Diminished recall and the cohort effect of major depression: a simulation study

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Giuffra ◽  
Neil Risch
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

SynopsisSeveral large-scale epidemiological surveys have reported increasing lifetime rates of psychopathology among recently born cohorts. In the case of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) younger cohorts tend to manifest higher lifetime prevalences of the condition than older cohorts, at any given age. In some studies, cohort differences are so large that the youngest cohort exceeds the lifetime prevalence of the oldest cohort well before passing through their total period of risk. The data on lifetime prevalences that support the existence of secular differences, however, has typically been collected in cross-sectional studies. Thus, individuals are interviewed at a single point in time and asked to recall all prior psychopathology. Due to poor recall, this design may greatly underestimate earlier experiences. In fact, cohort differences are not limited to MDD; similar results have been reported for a wide range of psychopathology, suggesting methodological problems at data collection. We have conducted a simulation study to examine the magnitude of annual rates of forgetting that could produce the secular trends reported for MDD. Small, but constant annual rates produce striking, ‘cohort effect-like’ curves. The rates needed to reconstruct the reported effect are compatible with published values for test–retest studies of lifetime recall of MDD.This simulation study does not rule out the existence of a cohort effect in some psychiatric disorders, but stresses the possible limitations of using cross-sectional studies to investigate secular trends.

scholarly journals Taming the chaos: NHS professionals’ perspective of using video consulting during COVID-19 in Wales

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e001318
Author(s):  
Gemma Johns ◽  
Sara Khalil ◽  
Mike Ogonovsky ◽  
Markus Hesseling ◽  
Allan Wardhaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Health Service ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Early Use ◽  
Observational Study Design ◽  
The Uk

The use of video consulting (VC) in the UK has expanded rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technology Enabled Care (TEC) Cymru, the Welsh Government and Local Health boards began implementing the National Health Service (NHS) Wales VC Service in March 2020. This has been robustly evaluated on a large-scale All-Wales basis, across a wide range of NHS Wales specialities.AimsTo understand the early use of VC in Wales from the perspective of NHS professionals using it. NHS professionals were approached by TEC Cymru to provide early data.MethodsUsing an observational study design with descriptive methods including a cross-sectional survey, TEC Cymru captured data on the use, benefits and challenges of VC from NHS professionals in Wales during August and September 2020. This evidence is based on the rapid adoption of VC in Wales, which mirrors that of other nations.ResultsA total of 1256 NHS professionals shared their VC experience. Overall, responses were positive, and professionals expressed optimistic views regarding the use and benefit of VC, even when faced with challenges on occasions.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence of general positivity, acceptance and the success of the VC service in Wales. Future research studies will now be able to explore and evaluate the implementation methods used within this study, and investigate their effectiveness in being able to achieve better outcomes through VC.

scholarly journals PsychData – Experiences from 12 Years of Research Data Archiving

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Weiland ◽  
Ina Dehnhard
Keyword(s):  
Data Sharing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Data Reuse ◽  
German Research Foundation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Archiving ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Meta Analyses

See video of the presentation.The benefits of making research data permanently accessible through data archives is widely recognized: costs can be reduced by reusing existing data, research results can be compared and validated with results from archived studies, fraud can be more easily detected, and meta-analyses can be conducted. Apart from that, authors may gain recognition and reputation for producing the datasets. Since 2003, the accredited research data center PsychData (part of the Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information in Trier, Germany) documents and archives research data from all areas of psychology and related fields. In the beginning, the main focus was on datasets that provide a high potential for reuse, e.g. longitudinal studies, large-scale cross sectional studies, or studies that were conducted during historically unique conditions. Presently, more and more journal publishers and project funding agencies require researchers to archive their data and make them accessible for the scientific community. Therefore, PsychData also has to serve this need.In this presentation we report on our experiences in operating a discipline-specific research data archive in a domain where data sharing is met with considerable resistance. We will focus on the challenges for data sharing and data reuse in psychology, e.g.large amount of domain-specific knowledge necessary for data curationhigh costs for documenting the data because of a wide range on non-standardized measuressmall teams and little established infrastructures compared with the "big data" disciplinesstudies in psychology not designed for reuse (in contrast to the social sciences)data protectionresistance to sharing dataAt the end of the presentation, we will provide a brief outlook on DataWiz, a new project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). In this project, tools will be developed to support researchers in documenting their data during the research phase.

Correlation between three-dimensional and cross-sectional characteristics of ideal grain growth: large-scale phase-field simulation study

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (21) ◽  
pp. 15165-15180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eisuke Miyoshi ◽  
Tomohiro Takaki ◽  
Munekazu Ohno ◽  
Yasushi Shibuta ◽  
Shinji Sakane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Phase Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phase Field Simulation ◽  
Field Simulation

scholarly journals Development of the RMT20, a composite screener to identify common mental disorders

BJPsych Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Batterham ◽  
Matthew Sunderland ◽  
Natacha Carragher ◽  
Alison L. Calear
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
General Psychological Distress

Background There are few very brief measures that accurately identify multiple common mental disorders. Aims The aim of this study was to develop and assess the psychometric properties of a new composite measure to screen for five common mental disorders. Method Two cross-sectional psychometric surveys were used to develop (n = 3175) and validate (n = 3620) the new measure, the Rapid Measurement Toolkit-20 (RMT20) against diagnostic criteria. The RMT20 was tested against a DSM-5 clinical checklist for major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder, with comparison with two measures of general psychological distress: the Kessler-10 and Distress Questionnaire-5. Results The area under the curve for the RMT20 was significantly greater than for the distress measures, ranging from 0.86 to 0.92 across the five disorders. Sensitivity and specificity at prescribed cut-points were excellent, with sensitivity ranging from 0.85 to 0.93 and specificity ranging from 0.73 to 0.83 across the five disorders. Conclusions The RMT20 outperformed two established scales assessing general psychological distress, is free to use and has low respondent burden. The measure is well-suited to clinical screening, internet-based screening and large-scale epidemiological surveys.

The Current Age of Youthful Melancholia

1988 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald L. Klerman
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Statistical Methodology ◽  
World War ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys

The possibility of a rise in rates of depression among adolescents and young adults was first reported in the 1970s. Particular note was taken of the emergence of childhood depression and the increase in suicide attempts and death among adolescents and young adults. Data from large-sample family studies and community epidemiological surveys have been reviewed and reanalysed, using life-table statistical methodology. Evidence for secular trends are presented, and the problems of disentangling period and cohort effect are discussed. It appears that the ‘baby boomers' -those born in the years after World War II- have had increased rates of depression and other related illnesses, including drug abuse and alcoholism. The theoretical aspects of this are discussed, particularly for gene-environment interactions.

scholarly journals Dental Caries in European Adults and Senior Citizens 1996–2016: ORCA Saturday Afternoon Symposium in Greifswald, Germany – Part II

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Christina Carvalho ◽  
Ulrich Schiffner
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Habits ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Year 2000

This review assesses the development of oral health habits and status in European adults (35–44 years old) and senior citizens (65–74 years old) over the period of 1996–2016. There seem to be good opportunities for improving oral health habits by brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste among adults, as only 33–85% reported doing so. Caries experience was extensive among adults (≥92%). In adults of 23 countries, the mean DMFT score ranged from 6.6 to 17.6 (median 12.1). In senior citizens of 21 countries, the mean DMFT score varied from 14.7 to 25.5 (median 22.0). Repeated cross-sectional studies on caries trends in adults revealed a reduction of the DMFT value by 20%, referring to country-wide data. Among senior citizens, the corresponding reduction was 13%, with a shift in the DMFT components, i.e., with lower MT and higher FT scores. Edentulousness in the age group of 35- to 44-year-olds started disappearing in Europe from the year 2000, and had been markedly reduced in some countries during the last decade. However, the eradication of edentulousness among 65- to 74-year-olds has not yet been reported. Further epidemiological surveys should apply caries diagnostic criteria that, besides representing our contemporary understanding of oral health care, allow comparisons with previous surveys using the WHO criteria. In conclusion, in the last two decades, a decline in caries was observed among European adults, and to a lesser extent among senior citizens. It is expected that the decline in caries will contribute to better oral health of individuals.

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