scholarly journals Putting hell first: cruelty, historicism, and the missing moral theory of damnation

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
John Perry
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Moral Theory ◽  
Theological Ethics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Third ◽  
Positive Account ◽  
Moral Theories

AbstractRecent work on the morality of hell spans the various subdisciplines of theology, with the ironic exception of theological ethics. An adequate defence of hell requires a positive account of how God's eternally tormenting some humans is beautiful, just and worthy of worship. This suggests a short-term and long-term task. The short-term task, which this article pursues, tests whether an adequate moral theory is available by evaluating three possible candidates, the third of which is the most interesting, as it offers a historicist defence of hell: we believe hell is cruel only because of aversions to cruel and unusual punishment that emerged in modernity. Nonetheless, all three defences are inadequate, suggesting a longer term goal: we need either better moral theories or better accounts of hell, as well as greater analytic clarity regarding theological statements of the form,I want doctrineyto be true but believe doctrinexis true.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of a hybrid emergency room system for severe trauma: a health technology assessment from the perspective of the third-party payer in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Kinoshita ◽  
Kensuke Moriwaki ◽  
Nao Hanaki ◽  
Tetsuhisa Kitamura ◽  
Kazuma Yamakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Emergency Room ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Third

Abstract Background Hybrid emergency room (ER) systems, consisting of an angiography-computed tomography (CT) machine in a trauma resuscitation room, are reported to be effective for reducing death from exsanguination in trauma patients. We aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of a hybrid ER system in severe trauma patients without severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods We conducted a cost-utility analysis comparing the hybrid ER system to the conventional ER system from the perspective of the third-party healthcare payer in Japan. A short-term decision tree and a long-term Markov model using a lifetime time horizon were constructed to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and associated lifetime healthcare costs. Short-term mortality and healthcare costs were derived from medical records and claims data in a tertiary care hospital with a hybrid ER. Long-term mortality and utilities were extrapolated from the literature. The willingness-to-pay threshold was set at $47,619 per QALY gained and the discount rate was 2%. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results The hybrid ER system was associated with a gain of 1.03 QALYs and an increment of $33,591 lifetime costs compared to the conventional ER system, resulting in an ICER of $32,522 per QALY gained. The ICER was lower than the willingness-to-pay threshold if the odds ratio of 28-day mortality was < 0.66. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that the hybrid ER system was cost-effective with a 79.3% probability. Conclusion The present study suggested that the hybrid ER system is a likely cost-effective strategy for treating severe trauma patients without severe TBI.

The Treatment of Germany

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Neumann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
German Society ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Probationary Period

This chapter considers a variety of methods of treating Germany. The main objective of the United Nations in the treatment of Germany is to prevent it from ever again becoming a threat to the security of the world. The problem of securing this objective could be approached through destruction of Germany's industrial potential, destruction of Germany as a political entity, and removal from German society of the causes of aggression. The chapter shows that the first two solutions should be deferred until it is clear that the third alternative proves unworkable. In order to eliminate the causes of aggressiveness in German society, temporary and long-term disabilities should be imposed upon Germany. The chapter also examines the causes of German aggression, the United States' policy toward Germany, short-term measures during the period of military government, conditional measures during the probationary period, and permanent impositions upon Germany.

scholarly journals Word learning, phonological short-term memory, phonotactic probability and long-term memory: towards an integrated framework

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1536) ◽  
pp. 3755-3771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prahlad Gupta ◽  
Jamie Tisdale
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Phonotactic Probability ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship

Word learning is studied in a multitude of ways, and it is often not clear what the relationship is between different phenomena. In this article, we begin by outlining a very simple functional framework that despite its simplicity can serve as a useful organizing scheme for thinking about various types of studies of word learning. We then review a number of themes that in recent years have emerged as important topics in the study of word learning, and relate them to the functional framework, noting nevertheless that these topics have tended to be somewhat separate areas of study. In the third part of the article, we describe a recent computational model and discuss how it offers a framework that can integrate and relate these various topics in word learning to each other. We conclude that issues that have typically been studied as separate topics can perhaps more fruitfully be thought of as closely integrated, with the present framework offering several suggestions about the nature of such integration.

scholarly journals Revised criteria system for a national assessment of threatened habitats in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 39-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Heinze ◽  
Peter Finck ◽  
Ulrike Raths ◽  
Uwe Riecken ◽  
Axel Ssymank
Keyword(s):  
Current Trend ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Red List ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Short Term ◽  
National Assessment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Threatened Habitats ◽  
Threatened Habitat

The Red List of threatened habitat types in Germany was first published in 1994 and it is updated approximately every ten years. In 2017 the third version was published by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. In the course of the revision, the criteria system was also extended. In doing so, an attempt was made to find a compromise between the consideration of international developments that had taken place and existing national requirements. In particular, short-term developments should become visible through the German Red List status. In addition to ‘National long-term Threat’, the valuation now also includes ‘Current Trend’ and ‘Rarity’. Following the IUCN’s approach, the collapse risk is now represented on the basis of several criteria. However, in contrast to the IUCN procedure, where the worst evaluated criterion is determinative for Red List status, in our procedure all criteria are included in the evaluation. To counteract misleading signal-effects for management decisions, all significant criteria have an influence on the resulting German Red List status (RLG). They are combined in an assessment scheme. In order to map the overall risk of loss, both the long-term threat as a historical reference value and furthermore the current trend must have an influence on RLG. As a result, 65% of habitat types have differing risk of loss.

scholarly journals Do Higher-Rated or Enhancing ESG of Firms Enhance Their Long–Term Sustainability? Evidence from Market Returns in Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeonwoo Do ◽  
Sunghwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stock Market Returns ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
The Third

In this study, we investigate the effects of the level and changes in environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) rating, an index developed to represent a firm’s long-term sustainability, on the stock market returns of Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) listed firms over the period 2011–2018. We find that the changes in ESG ratings have statistically significant short-term effects on their abnormal returns. However, their impacts on short-term abnormal returns decrease some days after the disclosure and become negative in the third year. The results imply that investors in the Korean stock market do not view corporate social responsibility activities as a means of supporting their long-term sustainability, judging from the firm value for a long period after their rating. Rather, based on the effects of the changes on coefficient signs over the period—positive in the year and the year after, no effects in the following year, and negative in the third year and later—we can infer that the short-term oriented market sentiments of investors might worsen their long-term stock performances, thus deteriorating their sustainability and growth opportunities.

Models of internalizing outcomes of early rejection

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Salzer Burks ◽  
Kenneth A. Dodge ◽  
Joseph M. Price
Keyword(s):  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
First Year ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Third ◽  
School Year

AbstractViewing social rejection from same-age peers as a source of stress for children, the current study sought to determine the most appropriate model of the effects of temporary versus consistent experiences with rejection for both short-term and long-term internalizing problems. Adopting a cross-sectional longitudinal design, the sociometric status of children in the first year of the study (when the children were in the first, second, or third grades), and then again in the next school year (when children were in the second, third, or fourth grades) was assessed to determine which children were rejected by their peers. Internalizing outcome measures were administered in the third and sixth years of follow-up. Results indicated that, for boys, the Threshold Model best represented the stressful effects of rejection. That is, only boys who were exposed to rejection for 2 consecutive years demonstrated both short-term and long-term internalizing problems in subsequent years. For girls, however, there appeared to be few significant differences among those who never experienced rejection, who had only temporary experiences with rejection, and girls who were consistently exposed to rejection. Results are discussed in terms of the significance of a Threshold Model as well as possible explanations for these gender differences.

Flunarizine in Common Migraine: Italian Cooperative Trial. I. Short-Term Results and Responders' Definition

Cephalalgia ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 149-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Camillo Manzoni ◽  
Giorgio Bono ◽  
Tommaso Sacquegna ◽  
Vincenzo Manna ◽  
Marina Lanfranchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cooperative Trial ◽  
Hamilton Rating Scale

In order to assess the effects of flunarizine in long-term prophylaxis of common migraine, 120 subjects (90 female and 30 male) were treated with 10 mg at bedtime and followed-up for two years. The effectiveness of the drug was assessed by investigating the variations of the Headache Index (HI) and of the intake of analgesics. The patients considered responders were those with an at least 60% reduction of the HI compared with the baseline value. To assess side effects, on each follow-up examination the patients were weighed and submitted to the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Toulouse-Pieron test for attention, and arousal test. By the third month of therapy, the average monthly HI had decreased from a baseline value of 16.5 ± 7.0 to 7.5 ± 4.2. Also by the third month, 60 subjects had proved responders and 50 non-responders; 10 had dropped out of the study because of side effects or for other reasons. The only statistically significant differences between responders and non-responders were in the baseline HI, which was higher among responders, and in the baseline intake of analgesics, which was higher in non-responders.

An Ex Vivo Investigation into the Release of Fluoride from Fluoride-containing Orthodontic Bonding Composites

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah H. A. Ghani ◽  
Stephen L. Creanor ◽  
John K. Luffingham ◽  
Richard H. Foye
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Fluoride Release ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ex Vivo Model ◽  
The Third ◽  
Orthodontic Bonding

This study was concerned with an evaluation of fluoride release from commercially available orthodontic bonding composite resins, known as Reliance® and Mirage Dual Cure®, which are claimed to release ionic floride. Forty-eight premolar teeth had brackets bonded with four different composite resins—Mirage Dual Cure®, Reliance®, Right-on® and Heliosit®. They were then immersed in a demineralizing solution. The amount of fluoride released from the composites into the solution was measured. The results indicated that Mirage Dual Curereg; released statistically significant amounts of fluoride over the first 2 days. A similar pattern was noted with Reliance® albeit releasing a lesser amount. From the third day onwards, fluoride release levelled out to concentrations similar to those of the two control materials, Right-on® and Heliosit®(i.e. 0·09 ppm). Fluoride-releasing composite resins, therefore, failed to demonstrate any potential long-term fluoride release within the ex vivo model. Even in the short term, the amount of fluoride released was very small.

scholarly journals Psychological Momentum During and Across Sports Matches: Evidence for Interconnected Time Scales

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruud J. R. Den Hartigh ◽  
Paul L. C. Van Geert ◽  
Nico W. Van Yperen ◽  
Ralf F. A. Cox ◽  
Christophe Gernigon
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Third ◽  
Psychological Momentum ◽  
Rowing Ergometer ◽  
Competitive Athletes ◽  
Dynamical Nature

This study on psychological momentum (PM) in sports provides the first experimental test of an interconnection between short-term PM (during a match) and long-term PM (across a series of matches). Twenty-two competitive athletes were striving to win a prize during a rowing-ergometer tournament, consisting of manipulated races. As hypothesized, athletes who had developed long-term positive PM after two successful races were less sensitive to a negative momentum scenario in the third race, compared with athletes who had developed long-term negative PM after two unsuccessful races. More specifically, the exerted efforts, perceptions of momentum, and self-efficacy were higher for participants who had developed long-term positive PM, and their perceptions of momentum and self-efficacy decreased less rapidly. These results illustrate a typical complex dynamical systems property, namely interconnected time scales, and provide deeper insights into the dynamical nature of PM.

scholarly journals Bersahabat dengan Bumi: Modal Simbolik dalam Mitigasi Bencana Alam

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sabiq Manshur
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Main Factors

AbstractMitigation could not be done from one approach. Environmental degradation, disasters, are social results of human behavior. Excessive exploitation of natural resources, enviromentally unfriendly developmentalism, and using of inappropriate technologies are main factors of environmental demage resulted by subjective human choices. The efforts of reducing degradation and mitigating disasters must be begun from cutting off those factors, namely resulted by ideology, theology, and human behaviors that are not pro-concervation acts. The first constraints ideologically are capitalism, developmentalism, and technological barbarism. The second one theologically is a belief that God creates human being as the only one rulers who have the authority for exploitation. The third is a pragmatic human choice that is a short term of self-interest ignores the long term one.   Mitigasi bencana alam tidak dapat didekati dengan satu disiplin. Kerusakan lingkungan, bencana alam, tidak dapat dipisahkan dari perilaku sosial manusia. Eksploitasi sumber daya alam berlebih, pembangunan tidak ramah lingkungan, dan penggunaan teknologi tidak tepat guna adalah faktor-faktor yang lahir dari keputusan subjektif manusia. Upaya merawat bumi, termasuk mitigasi bencana, harus dimulai dari pemangkasan akar persoalan yang paling utama, yang secara kategoris bersumber pada ideologi, teologi, dan watak kepribadian manusia sendiri. Kendala merawat bumi dari bencana alam yang bersumber dari ideologi di antaranya paham kapitalisme, developmentalisme pembangunan, dan barbarisme teknologis. Sementara kendala yang bersumber dari teologi berupa keyakinan umat beragama bahwa manusia diciptakan oleh Tuhan untuk berkuasa di muka bumi dan dihalalkan melakukan tindak eksploitatif. Terakhir, watak atau kepribadian manusia yang menjadi kendala utama bagi segala upaya penyelamatan bumi dari bencana alam adalah watak ekploitatif-pragmatis, yaitu cara berpikir jangka pendek dan mengabaikan kepentingan generasi mendatang.

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