Germination, Growth, Development, and Control of Camphorweed(Heterotheca subaxillaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Awang ◽  
T. J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Heterotheca Subaxillaris ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
And Control

Germination studies on camphorweed [Heterotheca subaxillaris(Lam.) Britt. & Rusby] revealed that freshly harvested disk achenes germinated best at 17.5 C (88%) while ray achenes were dormant. Camphorweed seed from disk achenes also germinated at temperatures as low as 3 C. Seedlings grown under long-day conditions at 23 C day and 8 C night temperatures for 144 days elongated at the rate of 0.18 cm/day. Plants grown under short-day conditions at the same temperature regime elongated at the rate of 0.06 cm/day. Total leaf surface area, fresh weight, and dry weight of shoots of plants grown under long days were at least 1.5 times greater than plants grown under short day conditions. Camphorweed, regardless of size and age, survived a 2-h exposure at −5 C. All plants in the rosette stage survived at −15 C in the freezer and an overnight temperature of −11.7 C in the field, whereas larger plants were killed at these temperatures. Stage of growth was an important factor in the herbicidal control of camphorweed. Plants in the rosette stage were generally more susceptible to herbicides than older plants. Simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] at 3.4 kg/ha, paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bypyridinium ion) at 0.6 kg/ha, methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] at 5.0 kg/ha, and a formulated mix of diuron [3–3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] and terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) at 4.5 kg/ha provided adequate control of camphorweed in the rosette stage. Asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate) at 2.2 or 4.5 kg/ha applied alone did not control camphorweed in the rosette form but was more effective on older plants. Various combinations of these herbicides were generally effective at both stages of growth.

scholarly journals Cryopreservation of Caninae rose shoot tips guarantees biochemical stability and pollination potentialmonitored in four-year-old regenerants

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
Bożena Pawłowska ◽  
Jarmila Neugebauerova ◽  
Monika Bieniasz ◽  
Bożena Szewczyk-Taranek ◽  
Ivo Ondrasek
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rosa Species

Stability of Rosa agrestis, R. canina, R. dumalis and R. rubiginosa regenerants after shoot tip cryopreservation was monitored with the use of biochemical markers and pollen quality assessment in matured plants cultivated in the field. The results of rosa pollen and hip evaluation revealed no significant differences between post-cryopreserved regenerants and control plants; however, variations in the assessed markers were noted between Rosa species. Analyses of hips confirmed high levels of vitamin C in these plants; the highest was observed in R. dumalis (750–870 mg/100 g fresh weight). High total antioxidant activity (TAC) was as follows: DPPH – 50–250 mM TE/100 dry weight, FRAP – 80–180 mM TE/100 g dry weight. The present study showed a high content of flavonoids (TFC) and phenols (TPC). Post-cryopreserved plants retained pollen specific for Caninae: numerous anthers, abundant pollen, poor pollen germination and viability and typical pollen morphology. This study demonstrates new tools for evaluating the fidelity of post-cryopreserved regenerants.

scholarly journals Nutrient Release Pattern and Greenhouse-Grown Swiss Chard Response to Biochar Inoculated with Vermicast

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Lord Abbey ◽  
Jinsheng Cai ◽  
Lokanadha R. Gunupuru ◽  
Mercy Ijenyo ◽  
Ebenezer O. Esan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

A study was performed to assess nutrient release from biochar inoculated with solid vermicast (SVB), vermicast tea (VTB), deionized water (DWB), uninoculated biochar (Bioc), and Promix-BX (Pro-BX). The growth response of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) cv. Rhubarb chard was also assessed. Comparatively, nutrients were released slowly from treatments SVB and VTB compared to the other treatments. The rate of nutrient release determined by total dissolved solids and electric conductivity from the Pro-BX was the highest. The trend for the plant growth components, total leaf surface area and leaf fresh weight at first harvest, was Pro-BX > Bioc > DWB = SVB > VTB. The only treatment that increased total leaf area and leaf fresh weight at the second harvest by approximately 1.02- and 1.88-fold was VTB. Leaf fresh weight was significantly reduced by approximately 0.33-fold for DWB, 0.28-fold for Bioc, and 0.70-fold for Pro-BX but was not altered by SVB at the second harvest as compared to the first harvest. A 2-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) biplot confirmed that treatment Pro-BX increased plant growth components at the first harvest only. The locations of SVB and VTB on the PCA biplot confirmed their efficacies, which led to increases in the plant growth components at the second harvest. Overall, the VTB adsorbed more nutrients onto its surface that were slowly released to enhance the Swiss chard cv. Rhubarb chard plant growth at the second harvest. Further studies should consider microbial activities.

Germination, Growth, Development, and Control of Galinsoga

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Ivany ◽  
R. D. Sweet
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
York State ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Alternating Temperature ◽  
And Control ◽  
Galinsoga Ciliata

Hairy galinsoga [Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake] and smallflower galinsoga [G. parviflora Cav.] are widespread weeds in New York State. Freshly harvested achenes (seed) are not dormant and germinate in the field from early May until frost. Rate of germination but not final total percentage was stimulated by alternating temperature, with the fastest rate being at 30 C day and 20 C night and with a 16-hr photoperiod and 11,000 lux of light. Some seed in each seed-lot required light for germination. Both species were day-neutral with respect to flowering. Smallflower galinsoga produced its first flower after node seven and hairy galinsoga after node six on the main axis 6 to 8 weeks after germination. Decreasing light intensity 83% decreased fresh weight.

scholarly journals Chrysanthemum Cultivars Differ in Response to Photoperiod when Grown under Far-red Absorbing Filters

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 437A-437
Author(s):  
M.J. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
And Control ◽  
Short Days

Two chrysanthemum [Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat) Kitamura] cultivars, Bright Golden Anne and Spears, were grown in unfiltered sunlight (control) or under filters that removed far-red (FR) light under long- or short-day photoperiods for a total of four treatments. Eight plants from each cultivar were exposed to each treatment. Tips of lateral branches were harvested every 3 days and preserved in formalin, acetic acid, 70% ethyl alcohol (5:5:90 by volume), then observed and photographed under a dissecting microscope. In `Spears', all short-day treatments developed floral primoridia at the same time and rate and the development was normal. Under long days and under FR-absorbing filters, floral primordia initiated and developed normally, but was delayed several days compared to short days. Plants under long days and control filters also developed normal primoridia, but at a slower rate than any of the other treatments. In `Bright Golden Anne', only short-day treatments developed normal floral primordia. Development was the same regardless of filter. Under long days, plants under FR-absorbing filters eventually initiated floral primordia, but development was abnormal. No floral primordia developed under long-day and control filter conditions. In all cases, `Spears' primoridia development was much more rapid than `Bright Golden Anne'.

scholarly journals Scaling Relationships between Leaf Shape and Area of 12 Rosaceae Species

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Yu ◽  
Cang Hui ◽  
Hardev S. Sandhu ◽  
Zhiyi Lin ◽  
Peijian Shi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Leaf surface area (A) and leaf shape have been demonstrated to be closely correlated with photosynthetic rates. The scaling relationship between leaf biomass (both dry weight and fresh weight) and A has been widely studied. However, few studies have focused on the scaling relationship between leaf shape and A. Here, using more than 3600 leaves from 12 Rosaceae species, we examined the relationships of the leaf-shape indices including the left to right side leaf surface area ratio (AR), the ratio of leaf perimeter to leaf surface area (RPA), and the ratio of leaf width to length (RWL) versus A. We also tested whether there is a scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A, and between PRA and A. There was no significant correlation between AR and A for each of the 12 species. Leaf area was also found to be independent of RWL because leaf width remained proportional to leaf length across the 12 species. However, there was a negative correlation between RPA and A. The scaling relationship between RPA and A held for each species, and the estimated scaling exponent of RPA versus A approached −1/2; the scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A also held for each species, and 11 out of the 12 estimated scaling exponents of leaf dry weight versus A were greater than unity. Our results indicated that leaf surface area has a strong scaling relationship with leaf perimeter and also with leaf dry weight but has no relationship with leaf symmetry or RWL. Additionally, our results showed that leaf dry weight per unit area, which is usually associated with the photosynthetic capacity of plants, increases with an increasing A because the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight versus A is greater than unity. This suggests that a large leaf surface area requires more dry mass input to support the physical structure of the leaf.

The Relation Between Leaf Production and Wood Weight in First-Year Root Sprouts of Two Populus Clones

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Larson ◽  
J. G. Isebrands
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
First Year ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The relationship between leaf production and wood production in two clones of Populus grown for 1 year under intensive culture was investigated. Wood weight at any one stem position was highly correlated with the cumulative leaf area above that position. About one-half the total stem weight was bark, but the bark/wood ratio decreased with increasing leaf area. Wood specific gravity in creased from stem top to stem base, with mid-stem values of about 0.35. Leaf surface area and leaf dry weight were highly correlated with leaf lamina length; the latter therefore provides an easily measured, non-destructive estimate of photosynthesizing leaf surface. Marked clonal differences existed in all parameters measured.

scholarly journals Impact of mineral fertilizers on soybean growth, development and productivity on meadow-chernozem soils of Rostov region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ye. Yurkova ◽  
◽  
L. M. Dokuchayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Flowering Phase ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Chernozem Soils ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Different Doses

Purpose: to reveal the effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers (MF) on the growth, development and productivity of soybeans on meadow-chernozem soils of Rostov region. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on meadow-chernozem soils of Oktyabrsky district Rostov region in 2019–2020. Observations of the effect of different doses of MF on the growth, development of plants, yield records, statistical processing of the results were carried out according to generally accepted methods of conducting field experiments. Results. It was found that, on average for 2 years, the greatest plant growth was observed in the variant with the calculated MF dose for the planned yield of 5.0 t/ha. The height of plants in this variant in the branching phase averaged 24.8 cm for 2 years, in the flowering phase – 54.7 cm, and in the phase of bean filling – 117.6 cm. This is, respectively, 23, 21 and 13 % higher than the control. The largest increases in leaf surface area in this variant were revealed: on average for 2 years, they amounted to 13% in the phases of branching and filling of beans and 18 % in the flowering phase. At the same time, in the variant with the MF dose for the yield of 4.0 t/ha, the increments to the control were respectively equal to 9, 16, 13 %, and in the variant with the MF for the yield of 3.5 t/ha – 6, 12, 8 %, respectively. Similar changes were revealed in the accumulation of dry aboveground biomass. Conclusions. The greatest impact on the height of soybean plants was exerted by the application of MF with a dose calculated for the planned yield of 5.0 t/ha. On average, for 2 years, the height of plants in this variant was 117.6 cm in the phase of filling the beans, which is 13 % higher than in the variant without fertilizers. The same tendency can be traced when determining the leaf surface area and accumulation of dry biomass according to the options in the observation phases. Thus, the best conditions for the yield formation were formed in the variant with the calculated dose for the planned yield of 5.0 t/ha. As a result, on average for 2 years, the soybean yield in this variant is 109 % higher than the control.

scholarly journals Drought Avoidance in Katsura by Drought-induced Leaf Abscission and Rapid Refoliation

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Dosmann ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Jeffery K. Iles
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Temporary Reduction ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The limited use of the katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. & Zucc.) in the landscape may be due to its reputed, but uncharacterized, intolerance of drought. We examined the responses of katsura trees subjected to episodes of drought. Container-grown trees in a greenhouse were subjected to one of three irrigation treatments, each composed of four irrigation phases. Control plants were maintained under well-hydrated conditions in each phase. Plants in the multiple-drought treatment were subjected to two drought phases, each followed by a hydration phase. Plants in the single-drought treatment were exposed to an initial drought phase followed by three hydration phases. Trees avoided drought stress by drought-induced leaf abscission. Plants in the multiple- and single-drought treatments underwent a 63% and 34% reduction in leaf dry weight and a 60% and 31% reduction in leaf surface area, respectively. After leaf abscission, trees in the single-drought treatment recovered 112% of the lost leaf dry weight within 24 days. Leaf abscission and subsequent refoliation resulted in a temporary reduction in the leaf surface area: root dry weight ratio. After relief from drought, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate were maintained at least at the rates associated with plants in the control treatment. We conclude that katsura is a drought avoider that abscises leaves to reduce transpirational water loss. Although plants are capable of refoliation after water becomes available, to maintain the greatest ornamental value in the landscape, siting of katsura should be limited to areas not prone to drought.

Effect of Azospirillum Inoculation on Growth and Yield of Lentil

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
M Motiur Rahman ◽  
Sanzida Mubassara ◽  
Sirajul Hoque ◽  
Zahed UM Khan
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Azospirillum Lipoferum ◽  
Lens Esculenta ◽  
Stages Of Growth

A field experiment was conducted in 2005 to evaluate the effect of some isolates of Azospirillum brasilense and Azospirillum lipoferum on growth and yield of lentil (Lens esculenta). Azospirillum inoculation significantly enhanced the early emergence of lentil seeds in the field. The inoculation caused the increase in height of the lentil plants at various stages of growth. Due to inoculation fresh weight and dry weight of lentil plant were increased during pre-flowering and post-flowering stages. Significant increase in the number of pods per plant and grain weight due to Azospirillum inoculation was observed. It was also found that the population of Azospirillum increased significantly in the inoculated root samples of lentil plants. Keywords: Azospirillum, Inoculation, Growth, Yield, Lentil (Lens esculenta)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i1.1233 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 24, Number 1, June 2007, pp.30-33

Container- and nursery-grown black oak seedlings inoculated with Pisolithustinctorius: growth and ectomycorrhizal development during seedling production period

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Dixon ◽  
G. M. Wright ◽  
H. E. Garrett ◽  
G. S. Cox ◽  
P. S. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Vegetative mycelial inoculum of Pisolithustinctorius was used to inoculate black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) seedlings grown in containers in a greenhouse and in a fumigated soil in a southern Missouri nursery. Evaluations of seedlings in the greenhouse and the nursery at the end of the first growing season revealed that Pisolithus formed ectomycorrhizae on approximately 40% of the lateral roots. In the nursery, seedling dry weight, shoot length, root collar diameter, and leaf area were significantly greater for inoculated seedlings than for noninoculated control seedlings. For container-grown seedlings, total dry weight, root dry weight, and leaf surface area were significantly increased by inoculation with Pisolithus. These results demonstrate that Pisolithus can be artifically introduced into fumigated nursery soil and sterile growth medium of containers and form ectomycorrhizae on black oak seedlings under greenhouse and nursery conditions.

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