Reasoning under uncertainty: heuristic judgments in patients with persecutory delusions or depression

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
RHIANNON CORCORAN ◽  
SINEAD CUMMINS ◽  
GEORGINA ROWSE ◽  
ROSIE MOORE ◽  
NIGEL BLACKWOOD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Social Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
Reasoning Under Uncertainty ◽  
Persecutory Delusions ◽  
Heuristic Reasoning ◽  
Depressed Group ◽  
Future Work

Objective. The substantial literature examining social reasoning in people with delusions has, to date, neglected the commonest form of decision making in daily life. We address this imbalance by reporting here the findings of the first study to explore heuristic reasoning in people with persecutory delusions.Method. People with active or remitted paranoid delusions, depressed and healthy adults performed two novel heuristic reasoning tasks that varied in emotional valence.Results. The findings indicated that people with persecutory delusions displayed biases during heuristic reasoning that were most obvious when reasoning about threatening and positive material. Clear similarities existed between the currently paranoid group and the depressed group in terms of their reasoning about the likelihood of events happening to them, with both groups tending to believe that pleasant things would not happen to them. However, only the currently paranoid group showed an increased tendency to view other people as threatening.Conclusion. This study has initiated the exploration of heuristic reasoning in paranoia and depression. The findings have therapeutic utility and future work could focus on the differentiation of paranoia and depression at a cognitive level.

scholarly journals Common Knowledge, Common Attitudes, and Social Reasoning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richmond Thomason
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Social Reasoning ◽  
Made In

As long as there have been theories about common knowledge, they have been exposed to a certain amount of skepticism. Recent more sophisticated arguments question whether agents can acquire common attitudes and whether they are needed in social reasoning. I argue that this skepticism arises from assumptions about practical reasoning that, considered in themselves, are at worst implausible and at best controversial. A proper approach to the acquisition of attitudes and their deployment in decision making leaves room for common attitudes. Postulating them is no worse off than similar idealizations that are usefully made in logic and economics.

scholarly journals The IM Decision Making And Problem-Solving Model: A Unisex Context

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Suleiman Yahaya ◽  
Maryam M.B Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
New Development ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
Fast Decision

This paper The search paper aimed at introducing new development in decision-making and problem-solving models which will enable the decision-makers to have more options on the way of handling any give scenarios that might occur in the process of daily life or organizational activities, this will improve fast decision by individual or organization. Decision making is an acceptable part of human daily life. People have to make different important decisions nearly every day, hence the reason that often-making decisions can be a difficult action to take. However, a significant number of observational studies have shown that most individuals are much worse in decision-making in organizations. Thus, people started paying more attention to learning how to make an acceptable decision through the related hypotheses and models that fit their scenarios. Along with the line hundred (100) sample of the design developed model with a Likert-Scale from 1-5 was attached and sent to some prominent leaders who virtually make a decision and solved problems almost every day, for their assessment’s/analysis in order to collect data to determine both input and output of the developed model which some accepted as it was designed while some make changes and other make a recommendation for future research work. The decision-making tools are needed at the critical time of Covid.

scholarly journals Reducing Alert Fatigue by Sharing Low-Level Alerts With Patients and Enhancing Collaborative Decision Making Using Blockchain Technology: Scoping Review and Proposed Framework (MedAlert) (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Kengfai Wan ◽  
Abylay Satybaldy ◽  
Lizhen Huang ◽  
Halvor Holtskog ◽  
Mariusz Nowostawski
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Care Quality ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Care Quality ◽  
Alert Fatigue ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Future Work

BACKGROUND Clinical decision support (CDS) is a tool that helps clinicians in decision making by generating clinical alerts to supplement their previous knowledge and experience. However, CDS generates a high volume of irrelevant alerts, resulting in alert fatigue among clinicians. Alert fatigue is the mental state of alerts consuming too much time and mental energy, which often results in relevant alerts being overridden unjustifiably, along with clinically irrelevant ones. Consequently, clinicians become less responsive to important alerts, which opens the door to medication errors. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore how a blockchain-based solution can reduce alert fatigue through collaborative alert sharing in the health sector, thus improving overall health care quality for both patients and clinicians. METHODS We have designed a 4-step approach to answer this research question. First, we identified five potential challenges based on the published literature through a scoping review. Second, a framework is designed to reduce alert fatigue by addressing the identified challenges with different digital components. Third, an evaluation is made by comparing MedAlert with other proposed solutions. Finally, the limitations and future work are also discussed. RESULTS Of the 341 academic papers collected, 8 were selected and analyzed. MedAlert securely distributes low-level (nonlife-threatening) clinical alerts to patients, enabling a collaborative clinical decision. Among the solutions in our framework, Hyperledger (private permissioned blockchain) and BankID (federated digital identity management) have been selected to overcome challenges such as data integrity, user identity, and privacy issues. CONCLUSIONS MedAlert can reduce alert fatigue by attracting the attention of patients and clinicians, instead of solely reducing the total number of alerts. MedAlert offers other advantages, such as ensuring a higher degree of patient privacy and faster transaction times compared with other frameworks. This framework may not be suitable for elderly patients who are not technology savvy or in-patients. Future work in validating this framework based on real health care scenarios is needed to provide the performance evaluations of MedAlert and thus gain support for the better development of this idea. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals Rational and irrational processes in decision making: An economic perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Maria Liana Lacatus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Economic Understanding

The paper presents important issues of decision making processes with an emphasis on rational and irrational components of these processes. After a short introduction outlining the need for a deeper understanding of rational and non-rational factors that affect the decisions people make, the rationality of people decisions in daily life is questioned and the role of non-rational factors such as intuition are analyzed. The economic understanding of the decision making process is presented and principles of rational decision-making are explained. Different methods used and recommended by economists in order to make decisions are presented and applied in different life situations in order to demonstrate their value in daily life. Special emphasis is put on factors such as imperfect information, illusion of control, or risk aversion that may affect the rationality of the decision making processes. In the final section of the paper the concept of bounded rationality is introduced and explained along with new theories in economics that are challenging the classic economic perspective on the decision making process

scholarly journals Patient Engagement Approaches in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Review of Two Decades

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 237437352110365
Author(s):  
Aaron Alokozai ◽  
David N. Bernstein ◽  
Linsen T. Samuel ◽  
Atul F. Kamath
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Engagement ◽  
Total Joint Arthroplasty ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Joint Arthroplasty ◽  
Virtual Rehabilitation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Work

Patient engagement is a comprehensive approach to health care where the physician inspires confidence in the patient to be involved in their own care. Most research studies of patient engagement in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) have come in the past 5 years (2015-2020), with no reviews investigating the different patient engagement methods in TJA. The primary purpose of this review is to examine patient engagement methods in TJA. The search identified 31 studies aimed at patient engagement methods in TJA. Based on our review, the conclusions therein strongly suggest that patient engagement methods in TJA demonstrate benefits throughout care delivery through tools focused on promoting involvement in decision making and accessible care delivery (eg, virtual rehabilitation, remote monitoring). Future work should understand the influence of social determinants on patient involvement in care, and overall cost (or savings) of engagement methods to patients and society.

scholarly journals Patients experiences with multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies in daily life – a qualitative interview study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sippel ◽  
Karin Riemann-Lorenz ◽  
Jutta Scheiderbauer ◽  
Ingo Kleiter ◽  
Rebecca Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Interview Study ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapies ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract Background Besides coping with a disease with many uncertainties, people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis face complex decisions concerning disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). In an interview study, we aimed to assess patients’ experiences with DMTs. Methods Problem-centred interviews were conducted with 50 people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Germany using maximum variation sampling and covering all licensed DMTs. Data were analysed thematically using deductive and inductive categories. Results 47 of 50 patients had treatment with at least one of the approved DMTs. The main themes were: (1) starting a DMT, (2) switching to another DMT, (3) discontinuing a DMT, and (4) multiple sclerosis without starting a DMT. Different intercorrelated factors influenced the decision-making processes for or against a DMT. Individual experiences with DMTs in daily life contained the effort in administration, success, and failure of DMTs, coping strategies and well-being without DMTs. The decision-making process for or against a DMT and the use of those treatments can be understood as a constant, continually shifting process, complicated by different factors, which change over time. Experiences with DMTs were characterized by attempts to handle uncertainty and to (re)gain control and integrate adaptivity into one’s life. Conclusions The study provides a rich and nuanced amount of patients’ experiences with DMTs. The findings demonstrate the importance for practitioners to look at current life circumstances of patients with multiple sclerosis when recommending a DMT and to promote and enable patients to make informed decisions.

VPRS-Based Group Decision-Making for Risk Response in Petroleum Investment

2013 ◽  
pp. 286-295
Author(s):  
Gang Xie ◽  
Wuyi Yue ◽  
Shouyang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Project Investment ◽  
Risk Response ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Multi Objective Programming ◽  
Risk Indices ◽  
Multiple Risks ◽  
Future Work

From the perspective of risk response in petroleum project investment, the authors use a group decision-making (GDM) approach based on a variable precision rough set (VPRS) model for risk knowledge discovery, where experts were invited to identify risk indices and evaluate risk exposure (RE) of individual projects. First, the approach of VPRS-based GDM is introduced. Next, while considering multiple risks in petroleum project investment, the authors use multi-objective programming to obtain the optimal selection of project portfolio with minimum RE, where the significance of risk indices is assigned to each of corresponding multi-objective functions as a weight. Then, a numerical example on a Chinese petroleum company’s investments in overseas projects is presented to illustrate the proposed approach, and some important issues are analyzed. Finally, conclusions are drawn and some topics for future work are suggested.

scholarly journals Communication speeds up but impairs the consensus decision in a dyadic colour estimation task

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 191974
Author(s):  
Liutao Yu ◽  
Chundi Wang ◽  
Si Wu ◽  
Da-Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Consensus Formation ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Consensus Decision Making ◽  
Consensus Decision ◽  
Better Than

Communication plays an important role in consensus decision-making which pervades our daily life. However, the exact role of communication in consensus formation is not clear. Here, to study the effects of communication on consensus formation, we designed a dyadic colour estimation task, where a pair of isolated participants repeatedly estimated the colours of discs until they reached a consensus or completed eight estimations, either with or without communication. We show that participants’ estimates gradually approach each other, reaching towards a consensus, and these are enhanced with communication. We also show that dyadic consensus estimation is on average better than individual estimation. Surprisingly, consensus estimation without communication generally outperforms that with communication, indicating that communication impairs the improvement of consensus estimation. However, without communication, it takes longer to reach a consensus. Moreover, participants who partially cooperate with each other tend to result in better overall consensus. Taken together, we have identified the effect of communication on the dynamics of consensus formation, and the results may have implications on group decision-making in general.

Design and Start-Up of an Automatic Paint Mixer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Gissella Maradey Lázaro ◽  
Kevin Cáceres ◽  
Gianina Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Human Machine Interface ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Engineering Process ◽  
Control Stage ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
Customer Dissatisfaction ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Future Work

Abstract In daily life, is very common to witness scenes in which it is necessary to obtain different ranges of colors in the paintings that are used either with water or oil. This range of colors comes from the fusion and homogenization of primary colors or tones. Frequently, the process of mixing and dosing are carried out by people who, by trial and error, determine the color desired by the user. Then, the quality and precision of the paint is affected and generate customer dissatisfaction, claims, waste, and low productivity. This article shows the design and start up process of an automatic mixer prototype that doses and mixes paint to create complex color shades by implementing a human-machine interface and a control stage and verification. Also, the results of this investigation shows the engineering process carried out to obtain a prototype of a functional, automatic, exact mixing machine and a homogenous and quality product that meets the customer’s requirements. Improvements that will can do and future work are included too.

Group Decision-Making Oriented Civil Engineering Undergraduate Education Reform in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 591-593 ◽  
pp. 2180-2185
Author(s):  
Chun Ying Huang ◽  
Xiao Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Undergraduate Education ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Education In China

This paper studies civil engineering undergraduate education reform in China in the context of sustainable development. At first, from the perspective of sustainable development and symbiosis, group decision-making for the construction project aiming at the sustainability and the harmony of development is very necessary for ensuring the common and long-term interests of all the stakeholders and their successors, which should be performed based on the consensus and cooperation of all the decision-makers. Secondly, some present problems of civil engineering undergraduate education in China, which can do harm to group decision-making, are discussed. In the end, this paper gives some suggestions for civil engineering undergraduate education reform in China, to help the undergraduates establish the concepts of sustainable development, harmonious symbiosis and group decision-making in their minds consciously, so as to make them achieve sustainable development and harmonious relationship between the construction project and the environment actively during their future work.

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