbated immune response.

scholarly journals NLRP7 Promotes Choriocarcinoma Growth and Progression through the Establishment of an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2999
Author(s):  
Deborah Reynaud ◽  
Roland Abi Nahed ◽  
Nicolas Lemaitre ◽  
Pierre-Adrien Bolze ◽  
Wael Traboulsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Orthotopic Model ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Maternal Immune Response ◽  
The Impact

The inflammatory gene NLRP7 is the major gene responsible for recurrent complete hydatidiform moles (CHM), an abnormal pregnancy that can develop into gestational choriocarcinoma (CC). However, the role of NLRP7 in the development and immune tolerance of CC has not been investigated. Three approaches were employed to define the role of NLRP7 in CC development: (i) a clinical study that analyzed human placenta and sera collected from women with normal pregnancies, CHM or CC; (ii) an in vitro study that investigated the impact of NLRP7 knockdown on tumor growth and organization; and (iii) an in vivo study that used two CC mouse models, including an orthotopic model. NLRP7 and circulating inflammatory cytokines were upregulated in tumor cells and in CHM and CC. In tumor cells, NLRP7 functions in an inflammasome-independent manner and promoted their proliferation and 3D organization. Gravid mice placentas injected with CC cells invalidated for NLRP7, exhibited higher maternal immune response, developed smaller tumors, and displayed less metastases. Our data characterized the critical role of NLRP7 in CC and provided evidence of its contribution to the development of an immunosuppressive maternal microenvironment that not only downregulates the maternal immune response but also fosters the growth and progression of CC.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Lactoferrin against SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Salaris ◽  
Melania Scarpa ◽  
Marina Elli ◽  
Alice Bertolini ◽  
Simone Guglielmetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Immune Response Gene ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerging virus that currently lacks curative treatments. Lactoferrin (LF) is a naturally occurring non-toxic glycoprotein with broad-spectrum antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we assessed the potential of LF in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Antiviral immune response gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR in uninfected Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells treated with LF. An infection assay for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in Caco-2 cells treated or not with LF. SARS-CoV-2 titer was determined by qRT-PCR, plaque assay and immunostaining. Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production was determined by qRT-PCR. LF significantly induced the expression of IFNA1, IFNB1, TLR3, TLR7, IRF3, IRF7 and MAVS genes. Furthermore, LF partially inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Our in vitro data support LF as an immune modulator of the antiviral immune response with moderate effects against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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