THE ROMAN CERAMIC MATERIAL FROM FIELD WALKING IN THE ENVIRONS OF NEPI

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 147-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Mills ◽  
Ulla Rajala
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Ceramic Assemblage ◽  
Ceramic Building Material ◽  
Ceramic Building ◽  
Coarse Wares ◽  
Definition Of

This paper explores the ceramic assemblage of the Nepi Survey Project from the third century bc to the seventh century ad. The surface collection allows the detailed characterization of chronology, ware, fabric supply and functional characteristics. The assemblage shows a settlement explosion in the early second century bc, with another major rise from the Augustan period. The sharp decline in the late second to early third centuries ad is visible here, as it is throughout the region. The later peaks of the late fourth to mid-fifth and the mid-sixth centuries ad conform to the late Roman sequence from Mola di Monte Gelato. The dominant pottery class is oxidized coarse-wares, at 73%. The distribution of the different fabrics, including some of regional supply, suggests a number of different marketing mechanisms. Fine-wares and terra sigillata combined at 3% is what would be expected in the fringes of the Empire. The amphora class makes up over 5% of the assemblage, with the most variety exhibited at large villas and suburban halos. The most important supply originated from North Africa, with fish sauce as the main import. The functional analysis allows the definition of a ritual structure in the proximity of the cemeteries of the Massa area with highly varied types related to eating and drinking. The ceramic building material shows the importance of Campanian contacts, although the lack of imbrices suggests that many tile scatters derive from reused material.

The Treaty of Apamea (188 B.C.)

1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Manuscript Transmission ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
River Line ◽  
Present Subject

There is no more likely factor of dispute in a peace treaty than its definition of an inland frontier, even when the terms of the treaty are directly known: one has not to look far for instances where a topographic reference has proved to be equivocal. The terrain itself, of course, may be to blame. Only a continuous river line provides a clear demarcation of territory; a mountainous area or steppe or desert land, often by its nature sparsely populated, may lack the local place-names to give precision to a frontier. In the second century B.C. the Romans experienced this difficulty in North Africa and Asia Minor. But the modern scholar is even more at a loss, in two ways. First, his knowledge has geographical gaps, and the ancient names may have changed: one has only to think of the debt that we owe to the epigraphic work of men who have scoured Asia Minor for the evidence identifying ancient sites. Secondly, the literary texts have suffered corruption, in greater or less degree, during the course of their manuscript transmission. It is necessary to combine the study of topography, inscriptions, and text. Further—with reference to the present subject—the Romans imposed peace and what may be called a ‘protectorate’ in Asia Minor, however loosely.

North Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 626-643
Author(s):  
Alfredo Mederos Martín
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Main River ◽  
Algerian Coast ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

The Phoenician presence in modern-day Morocco and Algeria started no later than the beginning of the eighth century bce, with the city of Lixus on the Atlantic and its temple of Melqart, one of the oldest in the Phoenician diaspora. There was a process of intensification during the second half of the seventh century bce, with sites springing up along the main river valleys or on small islands close to the coast, such as Mogador and Rachgoun. These sites were founded to control the agricultural and cattle industries, as well as the trade in exotic goods such as ivory, purple dye, and luxury citron wood. This process continued during the first half of the sixth century bce, when for the first time less important rivers were occupied as ports of call. It is difficult to identify a Carthaginian colonial presence, since a large part of the evidence for a “Punic” presence on the Algerian coast belongs to the period of the Numidian kings, beginning in the third century bce. However, these must have been tributary cities which also obligatorily sent mercenaries to the Carthaginian army.

scholarly journals Building Britannia: Pre-Flavian Private and Public Construction across Southern Britain

Britannia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Michael Fulford ◽  
Sara Machin
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public Building ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Ceramic Building Material ◽  
Ceramic Building ◽  
Public Construction ◽  
Roofing Materials

ABSTRACT Excavation of the Roman tilery at Little London, Pamber, Hampshire, has prompted a reassessment of the dating of relief-patterned tile, assigning the bulk of production to the Claudio-Neronian period rather than the late first to mid-/late second century. This material has been privileged for retention in excavation archives but can now be seen as a proxy for the manufacture of a much wider range of ceramic building material, typically discarded on site, which, in the case of products from Little London and pre-Flavian Minety (Wiltshire), travelled distances of up to 100 km. Redating implies more extensive public and private building in town and country south and east of the Fosse Way before the Flavian period than has previously been envisaged. While private building included the construction of bath-houses, heated rooms and the provision of roofing materials, public building, we suggest, provided tabernas et praetoria along the principal roads of the province. In the private sphere such building provides a possible context for Dio Cassius’ mention of the recall and confiscation of large loans made to Britons before the Boudican rebellion. Finally, consideration of fabric needs to be added to the criteria for retaining ceramic building material in excavation archives.

Recent Excavations at Lepcis Magna

1995 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
H. M. Walda
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
African City ◽  
The Third ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
The City

Lepcis Magna is one of the best examples of an African city during the Roman period. Its importance lies in its location in relation to the Mediterranean and the well-watered hinterland of Tripolitania and its resources. The key factor in the development of the city was its position, sheltered by a promontory, at the mouth of Wadi Lebda. It displays the processes of growth which other Roman town-plans have made familiar: a nuclear chessboard with divergent though mostly rectilinear enlargements. Lepcis became more important than the other two ports of Oea and Sabratha.Wealthy private citizens contributed greatly toward the buildings of the first century. In the second century the Libyan S. Severus became Emperor at a time when a lively and independent culture was growing up in the western part of North Africa. Lepcis attained its greatest architectural glories under S. Severus and his two sons. With the decline of seaborne trade that followed the serious economic crises at the end of the third century, raids by the tribes of the interior became bolder and more ruthless.

Sidi Khrebish - A Note on the Coarse Pottery

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 18-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Church

The quantity of stratified coarse pottery from Sidi Khrebish has been considerable and preliminary study has of necessity been concentrated on important groups from sealed contexts which span the period from the second century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.The earliest group is from a cistern of second century B.C. date; the next is from excavation underneath Roman period concrete floors which produced mid-first century A.D. material, while the largest group is from the infill of Roman period cisterns and destruction levels and can be dated to the mid-third century A.D. Information is somewhat scanty for the fourth and fifth centuries A.D. but groups of pottery representing the Byzantine period were recovered in some quantity from the destruction levels of the church and its cistern. A good group of Islamic glazed fine ware and coarse ware was associated with late occupation within the church.Space does not permit more than a brief survey of the most common and distinctive coarse ware forms from the excavation.In general, throughout the period of Berenice, the locally made coarse ware form shapes seem to have been influenced from the Eastern Mediterranean, especially in the second and third centuries A.D.The commonest form of second century B.C. cooking pot is rounded, having a short neck with two vertical ‘strap’ handles from the shoulder merging with the rim (fig. 1). Another distinguishing feature of pottery from this period is a semicircular handle from the body with an indentation at the top where it has been pressed to the rim (fig. 2). Both types are of the distinctive local ‘fossil gritted ware’, the fabric of which ranges from orange brown to dark pink. The clay contains fairly large roughly circular flat flakes of bluish-grey grit, which, when split open, reveal segmented spiral fossil remains. This fabric is very common in all periods.

scholarly journals From Early to Divine

Humanitas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 93-120
Author(s):  
Ehud Fathy
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
Christian Art ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
As If

The asàrotos òikos or “unswept floor” is a decorative theme found in Roman mosaics. The theme depicts scraps of food along other items, as if scattered across the room’s floor. According to Pliny the theme was first created by Sosus in Pergamon. The mosaic Pliny is referring to was never discovered; however, later Roman variations on this theme were discovered in both Italy and Tunisia. This article seeks to examine the changes made to the asàrotos òikos motif when it transitions from centre to periphery and from the first to the sixth century CE. This article explores the functions and meanings the theme has held in Roman thought during the first and second century CE, the change in perception and use of the theme during the third century in the provincial Roman towns of North Africa, the influence of the theme on Early Christian art – both in style and iconography, and the new meanings possibly assigned to the theme upon its later use in a Byzantine basilica.

scholarly journals Epigraphy and Ambition: Building Inscriptions in the Hinterland of Carthage

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 57-90
Author(s):  
Monica Hellström
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Imperial Cult ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Building Activity ◽  
Good Proxy ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence

abstractBuilding inscriptions are not a good proxy for building activity or, by extension, prosperity. In the part of Roman North Africa where they are the most common, the majority of surviving building inscriptions document the construction of religious buildings by holders of local priesthoods, usually of the imperial cult. The rise of such texts in the second century a.d., and their demise in the early third century, have no parallel in the epigraphic evidence for other types of construction, and should not be used as evidence for the pace of construction overall. Rather than economic change, these developments reflect shifts in the prospects of aspirational local elites, for whom priesthoods served as springboards to more prestigious positions. These positions were linked to Carthage through administrative arrangements that made this city the metropolis for scores of dependent towns and their ambitious elites.

scholarly journals From the Mystical Unity to the Pantheism (Oneness of Existence)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Hakima ◽  
Naser Moheseni Nia ◽  
Mohammad Shafi Saffari ◽  
Syed Esmail Ghafelehbashi
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ibn Arabi ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

<p>In the gnostic literature of Iran and in the Islamic Gnosis, gnosis has been interpreted as an effort to save the individual by accessing to the real unity. <br />The unity, mystical journey (conduct) and the relation of God with creature are considered as three main axes under the theme of unity or the gnostic unity until before the pantheistic gnosis of Ibn Arabi, the concept's explanation and the definition of unity in terminological and lexical terms, expression of unity concept in the non-Islamic gnosis, explanation of unity concept in the Iranian-Islamic gnosis until the period of Ibn Arabi, expression of the way of mystical journey, explanation of mystics' attitude on the subject of mystic unity based on the belief of Gnostics of Khorasan school, expression of God's relation with creature in the Iranian and Ibn Arabi's gnosis are considered as the most fundamental under considering instances of this research work; in addition, a brief explanation on pantheism of Ibn Arabi is also under consideration. The theoretical pillars of exalted unity from the perspective of Ibn Arabi, are existence, entity and manifestation; Ibn Arabi, contrary to his preceding Gnostics doesn't consider the creatures mirageor hallucination. This view is somewhat different from the views of mystics of Khorasan, and Gnosis of Khorasan, the differences that have led to two ways of Conduct (Mystical journey) in gnosis. The scope of this research begins from the third century AD and continues by the end of the seventh century that is the rise of theoretical gnosis based on the Ibn Arabi's pantheistic opinions.</p>

The Date of the Muratorian Fragment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-172
Author(s):  
John F. Lingelbach
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Church History ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Historical Theology ◽  
First Time ◽  
Objective Methodology

Three hundred years after its discovery, scholars find themselves unable to determine the more likely of the two hypotheses regarding the date of the Muratorian Fragment, which consists of a catalog of New Testament texts. Is the Fragment a late second- to early third-century composition or a fourth-century composition? This present work seeks to break the impasse. The study found that, by making an inference to the best explanation, a second-century date for the Fragment is preferred. This methodology consists of weighing the two hypotheses against five criteria: plausibility, explanatory scope, explanatory power, credibility, and simplicity. What makes this current work unique in its contribution to church history and historical theology is that it marks the first time the rigorous application of an objective methodology, known as “inference to the best explanation” (or IBE), has been formally applied to the problem of the Fragment’s date.

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