Accident and risk evaluation on Finnish Antarctic expeditions

Polar Record ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (165) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneli Pekkarinen ◽  
Sinikka Soini ◽  
Juhani Hassi ◽  
Heikki Laapio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Made In ◽  
Snow And Ice

AbstractThe first Finnish expedition to the Antarctic, made in 1988–89, included five men. The second, a year later, included 57, mostly researchers. Accidents that occurred during the expeditions were recorded by a medical doctor and their incidence rate and severity were estimated. The few accidents that occurred did not cause disability. Some 20 risk factors were evaluated from two questionnaires filled out during the journeys to and from Antarctica, using a scale from extremely safe to extremely unsafe. Working conditions were judged safer than had been expected, as were weather factors (wind, temperature, ice and snow circumstances). The most dangerous items identified, in order of importance, were moving along unmarked routes, weariness, unexpected dangers, hurry and tight schedules, and snow and ice. During the homeward journey, equipment for communication and for moving as well as personal equipment were judged more dangerous than had been expected in advance. Preparations for future expeditions should give more attention to these factors.

Epidemiology Of Myocardial Infarction: Magnitude Of The Problem, Cause And Risk Factors

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
W B Kannel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Marginal Risk

Coronary heart disease is a common, highly lethal, disease which frequently attacks without warning and too often presents with sudden death as the first symptom. Chances of an American male developing CHD before age 60 are one in five.Most angina, infarctions and sudden deaths represent medical failures which should have been forecasted and prevented. About 30% of first MI's will shortly develop angina and experience a per annum death rate, half of which will be sudden deaths. Reinfarctions will occur at 6% per year and half the recurrences will be fatal.No major innovations are needed to identify coronary candidates or to establish their risk from the joint effect of known risk factors. However, all have much to learn about motivating changes in behavior required to control the major risk factors such as cigarette smoking, faulty diet, overweight, sedentary living, abnormal lipids, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance.Low density lipoprotein cholesterol promotes atherogenesis whereas HDL-cholesterol is protective, and the net effect is judged by their ratio. Hypertension, systolic or diastolic, labile or fixed, at any age in either sex is a powerful contributor to CHD. The impact of diabetes is greater for women, diminishes with age and varies depending on coexisting risk factors.Optimal risk evaluation requires quantitative combination of risk factors so as to include persons with multiple marginal risk factor abnormalities who are at high risk.

scholarly journals Geographical variation and clustering are found in atrial fibrillation beyond socioeconomic differences: a Danish cohort study, 1987–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstine Wodschow ◽  
Kristine Bihrmann ◽  
Mogens Lytken Larsen ◽  
Gunnar Gislason ◽  
Annette Kjær Ersbøll
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Geographical Variations

Abstract Background The prevalence and incidence rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) increase worldwide and AF is a risk factor for more adverse cardiovascular diseases including stroke. Approximately 44% of AF cases cannot be explained by common individual risk factors and risk might therefore also be related to the environment. By studying geographical variation and clustering in risk of incident AF adjusted for socioeconomic position at an individual level, potential neighbourhood risk factors could be revealed. Methods Initially, yearly AF incidence rates 1987–2015 were estimated overall and stratified by income in a register-based cohort study. To examine geographical variation and clustering in AF, we used both spatial scan statistics and a hierarchical Bayesian Poisson regression analysis of AF incidence rates with random effect of municipalities (n = 98) in Denmark in 2011–2015. Results The 1987–2015 cohort included 5,453,639 individuals whereof 369,800 were diagnosed with an incident AF. AF incidence rate increased from 174 to 576 per 100,000 person-years from 1987 to 2015. Inequality in AF incidence rate ratio between highest and lowest income groups increased from 23% in 1987 to 38% in 2015. We found clustering and geographical variation in AF incidence rates, with incidence rates at municipality level being up to 34% higher than the country mean after adjusting for socioeconomic position. Conclusions Geographical variations and clustering in AF incidence rates exist. Compared to previous studies from Alberta, Canada and the United States, we show that geographical variations exist in a country with free access to healthcare and even when accounting for socioeconomic differences at an individual level. An increasing social inequality in AF was seen from 1987 to 2015. Therefore, when planning prevention strategies, attention to individuals with low income should be given. Further studies focusing on identification of neighbourhood risk factors for AF are needed.

scholarly journals Incidence and Risk Factors of Hyperuricemia among 2.5 Million Chinese Adults during the Years 2017–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2360
Author(s):  
Ruiqi Shan ◽  
Yi Ning ◽  
Yuan Ma ◽  
Xiang Gao ◽  
Zechen Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Fat Liver

Objective: To assess the incidence and risk factors of hyperuricemia among Chinese adults in 2017–2018. Methods: A total of 2,015,847 adults (mean age 41.2 ± 12.7, 53.1% men) with serum uric acid concentrations assayed on at least two separate days in routine health examinations during 2017–2018 were analyzed. Hyperuricemia was defined as fasting serum urate concentration >420 μmol/L in men and >360 μmol/L in women. The overall and sex-specific incidence rate were stratified according to age, urban population size, geographical region, annual average temperature and certain diseases. Logistic regression analyses were performed to explore risk factors associated with hyperuricemia. Results: 225,240 adults were newly diagnosed with hyperuricemia. The age- and sex-standardized incidence rate per 100 person-years was 11.1 (95%CI: 11.0–11.1) (15.2 for men and 6.80 for women). The risk of hyperuricemia was positively associated with younger age, being male, larger urban population size, higher annual temperature, higher body mass index, lower estimate glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, dyslipidemia and fat liver. Conclusions: The incidence of hyperuricemia was substantial and exhibited a rising trend among younger adults, especially among men. Socioeconomic and geographic variation in incidence were observed. The risk of hyperuricemia was associated with estimate glomerular filtration rate, fat liver and metabolic factors.

scholarly journals FRI0549 RISK OF INVASIVE FUNGAL INFECTION IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: A NATIONWIDE POPULATION-BASED STUDY IN TAIWAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 876.1-876
Author(s):  
C. F. Su ◽  
C. C. Lai ◽  
T. H. LI ◽  
Y. F. Chang ◽  
Y. T. Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infection ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Intravenous Steroid ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Background:Infectious disease is one of the leading causes of mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Among these infections, invasive fungal infection (IFI) carries high mortality rate (25-70%), but the literature of IFI in SLE is limited.Objectives:To investigate the epidemiology and risk factors of invasive fungal infection and its subtypes, including candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis, in SLE patients.Methods:All patients with newly diagnosed SLE between 1997-2012 were enrolled from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, with an age- and sex-matched non-SLE control group in a ratio of 1:10. IFI was identified by ICD9 codes1from discharge record and validated by use of systemic anti-fungal agents. The incidence rate (IR), incidence rate ratio (IRR), cause mortality rate of IFI and its subtypes were compared. A Cox multivariate model with time-dependent covariates was applied to analyse the independent risk factors of IFI.Results:A total of 269 951 subjects (24 541 SLE and 245 410 control) were included. There were 445 episodes of IFI in SLE group. Candida was the most common pathogen (52.8%), followed by cryptococcus and aspergillus. The IR of IFI in SLE was 20.83 per 10,000 person-years with an IRR of 11.1 (95% CI 9.8-12.6) compared to the control (figure 1). Kaplan-Meier curve also disclosed a lower IFI-free survival in SLE (figure 2). The all-cause mortality rate was similar between SLE and the control (26.7 vs 25.7%). In SLE, treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (HR=2.24, 95% CI 1.48-3.37), cyclosporin (HR=1.65, 95% CI 1.10-1.75), cyclophosphamide (HR=1.37, 95% CI 1.07-1.75), oral daily dose of steroid>5 mg prednisolone (HR=1.26, 95% CI 1.01-1.58), and intravenous steroid therapy (HR=29.11, 95% CI 23.30-36.37) were identified as independent risk factors of IFI. Similar analyses were performed for subtypes of IFI. Distinctive risk factors were found between different subtypes of IFI (table 1).Conclusion:SLE patients have a higher risk of IFI. Intravenous steroid therapy is the most important risk factor of IFI. This study provides crucial information for risk stratification of IFI in SLE.References:[1] Winthrop KL, Novosad SA, Baddley JW, et al. Opportunistic infections and biologic therapies in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: consensus recommendations for infection reporting during clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Dec; 74(12):2107-2116.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Abstract 47: Atrial Fibrillation is Associated With Increased Risk of Incident Venous Thromboembolism: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela L Lutsey ◽  
Faye L Norby ◽  
Alvaro Alonso ◽  
Mary Cushman ◽  
Lin Y Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk ◽  
Shared Risk

Background: It is well-established that atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with thrombus formation in the left atrium, which can lead to ischemic stroke. Case reports, autopsies, and transesophageal echo data have indicated that clot formation also occurs in the right atrium (i.e. right-side intracardiac thrombosis) of AF patients, which could lead to pulmonary embolism (PE). However, it is unclear whether this occurrence is common. Objective: Test the hypotheses that individuals with incident AF are at elevated risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), and that the association will be stronger for those presenting with PE alone versus PE and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or DVT alone. Methods: A total of 15,205 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants, aged 45-64 years, were followed from baseline (1987-1989) to 2011 for incidence of AF and VTE (median follow-up 19.8 years). Incident AF and VTE events were identified via active surveillance and defined by relevant hospital discharge ICD codes. VTE events were validated by medical record review. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used, with AF modeled as a time-dependent covariate. We also evaluated separately risk of PE without evidence of DVT, DVT without PE, and events presenting with both PE and DVT. Results: At baseline participants were on average 54 years old, 55% female and 26% black. In the absence of AF there were 678 VTE events, for an incidence rate of 2.6 per 1000 person-years. After an AF diagnosis there were 77 events, with an incidence rate of 7.1 per 1000 person-years. In multivariable-adjusted models, having AF (versus no AF) was associated with a greater risk of incident VTE; the HR (95% CI) was 2.10 (1.65-2.68) after adjustment for demographics, 1.82 (1.42-2.32) additionally accounting for numerous AF and VTE risk factors, and 1.97 (1.53-2.53) after further adjusting for time-dependent anticoagulant use. When we restricted to PE events without evidence of DVT there were 188 events in total, of which 19 occurred following a diagnosis of AF. The HR for AF (versus no AF) was 1.53 (0.92-2.56) in fully adjusted models. For DVT alone there were 384 events in total, of which 48 occurred after AF diagnosis; the HR for AF was 2.43 (1.77-3.33). Among the 116 events presenting with both DVT and PE, 10 occurred after AF diagnosis, and the HR for AF was 1.36 (0.67-2.75). Conclusions: Diagnosis with AF was associated with a nearly 2-fold increased risk of incident VTE. The association was not stronger when isolated to those with PE without DVT, suggesting that higher risk of VTE among AF patients may be due to either the coagulation abnormalities that accompany AF, or shared risk factors that were not fully accounted for in this analysis.

Study of Influence on Infertility

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Huihui
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Developmental Abnormality ◽  
Secondary Infertility ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Infertility Patients ◽  
The City

For objective, analyzing the pathogenesis of infertility patients in Zhengzhou and exploring the relevant influential factors. Method: selecting 264 infertility patients in our hospital and peripheral hospitals in the city from March of 2015 to October of 2016 to carry out relevant investigation & research so as to analyze the major pathogeny and related risk factors of 264 infertility patients. For result, for infertility patients, the occurrence of infertility is common in female whether it is primary or secondary. The primary infertility is usually caused by uterus factors, showing the congenital developmental abnormality of uterus. However, the primary cause of secondary infertility is tubal nowhere, commonly and mainly showing frequent abortion frequency.As to male infertility, the idiopathic infertility is mainly related to asthenospermia while the secondary infertility is mainly related to asthenospermia and oligospermia. Conclusion: clinically, there are more causes of infertility. Thus, the reproductive health education and direction need to be strengthened and completed on the male and female during the child-bearing period, and the timely and professional direction needs to be given to the patients with low incidence of infertility to diagnose and treat as early as possible so as to lower the incidence rate of infertility, worthy of attention.

scholarly journals Subarachnoid hemorrhage after surgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms

2018 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-497
Author(s):  
Hidetoshi Matsukawa ◽  
Hiroyasu Kamiyama ◽  
Toshiyuki Tsuboi ◽  
Kosumo Noda ◽  
Nakao Ota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Excellent Outcome ◽  
Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Average Annual Incidence

OBJECTIVEOnly a few previous studies have investigated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) after surgical treatment in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). Given the improvement in long-term outcomes of embolization, more extensive data are needed concerning the true rupture rates after microsurgery in order to provide reliable information for treatment decisions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for postoperative SAH in patients with surgically treated UIAs.METHODSData from 702 consecutive patients harboring 852 surgically treated UIAs were evaluated. Surgical treatments included neck clipping (complete or incomplete), coating/wrapping, trapping, proximal occlusion, and bypass surgery. Clippable UIAs were defined as UIAs treated by complete neck clipping. The annual incidence of postoperative SAH and risk factors for SAH were studied using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models.RESULTSThe patients’ median age was 64 years (interquartile range [IQR] 56–71 years). Of 852 UIAs, 767 were clippable and 85 were not. The mean duration of follow-up was 731 days (SD 380 days). During 1708 aneurysm years, there were 4 episodes of SAH, giving an overall average annual incidence rate of 0.23% (95% CI 0.12%–0.59%) and an average annual incidence rate of 0.065% (95% CI 0.0017%–0.37%) for clippable UIAs (1 episode of SAH, 1552 aneurysm-years). Basilar artery location (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 23, 95% CI 2.0–255, p = 0.0012) and unclippable UIA status (adjusted HR 15, 95% CI 1.1–215, p = 0.046) were significantly related to postoperative SAH. An excellent outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0 or 1) was achieved in 816 (95.7%) of 852 cases overall and in 748 (98%) of 767 clippable UIAs at 12 months.CONCLUSIONSIn this large case series, microsurgical treatment of UIAs was found to be safe and effective. Aneurysm location and unclippable morphologies were related to postoperative SAH in patients with surgically treated UIAs.

scholarly journals Feasibility of cardiovascular disease risk assessments in rheumatology outpatient clinics: experiences from the nationwide NOCAR project

RMD Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e000737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirik Ikdahl ◽  
Silvia Rollefstad ◽  
Grunde Wibetoe ◽  
Anne Salberg ◽  
Frode Krøll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
High Risk Patient ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Joint Diseases ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Rheumatology Outpatient

ObjectiveThe European League Against Rheumatism recommends implementing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessments for patients with inflammatory joint diseases (IJDs) into clinical practice. Our goal was to design a structured programme for CVD risk assessments to be implemented into routine rheumatology outpatient clinic visits.MethodsThe NOrwegian Collaboration on Atherosclerosis in patients with Rheumatic joint diseases (NOCAR) started in April 2014 as a quality assurance project including 11 Norwegian rheumatology clinics. CVD risk factors were recorded by adding lipids to routine laboratory tests, self-reporting of CVD risk factors and blood pressure measurements along with the clinical joint examination. The patients’ CVD risks, calculated by the European CVD risk equation SCORE, were evaluated by the rheumatologist. Patients with high or very high CVD risk were referred to their primary care physician for initiation of CVD preventive measures.ResultsData collection (autumn 2015) showed that five of the NOCAR centres had implemented CVD risk assessments. There were 8789 patients eligible for CVD risk evaluation (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 4483; ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 1663; psoriatic arthritis (PsA), 1928; unspecified and other forms of spondyloarthropathies (SpA), 715) of whom 41.4 % received a CVD risk assessment (RA, 44.7%; AS, 43.4%; PsA, 36.3%; SpA, 30.6%). Considerable differences existed in the proportions of patients receiving CVD risk evaluations across the NOCAR centres.ConclusionPatients with IJD represent a patient group with a high CVD burden that seldom undergoes CVD risk assessments. The NOCAR project lifted the offer of CVD risk evaluation to over 40% in this high-risk patient population.

scholarly journals The epidemiology of schizophrenia: replacing dogma with knowledge

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Risk Factors ◽  
Common Pathway ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

Major advances have been made in our understanding of the epidemiology of schizophrenia. We now know that the disorder is more common and severe in young men, and that the incidence varies geographically and temporally. Risk factors have been elucidated; biological risks include a family history of the disorder, advanced paternal age, obstetric complications, and abuse of drugs such as stimulants and cannabis. In addition, recent research has also identified social risk factors such as being born and brought up in a city, migration, and certain types of childhood adversity such as physical abuse and bullying, as well as social isolation and adverse events in adult life. Current research is focussing on the significance of minor psychotic symptoms in the general population, gene-environmental interaction, and how risk factors impact on pathogenesis; perhaps all risk factors ultimately impact on striatal dopamine as the final common pathway.

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