scholarly journals Common Knowledge, Common Attitudes, and Social Reasoning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richmond Thomason
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Social Reasoning ◽  
Made In

As long as there have been theories about common knowledge, they have been exposed to a certain amount of skepticism. Recent more sophisticated arguments question whether agents can acquire common attitudes and whether they are needed in social reasoning. I argue that this skepticism arises from assumptions about practical reasoning that, considered in themselves, are at worst implausible and at best controversial. A proper approach to the acquisition of attitudes and their deployment in decision making leaves room for common attitudes. Postulating them is no worse off than similar idealizations that are usefully made in logic and economics.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE VIKOR DALAM PENERIMAAN JURNALIS PADA KORAN WASPADA MEDAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya Rahma Hayati ◽  
Mesran Mesran ◽  
Taronisokhi Zebua ◽  
Heri Nurdiyanto ◽  
Khasanah Khasanah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Support System ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Support Decision Making ◽  
Made In

The reception of journalists at the Waspada Daily Medan always went through several rigorous selections before being determined to be accepted as journalists at the Waspada Medan Daily. There are several criteria that must be possessed by each participant as a condition for becoming a journalist in the Daily Alert Medan. To get the best participants, the Waspada Medan Daily needed a decision support system. Decision Support Systems (SPK) are part of computer-based information systems (including knowledge-based systems (knowledge management)) that are used to support decision making within an organization or company. Decision support systems provide a semitructured decision, where no one knows exactly how the decision should be made. In this study the authors applied the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) as the method to be applied in the decision support system application. The VIKOR method is part of the Multi-Attibut Decision Making (MADM) Concept, which requires normalization in its calculations. The expected results in this study can obtain maximum decisions.Keywords: Journalist Acceptance, Decision Support System, VIKOR

Evidence-based Assessment

2010 ◽  
pp. 76-98
Author(s):  
John Hunsley ◽  
Eric J. Mash
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Evidence-based assessment relies on research and theory to inform the selection of constructs to be assessed for a specific assessment purpose, the methods and measures to be used in the assessment, and the manner in which the assessment process unfolds. An evidence-based approach to clinical assessment necessitates the recognition that, even when evidence-based instruments are used, the assessment process is a decision-making task in which hypotheses must be iteratively formulated and tested. In this chapter, we review (a) the progress that has been made in developing an evidence-based approach to clinical assessment in the past decade and (b) the many challenges that lie ahead if clinical assessment is to be truly evidence-based.

Multi-criteria Decision-making Applications Based on Set Valued Generalized Neutrosophic Quadruple Sets for Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Necmiye Merve Sahin ◽  
◽  
◽  
Merve Sena Uz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Similarity Measure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Legal Decisions ◽  
The Law ◽  
Made In

In this article, an algorithm has been introduced that enables judges to see the decisions that should be made in a way that is closest to the conscience and the law, without transferring the cases to the higher authorities, without anyone objecting to their decisions. This algorithm has been introduced depending on the generalized set-valued neutrosophic quadruple numbers and the Euclidean similarity measure in sets, what the decision is made by considering all the situations, regardless of which case the defendants come before the judge, how similar these decisions are to the legal decisions that should be made. In this way, we can easily see the decisions given to the accused in all kinds of cases, and we can arrange the decisions according to the similarity value. The closer the similarity value is to 1, the more correct the judge's decision from a legal point of view.

A Stochastic Approach to Risk Management and Decision Making in Defined Benefit Pension Schemes

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Haberman ◽  
C. Day ◽  
D. Fogarty ◽  
M. Z. Khorasanee ◽  
M. McWhirter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Asset Allocation ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Free Variable ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Allocation Decisions ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACTThe trustees and sponsors of defined benefit schemes rely on the advice of the Scheme Actuary to make important decisions concerning the funding of the scheme, the investment of its assets, and the use of surplus assets to improve benefits. These decisions have to be made in the face of considerable uncertainty about financial and demographic factors that will affect the future experience of the scheme and its success in meeting various objectives.The traditional actuarial valuation combined with actuarial judgement has played an important role in guiding decision making; but we argue that stochastic methods can add value in certain crucial areas, in particular the financial risk management of defined benefit schemes. Rather than dealing with risk by incorporating margins in the valuation basis, a stochastic approach allows the actuary to evaluate specific and quantifiable risk and performance measures for alternative funding and investment strategies.This paper recommends a framework that, when combined with a suitable stochastic model, measures the risks inherent in contribution rate and asset allocation decisions, allowing better decisions to be made. In doing this, we suggest and apply various risk and performance measures that may be thought appropriate, although our intention is to illustrate their use rather than prescribe them as objective standards. The framework provides the means to explore the trade-offs involved in possible contribution and asset allocation decisions, and points to decision strategies expected to give improved outcomes for the same level of risk. A feature of the approach that marks it out from current asset/liability techniques is that it examines the funding and investment decisions together. It does not derive a contribution rate in the traditional way, but leaves this as free variable, in the same way that the investment decision is taken to be a free variable. Another distinctive feature of our framework is that it is based on projection rather than on valuation, involving stochastic simulation of the experience of the scheme over a time horizon reflecting the concerns of the trustees and the sponsoring employer.The paper provides a case study (based on a model final salary pension scheme) showing the advantages of the framework, and goes on to explain how the results may practically be communicated to trustees and scheme sponsors.

Altruismus, Moralität und Vertrauen

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Braun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Individual Rationality ◽  
Social Efficiency ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
Choice Approach

AbstractSuccessful trust-relations exist if the trustee reciprocates in accordance with his/her promises to the trustor’s unilateral cooperation. Using a parametric rational choice approach, Coleman shows that an egoist without a moral conscience may place trust in another unmoral egoist. Consequently, successful trust-relations between those actors are possible if strategic considerations play no role for individual decision-making. This paper focusses on such considerations for the emergence of those relations, given complete information (in the sense of common knowledge) of the players. Generally, trust-relations are hard to establish if unmoral egoists take into account their strategic interdependence. It is shown that two different motivations of the trustee, viz., altruism and morality, may suffice to overcome the characteristic conflict between individual rationality and social efficiency in situations with strategically deciding actors.

scholarly journals Famine, Affluence, and Amorality

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sackris
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
First Person ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Distinct Kind ◽  
Ordinary Case ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

I argue that the debate concerning the nature of first-person moral judgment, namely, whether such moral judgments are inherently motivating (internalism) or whether moral judgments can be made in the absence of motivation (externalism), may be founded on a faulty assumption: that moral judgments form a distinct kind that must have some shared, essential features in regards to motivation to act. I argue that there is little reason to suppose that first-person moral judgments form a homogenous class in this respect by considering an ordinary case: student readers of Peter Singer’s “Famine, Affluence, and Morality”. Neither internalists nor externalists can provide a satisfying account as to why our students fail to act in this particular case, but are motivated to act by their moral judgments in most cases. I argue that the inability to provide a satisfying account is rooted in this shared assumption about the nature of moral judgments. Once we consider rejecting the notion that first-person moral decision- making forms a distinct kind in the way it is typically assumed, the internalist/externalist debate may be rendered moot.

scholarly journals The Rights of Science and the Rights of Politics: Lessons from the Long-form Census Controversy

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Science And Politics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normative Account ◽  
Made In ◽  
Conceptual Resources

One of the main issues in the long-form census controversy concerned the relationship between science and politics. Through analysis of the arguments and underlying assumptions of four influential and exemplary interventions that were made in the name of science, this paper outlines a normative account of this relationship. The paper nuances the science-protective ideals that critics invoked and argues that such conceptual resources are needed if science is to be protected from undue political encroachment. However, in their zeal to defend the rights of science critics claimed for it more than its due, eclipsing the value dimension of policy decisions and failing to respect the role of politics as the rightful locus of decision making for value issues. An adequate normative account of the relationship between science and politics in public policy must be capable not only of protecting science from politics but also of protecting politics from science.

scholarly journals THE HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE NETWORK AS NA INSRUMENT FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF COMPULSORY DISEASE AND CONSEQUENTIAL NOTIFICATION, PERNAMBUCO 2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information System ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Compulsory Notification ◽  
Made In

Objetive: Describe the contribution of the State Hospital Epidemiological Surveillance Network of Pernambuco (VEH/PE) for the registration of cases of diseases and conditions of immediate compulsory notification, in Pernambuco, 2018. Methods: Descriptive study, type of experience report, of surveillance of 31 hospitals of the VEH / PE Network, in 2018. The data sources were from the Notifiable Diseases Information System and the data referring to DNCI were from FormSus, available on the Center’s Platform Strategic Health Surveillance Information. The proportions of notifications for Compulsory Notification Disease from the VEH/PE Network were calculated in relation to the total number of notifications made at Sinan. Results: Among the DNC notifications registered by Sinan (Net, Online and Web influenza, 30,1% came from the 31 hospitals of the VEH/PE Network. When analyzed, by information system, the Network was responsible for 28,4% of the records made in Sinan Net by 2.687 reporting units, in Sinan Online, 25,9% in relation to 1.247 reporting units and for Sinan Web Influenza the contribution was 82,3% in relation to the 69 reporting units. Immediate compulsory notification diseases/conditions communicated to CIEVS, 50,2% of the communications came from the Network As for the opportunity for immediate notification of diseases and conditions, 90,7% were communicated in due time by the VEH/PE Network. Conclusion: It is important to strengthen the Network aiming at surveillance, disease/disease control and operationalization of information systems, in order to support the manager in decision making.

scholarly journals SERBIAN TRANSLATION OF BILL BRYSON’S MADE IN AMERICA: SOURCE TEXT EQUIVALENCE AS THE DEFINING CRITERIA OF TRANSLATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Borislava Eraković
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Functionalist Approach ◽  
Made In

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the effect of an implicit, equivalence-based concept of translation on the translator’s decision-making by examining the Serbian translation of the non-literary work Made in America by the famous American travel writer Bill Bryson. The translation does not contain any binary errors that would suggest an incompetent translator, but it shows problems with intratextual coherence for the target reader. The reasons for this can be linked to an underlying concept of translation which is based solely on the search for equivalence to the source text, disregarding the purpose of the translation and the viewpoint of the target reader. The paper contrasts the effect of this approach to the effects of a functionalist approach to translation and discusses its implications for a more visible role for the translator.

scholarly journals TINGKAT KEPUASAN KONSUMEN TERHADAP PEMBELIAN MAKANAN PRODUK AYAM BAKAR ABMJ MELALUI E-COMMERCE GOJEK DI KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Destia Rahmasanti ◽  
Yaktiworo Indriani ◽  
Wuryaningsih Dwi Sayekti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Alternative Evaluation ◽  
Satisfaction Index ◽  
Decision Satisfaction ◽  
Post Purchase ◽  
Made In

This research aims to determine the consumers’ characteristics, the stages of decision making, and consumers satisfaction on buying ABMJ grilled chicken through Gojek e-commerce in Bandar Lampung.  The location was determined purposively, in which samples were 65 people.  The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis method, Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA).  The research showed that the consumers who bought ABMJ through Gofood were mainly single women around 19-24 years old, had bachelor degree, and had monthly income around IDR2,600,000.00-IDR3,500,000.00.  The consumer's decision making process was conducted through the introduction of needs, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision, and post-purchase evaluation.  Ease of purchase encouraged consumers to make transaction through Gofood and consumed ABMJ grilled chicken for their meals.  Consumers acquired the resources and information by their friends who had consumed ABMJ grilled chicken.  Price and advertisement in Gofood feature was highly considered by consumers.  The consumers made purchases depending on the circumstances, so there was no planning before and more than three purchases made in the last three months. Consumers were satisfied and would still buy even if the price of the ABMJ grilled chicken increases.  The value of CSI was 79.22 percent; it showed that the customers had been completely satisfied.  Based on the IPA analysis, customers valued that information clarity, photographic clarity, delivery time, and the safety of maintaining confidentiality of consumer’s identity should be improved.Key words: CSI, IPA, purchasing decision, satisfaction

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