Toxicity of MSMA, Fluometuron, and Propanil to Soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.E. Bode ◽  
C.G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Better Than

We investigated the toxicity of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate), fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea], and propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’]. Over-the-top treatments were applied to soybeans at four stages of growth using MSMA at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 kg/ha, propanil at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.9 kg/ha, and fluometuron at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 kg/ha. Each herbicide caused 10 to 30% soybean injury at the lowest rate, and 40 to 70% injury at the highest rate. Soybeans treated earliest in the growing season usually recovered from injury better than soybeans treated later in the season. Soybean yields were reduced 50 to 70% by MSMA at 0.4 kg/ha and 25 to 35% by propanil at 0.9 kg/ha. Yield losses increased with stage of soybean maturity at time of treatment. Fluometuron at 0.2 kg/ha significantly reduced yield only when applied to soybeans with 7 or 10 trifoliolates or in midbloom.

The Effect of Parentage on the Control of Volunteer Corn (Zea mays) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Andersen ◽  
Jon L. Geadelmann
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Corn Hybrid ◽  
Better Than

Corn (Zea maysL.) in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] currently can be controlled with either glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied to corn that is taller than soybeans, or diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} sprayed over-the-top of both corn and soybeans. We found a wide range in tolerance to over-the-top spray applications of glyphosate among 240 F2hybrids of corn. Glyphosate was then applied with a rope-wick to one tolerant and one susceptible F2corn hybrid growing in soybeans. In only two instances out of six (three stages of growth times 2 yr), the susceptible corn was controlled better than the tolerant corn; but, in these two instances, the better control was not reflected in greater soybean yields. In another experiment, one F2corn hybrid identified (in a previous study) as tolerant of diclofop and one identified as susceptible were sprayed in soybeans with over-the-top diclofop treatments. In 11 instances out of 12 (two stages of growth times three rates times 2 yr), the susceptible corn was controlled better than the tolerant corn, and in nine of these instances, the better control was reflected in greater soybean yields. Corn parentage could be important in determining the degree of control obtained with either herbicide, but this is more likely with diclofop than with glyphosate.

Factors Affecting the Toxicity of Glyphosate Applied in the Recirculating Sprayer to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)and Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. McWhorter ◽  
J. R. Williford
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Uniform Droplet ◽  
Better Than

Field experiments were conducted to determine optimum nozzle settings for applying glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in the recirculating sprayer for postemergence control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Herbicide sprays were directed across the row to johnsongrass growing taller than soybeans in July and August. Herbicide not sprayed on johnsongrass was trapped and reused. Glyphosate at 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha applied with commercially available 25° spray nozzles provided johnsongrass control and soybean yields equal to those following applications with specialized uniform droplet nozzles. Glyphosate at 1.7 kg/ha applied in the recirculating sprayer using only one nozzle per row provided control of johnsongrass equal to or better than that from applications made with two, three, or four nozzles per row. Soybean yield following application of glyphosate at 1.7 kg/ha with one nozzle per row was equal to yields obtained following its application with two, three, or four nozzles per row, with or without surfactant at 0.1% in spray solutions. Soybean yield was higher with four nozzles per row than with one nozzle per row when 0.5% surfactant was included in spray solutions. Soybean injury was lower and yield was higher when glyphosate was applied in the recirculating sprayer rather than over-the-top with a conventional sprayer. Glyphosate at 1.12 kg/ha applied in the recirculating sprayer caused more injury to ‘Hill’ and ‘Bragg’ than to ‘Forrest’ or ‘Tracy’ soybeans.

Identification and Utilization of Variation in Herbicide Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine max) Breeding

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 4-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar E. Hartwig
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
Phytophthora Rot ◽  
High Level ◽  
Over The Top

Herbicides marketed for selected crops were chosen on the basis that major cultivars of the specific crop were tolerant. Our work with soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] has demonstrated that variability exists with regard to sensitivity or tolerance to several herbicides. As a part of our breeding program to develop improved soybean cultivars, we have evaluated advanced breeding lines and germplasm for reaction to herbicides on the market as well as experimental herbicides. A breeding line was identified and released for production which showed very little injury from two over-the-top applications of a double rate of 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid]. Other strains showed severe injury and depressed seed yield. Variation in reaction to glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] has been observed. Lines tolerant to 0.56 kg ai/ha in one growing season were severely damaged the following season. When 200 germplasm lines from eastern Asia were treated with glyphosate, 6% showed less than 15% injury while 21% showed over 80% injury. The cultivar ‘Tracy′, selected for tolerance to 2,4-DB and a high level of resistance to the soil-borne disease causing phytophthora rot, was found to be sensitive to metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one]. Tracy has two major genes controlling resistance to phytophthora rot caused byPhytophthora megaspermaDrechs. f. sp.glycineaKuan and Erwin. One of these genes is closely linked with a gene controlling reaction to metribuzin. A crossover type was identified. The cultivar ‘Tracy-M’ retains the high level of resistance to phytophthora rot and is tolerant to metribuzin. A small percentage of germplasm lines evaluated were found to be sensitive to bentazon. Reaction to bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] is simply inherited.

Herbicide Systems in Stale Seedbed Soybean (Glycine max) Production

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 816-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence R. Oliver ◽  
Tracy E. Klingaman ◽  
Marilyn McClelland ◽  
Robert C. Bozsa
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Better Than

Field experiments were conducted using a stale seedbed production system to determine the effect of herbicide application time on preplant, preplant incorporated (PPI), and at-planting treatments on weed control and soybean yield. Herbicides were applied on the surface preplant (PPL) or PPI at 6 to 7, 4 to 5, and 2 to 3 wk before planting and just prior to planting. The differences in weed control and soybean yield among years were due to rainfall patterns 2 wk after herbicide application and during the growing season. Preplant treatments applied 2 to 5 wk before planting generally controlled common cocklebur and pitted morningglory better than preplant treatments applied 6 to 7 wk before planting due to persistence of herbicide activity or treatments at planting due to a greater chance of obtaining adequate rainfall for herbicide activation, more uniform seedbed at planting, and larger weeds at application. Metribuzin plus chlorimuron was less suited than imazaquin as a preplant treatment when applied more than 2 weeks before planting.

Influence of Recovery Treatments on Dicamba-injured Soybean

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Brian R. Dintelmann ◽  
Shea T. Farrell ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Injury Reduction ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Average Precipitation ◽  
Injury Event ◽  
Recovery Treatment ◽  
Micronutrient Fertilizer ◽  
Similar Yield

Abstract Non-dicamba resistant soybean yield loss resulting from dicamba off-target injury has become an increasing concern for soybean growers in recent years. After off-target dicamba movement occurs onto sensitive soybean, little information is available on tactics that could be used to mitigate the cosmetic or yield losses that may occur. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in 2017, 2018, and 2019 to determine if certain recovery treatments of fungicide, plant growth hormone, macro- and micronutrient fertilizer combinations, or weekly irrigation could reduce dicamba injury and/or result in similar yield to soybean that was not injured with dicamba. Simulated drift events of dicamba (5.6 g ae ha−1) were applied to non-dicamba resistant soybean once they reached the V3 or R2 stages of growth. Recovery treatments were applied approximately 14 d after the simulated drift event. Weekly irrigation was the only recovery treatment that provided appreciable levels of injury reduction or increases in soybean height or yield compared to the dicamba-injured plants. Weekly irrigation following the R2 dicamba injury event resulted in an 1% to 14% increase in soybean yield compared to the dicamba-injured control. All other recovery treatments resulted in soybean yields similar to the dicamba-injured control, and similar to or lower than the non-treated control. Results from this study indicate that if soybean have become injured with dicamba, weekly irrigation will help soybean recover some of the yield loss and reduce injury symptoms that resulted from off-target dicamba movement, especially in a year with below average precipitation. However, yield loss will likely not be restored to that of non-injured soybean.

Effect of Date of Treatment of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) on Soybean (Glycine max) Yields

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sorghum Halepense

In a 6-yr field study, johnsongrass growing in ‘Forrest’ soybeans for the entire growing season reduced yields 45% in the year with most rainfall and 69% in the year with least rainfall. Yields of soybeans grown without johnsongrass competition were 56% higher in the year with the most rainfall than in the year with least rainfall. Yields of soybeans with full-season competition were reduced 75% from those in the year with most rainfall as compared with those in the year with least rainfall. The number of weeks of johnsongrass competition required to significantly reduce soybean yields varied from 3 wk, in the year with least rainfall, to 8 wk, in the year with most rainfall. Nine applications of sethoxydim at 0.84 kg ai ha-1or haloxyfop at 0.55 kg ai ha-1each year did not reduce soybean growth or yields.

Developing an Empirical Yield-Prediction Model Based on Wheat and Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Density, Nitrogen and Herbicide Rate, and Growing-Season Precipitation

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 652-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Wagner ◽  
B. D. Maxwell ◽  
M. L. Taper ◽  
L. J. Rew
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation ◽  
Better Than

To develop a more complete understanding of the ecological factors that regulate crop productivity, we tested the relative predictive power of yield models driven by five predictor variables: wheat and wild oat density, nitrogen and herbicide rate, and growing-season precipitation. Existing data sets were collected and used in a meta-analysis of the ability of at least two predictor variables to explain variations in wheat yield. Yield responses were asymptotic with increasing crop and weed density; however, asymptotic trends were lacking as herbicide and fertilizer levels were increased. Based on the independent field data, the three best-fitting models (in order) from the candidate set of models were a multiple regression equation that included all five predictor variables (R2= 0.71), a double-hyperbolic equation including three input predictor variables (R2= 0.63), and a nonlinear model including all five predictor variables (R2= 0.56). The double-hyperbolic, three-predictor model, which did not include herbicide and fertilizer influence on yield, performed slightly better than the five-variable nonlinear model including these predictors, illustrating the large amount of variation in wheat yield and the lack of concrete knowledge upon which farmers base their fertilizer and herbicide management decisions, especially when weed infestation causes competition for limited nitrogen and water. It was difficult to elucidate the ecological first principles in the noisy field data and to build effective models based on disjointed data sets, where none of the studies measured all five variables. To address this disparity, we conducted a five-variable full-factorial greenhouse experiment. Based on our five-variable greenhouse experiment, the best-fitting model was a new nonlinear equation including all five predictor variables and was shown to fit the greenhouse data better than four previously developed agronomic models with anR2of 0.66. Development of this mathematical model, through model selection and parameterization with field and greenhouse data, represents the initial step in building a decision support system for site-specific and variable-rate management of herbicide, fertilizer, and crop seeding rate that considers varying levels of available water and weed infestation.

scholarly journals The Influence of Rooting Substrate and Growth Regulators Indol butyric Acid and Naphthalene Acetic Acid in the Number and Length of Adventitious Roots to Hardwood Cuttings in Blueberry cv. ‘Bluecrop’ (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Sabri Braha ◽  
Petrit Rama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of the turf-only substrate and turf–perlite in the ratio 2:1 and of growth regulators in the quality of adventive roots ( the number and length) of well lignified one-year old branches without fruit buds in the Bluecrop cultivar (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) taken at the end of the latent period before budding at the February 15 th during the -2015 growing season. In order to support the increase of the number of roots and their length the hardwood cuttings are treated with different IBA and NAA concentrations (1500, 3000, 4500 ppm), while a part of cuttings were untreated control. The number and the length of roots have increased in relation to the increase of concentration from 1500 to 3000 ppm followed by a decline of these values in concentrations over 3000 ppm. Respectively, the number of roots (8) and the higher values of root length (4.6 cm) are achieved in the turf–perlite substrate, IBA 3000 ppm (compared to the turf-only substrate). The presence of perlite helps the aeration of the substrate and supports biochemical and physiological processes which lead to the inducing of adventive roots. Regarding the number and length of roots an important variation for (p<0.05) was observed between different concentrations of IBA and NAA. In general the effect of IBA was a lot better than the effect of NAA.

Effectiveness of Starch Xanthide Formulations of Chloramben for Weed Control in Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Raboy ◽  
Herbert J. Hopen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
In Parenthesis ◽  
Better Than

The persistence and effectiveness in pumpkin [Cucurbita moschata(Puch.) Poir.] weed control of several starch xanthide (SX) and commercial formulations of the ammonium (NH3) salt and methyl (CH3) ester of chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) were studied in the laboratory and field. The soluble concentrate (SC) of chloramben NH3salt and the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) of chloramben CH3ester controlled weeds throughout the growing season on a silt loam soil. SC chloramben NH3salt was not effective, and EC chloramben CH3ester was inconsistent in weed control on sandy soil. Manipulation of the SX formulation produced products with slow, uniform release rates. The release rates (crosslinking reagent in parenthesis) rank as follows, from fastest to slowest: SX(Ca2+) CH3ester = SX(H2O2) acid > SX(H2O2) CH3ester > SX(Fe3+) acid > SX(Fe3+) CH3ester. In trials on silt loam and sand, SX formulations did not control weeds better than EC chloramben CH3ester.

The Effect of Surfactant and Environment on the Toxicity of Metriflufen to Soybeans (Glycine max) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Over The Top

Metriflufen {2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} was applied as the methyl ester at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha over-the-top to johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] growing from rhizomes and to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68′]. After herbicide treatment, plants were grown in the growth chamber for 14 days at 16, 24, or 32 C with relative humidity (RH) at 40 or 100% at each air temperature. Johnsongrass was not controlled at 16 C regardless of metriflufen rate, RH, or the addition of nonoxynol [α-(p-nonylphenyl)-ω-hydroxypoly (oxyethylene)] (with 9.5 moles of polyoxyethylene) surfactant at 0.25 (g/100 ml) to spray solutions. Johnsongrass control at 24 C varied from 5 to 98%, with significantly better control at 100% than at 40% RH. The presence of surfactant increased johnsongrass control at 24 C and 40% RH but not at 24 C and 100% RH. Johnsongrass control at 32 C varied from 48 to 98%, and it was not increased by the presence of the surfactant, regardless of metriflufen rate or RH level. At 16 C metriflufen was more injurious to soybeans than to johnsongrass, but at 24 and 32 C johnsongrass control was significantly greater than soybean injury. The presence of surfactant in spray solutions generally did not increase soybean injury, regardless of temperature or RH level. These results suggest that metriflufen is most selective in controlling johnsongrass in soybeans at 24 C, especially under high RH.

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