scholarly journals High-risk occupations for suicide

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1231-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Roberts ◽  
B. Jaremin ◽  
K. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Occupational Mortality ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundHigh occupational suicide rates are often linked to easy occupational access to a method of suicide. This study aimed to compare suicide rates across all occupations in Britain, how they have changed over the past 30 years, and how they may vary by occupational socio-economic group.MethodWe used national occupational mortality statistics, census-based occupational populations and death inquiry files (for the years 1979–1980, 1982–1983 and 2001–2005). The main outcome measures were suicide rates per 100 000 population, percentage changes over time in suicide rates, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and proportional mortality ratios (PMRs).ResultsSeveral occupations with the highest suicide rates (per 100 000 population) during 1979–1980 and 1982–1983, including veterinarians (ranked first), pharmacists (fourth), dentists (sixth), doctors (tenth) and farmers (thirteenth), have easy occupational access to a method of suicide (pharmaceuticals or guns). By 2001–2005, there had been large significant reductions in suicide rates for each of these occupations, so that none ranked in the top 30 occupations. Occupations with significant increases over time in suicide rates were all manual occupations whereas occupations with suicide rates that decreased were mainly professional or non-manual. Variation in suicide rates that was explained by socio-economic group almost doubled over time from 11.4% in 1979–1980 and 1982–1983 to 20.7% in 2001–2005.ConclusionsSocio-economic forces now seem to be a major determinant of high occupational suicide rates in Britain. As the increases in suicide rates among manual occupations occurred during a period of economic prosperity, carefully targeted suicide prevention initiatives could be beneficial.

scholarly journals Anti-Memorials and the Art of Forgetting: Critical Reflections on a Memorial Design Practice

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
SueAnne Ware
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Spectrum ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Design Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heroin Overdose ◽  
The Future ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Andreas Huyssen writes, ‘Remembrance as a vital human activity shapes our links to the past, and the ways we remember define us in the present. As individuals and societies, we need the past to construct and to anchor our identities and to nurture a vision of the future.’ Memory is continually affected by a complex spectrum of states such as forgetting, denial, repression, trauma, recounting and reconsidering, stimulated by equally complex changes in context and changes over time. The apprehension and reflective comprehension of landscape is similarly beset by such complexities. Just as the nature and qualities of memory comprise inherently fading, shifting and fleeting impressions of things which are themselves ever-changing, an understanding of a landscape, as well as the landscape itself, is a constantly evolving, emerging response to both immense and intimate influences. There is an incongruity between the inherent changeability of both landscapes and memories, and the conventional, formal strategies of commemoration that typify the constructed landscape memorial. The design work presented in this paper brings together such explorations of memory and landscape by examining the ‘memorial’. This article examines two projects. One concerns the fate of illegal refugees travelling to Australia: The SIEVX Memorial Project. The other, An Anti-Memorial to Heroin Overdose Victims, was designed by the author as part of the 2001 Melbourne Festival.

scholarly journals Suicide after bereavement: an overlooked problem

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ajdacic-Gross ◽  
M. Ring ◽  
E. Gadola ◽  
C. Lauber ◽  
M. Bopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

BackgroundTo examine the effect of time on suicide after bereavement among widowed persons.MethodThe data were extracted from Swiss mortality statistics for the period 1987–2005. The time between bereavement and subsequent death, specifically by suicide, was determined by linkage of individual records of married persons. The suicide rates and the standardized mortality ratios in the first week/month/year of widowhood were calculated based on person-year calculations.ResultsThe annualized suicide rates in widowed persons were highest in the first week after bereavement: 941 males and 207 females per 100 000. The corresponding standardized mortality ratios were approximately 34 and 19 respectively. In the first month(s) after bereavement, the rates and the ratios decreased, first rapidly, then gradually. Except in older widows, they did not reach the baseline levels during the first year after bereavement.ConclusionsThe suicide risk of widowed persons is increased in the days, weeks and months after bereavement. Widowed persons are a clear-cut risk group under the aegis of undertakers, priests and general practitioners.

Childbirth Yesterday and Today: A Comparative Analysis of Women’s Experiences and Feelings through the Ages to the Present

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 100-109
Author(s):  
Grażyna Bączek ◽  
Joanna Jasińska
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Delivery Rooms ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Perinatal care has undergone many changes over time. Therefore, women’s feelings and experiences will differ depending on the perinatal care provided at the time of childbirth. Time of childbirth and the perinatal care received are the main determinants in this process. However, one thing remains unchanged over time. Childbirth is considered one of the most notable events in the life of every woman.  The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of experiences and feelings shared by females giving birth in the past and the present in Poland. Material and methods: A questionnaire was designed specifically for this research project. It was a set of multiple choice (single answer) questions concerning childbirth conditions and perinatal care. Results were analyzed with a chi square test. Data was collected in 2016 in Poland. The questionnaire was distributed both in paper and electronic form. Results: The study group comprised of 671 females divided into three groups: childbirth before 2000, between 2001–2012, and after 2013. This time frame was associated with significant changes in perinatal care in Poland over the years. Changes in the delivery rooms have raised the comfort of childbirth, but progression of obstetrics resulted in greater medicalization of childbirth.

Intersecting Generations: Burying the Old in a Neolithic Hunter-fisher Community

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Fahlander
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Past ◽  
Composite Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Over Time

This article explores the potential of studying the social dimensions of old age and aged bodies in the past. Because old age is relative to life-expectancy figures, diet and lifestyle, calendric years are avoided when defining old age. Instead a composite approach is advocated that includes, for example, traces of wear and joint diseases to identify a threshold between adulthood and a period of seniority. The approach is applied to the Middle Neolithic burial ground Ajvide on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. Eleven individuals (six men, five women, or 18 per cent of the 62 analysed burials) are regarded as ‘aged bodies’. At Ajvide a majority of these individuals are buried in graves that overlap earlier burials containing younger individuals of the same sex. It is argued that this pattern is due to eschatological ideas of ‘generational merging’ of bodies. This practice changes over time, which is suggested to be a part of the overall hybridization processes at the site.

scholarly journals The Primacy of the Nurse in New Zealand 1960s-1990s: Attitudes, Beliefs and Responses over Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Barbara Gay Williams
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Effect Change ◽  
Public Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

<p>Exploring the past, and pulling ideas through to the present, to inform the future can make a valuable contribution to nurses and nursing in New Zealand. By gaining some understanding of the attitudes and beliefs nurses held, and how these influenced their responsiveness, we can learn what active responses might help inform our future. Nurses in New Zealand, as individuals and within the profession as a whole, reveal the primacy of the nurse – nurses who have made and can continue to make a difference to the health of the peoples of New Zealand. A hermeneutic process was used to interpret material, from international texts, national texts and public records over four decades, the 1960s to 1990s. This was supplemented and contrasted with material from twelve oral history participants. Analysis of the material led to the emergence of four themes: Nurses’ decision-making: changes over time; An emerging understanding of autonomy and accountability; Nurses as a driving force; and Creating a nursing future. These four themes revealed an overall pattern of attitudes, beliefs and responses of the New Zealand Registered Nurse. The themes surfaced major revelations about the primacy of the nurse in New Zealand, nurses confident in their ability to take the opportunity, seize the moment, and effect change. The contribution this thesis makes to the discipline of nursing is an understanding of how the nurse actively constructs the scope of a professional response to the context. The thesis demonstrates how nurses can learn from the past, that the attitudes and beliefs that underpin our active responses can either move us forward, or retard our progress. As nurses we can also learn that to move forward we need particular attitudes, beliefs and responses, that these are identifiable, and are key factors influencing our future, thus ensuring the continued primacy of the nurse.</p>

scholarly journals The Primacy of the Nurse in New Zealand 1960s-1990s: Attitudes, Beliefs and Responses over Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Barbara Gay Williams
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Effect Change ◽  
Public Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

<p>Exploring the past, and pulling ideas through to the present, to inform the future can make a valuable contribution to nurses and nursing in New Zealand. By gaining some understanding of the attitudes and beliefs nurses held, and how these influenced their responsiveness, we can learn what active responses might help inform our future. Nurses in New Zealand, as individuals and within the profession as a whole, reveal the primacy of the nurse – nurses who have made and can continue to make a difference to the health of the peoples of New Zealand. A hermeneutic process was used to interpret material, from international texts, national texts and public records over four decades, the 1960s to 1990s. This was supplemented and contrasted with material from twelve oral history participants. Analysis of the material led to the emergence of four themes: Nurses’ decision-making: changes over time; An emerging understanding of autonomy and accountability; Nurses as a driving force; and Creating a nursing future. These four themes revealed an overall pattern of attitudes, beliefs and responses of the New Zealand Registered Nurse. The themes surfaced major revelations about the primacy of the nurse in New Zealand, nurses confident in their ability to take the opportunity, seize the moment, and effect change. The contribution this thesis makes to the discipline of nursing is an understanding of how the nurse actively constructs the scope of a professional response to the context. The thesis demonstrates how nurses can learn from the past, that the attitudes and beliefs that underpin our active responses can either move us forward, or retard our progress. As nurses we can also learn that to move forward we need particular attitudes, beliefs and responses, that these are identifiable, and are key factors influencing our future, thus ensuring the continued primacy of the nurse.</p>

Why Has the Contemporaneous Linear Returns-Earnings Relation Declined?

2003 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Ryan ◽  
Paul A. Zarowin
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Accounting Earnings ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Price ◽  
Annual Earnings ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

We investigate two explanations for the declining contemporaneous linear relation between annual stock returns and accounting earnings over the past 30 years: (1) earnings increasingly reflect news with a lag relative to stock prices and (2) earnings increasingly reflect good and bad news in an asymmetric fashion. We hypothesize and find that annual earnings have a weaker association with current price changes and a stronger association with lagged price changes over time. We hypothesize and find that annual earnings reflect current positive price changes less strongly and current negative price changes more strongly over time. We also find that asymmetry with respect to lagged price changes is increasingly important over time. Strikingly, we find that, since the mid-1980s, the aggregation of earnings over a four-year window increasingly does less to reduce the importance of lags and asymmetry.

Framing Variations and Collective Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Schuman ◽  
Amy Corning ◽  
Barry Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
American Identity ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Central to American identity have been public memories of events like the struggle for independence and the achievements of key figures from the past. The individual most often subject to hagiographic accounts is Abraham Lincoln, with emphasis both on his epic achievements in saving the Union and ending slavery and on his personal characteristics, such as honesty and the motivation to transcend his “backwoods” childhood and attain positions of local, state, and national leadership. However, a recent study based on extensive survey data found that Lincoln’s connection to emancipation provided the primary content of beliefs about him for most Americans today, with other beliefs mentioned much less often. Our present research supports that emphasis when presidential actions are the focus, but a randomized survey-based experiment shows that with a type of questioning that reflects the distinction between “essence” and “action”—inner character versus public achievements—beliefs about the former become at least as prominent as beliefs about the latter. Preliminary evidence to this effect is replicated decisively in a separate experiment, and the study is then extended to consider changes over time in indicators of essence versus action. Our research highlights the importance of how inquiries are framed, and they show that variations in framing, including those that are unintended, can enlarge our understanding of collective memory of Lincoln and of collective memory generally.

scholarly journals A Century of US Central Banking: Goals, Frameworks, Accountability

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben S Bernanke
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Several key episodes in the 100-year history of the Federal Reserve have been referred to in various contexts with the adjective “Great” attached to them: the Great Experiment of the Federal Reserve's founding, the Great Depression, the Great Inflation and subsequent disinflation, the Great Moderation, and the recent Great Recession. Here, I'll use this sequence of “Great” episodes to discuss the evolution over the past 100 years of three key aspects of Federal Reserve policymaking: the goals of policy, the policy framework, and accountability and communication. The changes over time in these three areas provide a useful perspective, I believe, on how the role and functioning of the Federal Reserve have changed since its founding in 1913, as well as some lessons for the present and for the future.

scholarly journals Clinically relevant subgroups in COPD and asthma

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (136) ◽  
pp. 283-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice M. Turner ◽  
Lilla Tamasi ◽  
Florence Schleich ◽  
Mehmet Hoxha ◽  
Ildiko Horvath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Asthma Patients ◽  
Prognostic Implications ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

As knowledge of airways disease has grown, it has become apparent that neither chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) nor asthma is a simple, easily defined disease. In the past, treatment options for both diseases were limited; thus, there was less need to define subgroups. As treatment options have grown, so has our need to predict who will respond to new drugs. To date, identifying subgroups has been largely reported by detailed clinical characterisation or differences in pathobiology. These subgroups are commonly called “phenotypes”; however, the problem of defining what constitutes a phenotype, whether this should include comorbid diseases and how to handle changes over time has led to the term being used loosely.In this review, we describe subgroups of COPD and asthma patients whose clinical characteristics we believe have therapeutic or major prognostic implications specific to the lung, and whether these subgroups are constant over time. Finally, we will discuss whether the subgroups we describe are common to both asthma and COPD, and give some examples of how treatment might be tailored in patients where the subgroup is clear, but the label of asthma or COPD is not.

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