Neuromuscular physiology and pharmacology of parasitic flatworms

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (S1) ◽  
pp. S83-S96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Pax ◽  
T. A. Day ◽  
C. L. Miller ◽  
J. L. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Somatic Muscle ◽  
Current Information

SUMMARYThe trematode and cestode flatworms include numerous parasitic forms of major medical and economic importance. A better knowledge of the neuromuscular physiology of these animals could lead to development of new control measures against these parasites. Since these animals are near the stem from which all other animals have evolved, better knowledge of these animals could also yield valuable information about the early evolution of nerve and muscle systems in the animal kingdom. This review focuses on what is known about the characteristics of the somatic muscle in these animals. The anatomy of the muscles is described along with a review of current information about their electrophysiology, including descriptions of the ion channels present. Also included is a summary of recently acquired data concerning the nature of serotonin, peptide, acetylcholine and glutamate receptors on the membranes of the muscles.

scholarly journals Modulation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Acid-Sensing Ion Channels by Nitric Oxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Q. Wang ◽  
Xiang-Ping Chu ◽  
Ming-Lei Guo ◽  
Dao-Zhong Jin ◽  
Bing Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Acid Sensing Ion Channels

Effects of Gaseous Anesthetics Nitrous Oxide and Xenon on Ligand-gated Ion Channels

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1095-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Yamakura ◽  
R. Adron Harris
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Gabaa Receptors ◽  
Receptor Type ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Gated Ion Channels ◽  
Ligand Gated Ion Channels

Background Ligand-gated ion channels are considered to be potential general anesthetic targets. Although most general anesthetics potentiate the function of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAA), the gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon are reported to have little effect on GABAA receptors but inhibit N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. To define the spectrum of effects of nitrous oxide and xenon on receptors thought to be important in anesthesia, the authors tested these anesthetics on a variety of recombinant brain receptors. Methods The glycine, GABAA, GABA receptor type C (GABAC), NMDA, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), kainate, 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3), and nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and effects of nitrous oxide and xenon, and as equipotent concentrations of isoflurane and ethanol, were studied using the two-electrode voltage clamp. Results Nitrous oxide (0.58 atmosphere [atm]) and xenon (0.46 atm) exhibited similar effects on various receptors. Glycine and GABAA receptors were potentiated by gaseous anesthetics much less than by isoflurane, whereas nitrous oxide inhibited GABAC receptors. Glutamate receptors were inhibited by gaseous anesthetics more markedly than by isoflurane, but less than by ethanol. NMDA receptors were the most sensitive among glutamate receptors and were inhibited by nitrous oxide by 31%. 5-HT3 receptors were slightly inhibited by nitrous oxide. The nACh receptors were inhibited by gaseous and volatile anesthetics, but ethanol potentiated them. The sensitivity was different between alpha4beta2 and alpha4beta4 nACh receptors; alpha4beta2 receptors were inhibited by nitrous oxide by 39%, whereas alpha4beta4 receptors were inhibited by 7%. The inhibition of NMDA and nACh receptors by nitrous oxide was noncompetitive and was slightly different depending on membrane potentials for NMDA receptors, but not for nACh receptors. Conclusions Nitrous oxide and xenon displayed a similar spectrum of receptor actions, but this spectrum is distinct from that of isoflurane or ethanol. These results suggest that NMDA receptors and nACh receptors composed of beta2 subunits are likely targets for nitrous oxide and xenon.

scholarly journals Supramolecular Assemblies and Localized Regulation of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuiping Dai ◽  
Duane D. Hall ◽  
Johannes W. Hell
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Ryanodine Receptor ◽  
Ion Channel Regulation ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
Channel Regulation ◽  
Fight Or Flight Response ◽  
Voltage Gated Ion Channels ◽  
Gated Ion Channels

This review addresses the localized regulation of voltage-gated ion channels by phosphorylation. Comprehensive data on channel regulation by associated protein kinases, phosphatases, and related regulatory proteins are mainly available for voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, which form the main focus of this review. Other voltage-gated ion channels and especially Kv7.1-3 (KCNQ1-3), the large- and small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels BK and SK2, and the inward-rectifying K+ channels Kir3 have also been studied to quite some extent and will be included. Regulation of the L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 by PKA has been studied most thoroughly as it underlies the cardiac fight-or-flight response. A prototypical Cav1.2 signaling complex containing the β2 adrenergic receptor, the heterotrimeric G protein Gs, adenylyl cyclase, and PKA has been identified that supports highly localized via cAMP. The type 2 ryanodine receptor as well as AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptors are in close proximity to Cav1.2 in cardiomyocytes and neurons, respectively, yet independently anchor PKA, CaMKII, and the serine/threonine phosphatases PP1, PP2A, and PP2B, as is discussed in detail. Descriptions of the structural and functional aspects of the interactions of PKA, PKC, CaMKII, Src, and various phosphatases with Cav1.2 will include comparisons with analogous interactions with other channels such as the ryanodine receptor or ionotropic glutamate receptors. Regulation of Na+ and K+ channel phosphorylation complexes will be discussed in separate papers. This review is thus intended for readers interested in ion channel regulation or in localization of kinases, phosphatases, and their upstream regulators.

scholarly journals The Structure and Function of Ionotropic Receptors in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Ni
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Ionotropic Receptors ◽  
Ir Studies ◽  
Major Branch ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
And Function ◽  
Peripheral Sensory

Ionotropic receptors (IRs) are a highly divergent subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) and are conserved across Protostomia, a major branch of the animal kingdom that encompasses both Ecdysozoa and Lophothrochozoa. They are broadly expressed in peripheral sensory systems, concentrated in sensory dendrites, and function in chemosensation, thermosensation, and hygrosensation. As iGluRs, four IR subunits form a functional ion channel to detect environmental stimuli. Most IR receptors comprise individual stimulus-specific tuning receptors and one or two broadly expressed coreceptors. This review summarizes the discoveries of the structure of IR complexes and the expression and function of each IR, as well as discusses the future direction for IR studies.

A multi-pronged approach for the management of plant parasitic nematodes in vineyards in South Africa.

2021 ◽  
pp. 215-223
Author(s):  
Sheila Storey ◽  
Hans Hugo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract This chapter discusses the economic importance, distribution, host range, and recommended integrated management of plant parasitic nematodes in vineyards in South Africa. Future research requirements into the use of novel control measures which include biocontrol, novel biology and soil health are also mentioned.

scholarly journals Relevant Attributes for Olive Oil Purchasing Decisions: A comparison between Brazil and Portugal

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 251261
Author(s):  
Marcela De Oliveira e Silva Loureiro ◽  
Natália Araujo Pacheco ◽  
Janaína Carla Kovalski
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Current Information

Objective: To identify and compare the most relevant attributes for consumers when deciding to buy olive oil in Brazil and Portugal.Method: In the first study, 10 olive oil consumers were interviewed to understand and identify the attributes that influence the decision process. In the second study, a survey was conducted with 338 consumers to compare the importance of the attributes.Findings: Taste, type of olive oil, acidity and price were among the five most important attributes for both nationalities, along with brand (only for Brazilians) and country of origin (only for Portuguese). Among the most important attributes, price was the least important and was used as a tie-breaker between similar products.Originality: Despite the economic importance of this market (€856 million in 2019), little is known about the attributes that are most relevant to consumers. This research provides current information on these attributes.

Potential Future of New Glutamate Agonists and Antagonists Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-520
Author(s):  
Dariusz Matosiuk
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Allosteric Modulators ◽  
Metabotropic Receptors ◽  
Ionotropic Receptors ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Glutamate Agonists ◽  
Orthosteric Ligands

Receptors of glutamic acid are known for over 30 years for their action and for about 20 years for their structure. Presence of at least three classes of ionotropic receptors was confirmed at the beginning of 80’. Recognition of the sequence and first cloning were done at the beginning of 90’. In 1994 ligand binding site was recognized at the junction of two subunits S1-S2 in the ligand-binding domain. Since then, many subtypes of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors were recognized, together with their localization and functions. In the meantime numerous orthosteric ligands, both agonists and antagonists were developed especially for NMDA ion channels. Their usefulness as drugs was rather low, due to the involvement in the excitatory tract. More interest was focused on metabotropic receptors, which are GPSR’s and can be modulated both by orthosteric and allosteric modulators. It seems like allosterism could be considered as promising future for glutamate receptors and ion channels, especially when first allosteric negative modulators of the mGluR2 went close into the clinical trial.

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