Disentangling the order effect from the context effect: Analogies, homologies, and quantum probability

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias L. Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Context Effect ◽  
Quantum Probability ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Conjunction Fallacy ◽  
The Other

AbstractAlthough the quantum probability (QP) can be useful to model the context effect, it is not relevant to the order effect, conjunction fallacy, and other related biases. Although the issue of potentiality, which is the intuition behind QP, is involved in the context effect, it is not involved in the other biases.

The Psychophysics of Retrospective and Prospective Timing

Perception ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott W Brown ◽  
D Alan Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Context Effect ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Rank Ordering ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Actual Duration

In two experiments, different groups of subjects heard four musical selections and then estimated the duration of each selection. Some groups made retrospective time estimates while others made prospective estimates. In both experiments, analyses of the psychophysical relation between perceived and actual duration showed that the slopes of straight-line fits were flatter and accounted for a smaller proportion of the variance under retrospective as compared with prospective conditions. In addition, in experiment 1, retrospective subjects were less accurate in rank ordering the selections from longest to shortest. There was also a serial-order effect, with selections estimated longer when they occurred early in the sequence. In experiment 2 the slopes decreased as the selections in a series became longer. Both retrospective and prospective estimates also exhibited a context effect, in that estimates of a given selection were influenced by the relative durations of the other three selections in the series. The results on inaccurate retrospective judgments raise questions about prior research on stimulus factors and retrospective timing. However, similarities under retrospective and prospective conditions suggest that timing under these conditions, although different in some respects, reflects a similar process.

Preference Reversals Between Joint and Separate Evaluations With Multiple Alternatives and Context Effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1117-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-Hui Cheng ◽  
Annie P. Yu ◽  
Molly Chien-Jung Huang ◽  
Chia-Jung Dai
Keyword(s):  
Context Effect ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Preference Reversal ◽  
Preference Reversals ◽  
Alternative Evaluation ◽  
Choice Sets ◽  
Two Alternatives

Most research on preference reversal (PR) focuses on the evaluability hypothesis with one or two alternatives. However, people normally encounter more than two options in daily life. In this research, a third option was added to the PR effect choice sets in the traditional joint–separate evaluations mode to create a context effect. Three studies were conducted. Studies 1 and 2 showed that adding a third option to the choice sets changed the PR effect; either the attributes were both important or one was important and the other was not. Study 3 showed that the PR effect reappeared when a third option was added to the choice sets that had no PR effect with just two attributes that were difficult to evaluate independently in traditional evaluations modes. The three studies confirmed that preferences changed in multi-alternative evaluation modes, contradicting Hsee’s (1996) work and showing that the context effect is stronger than that of the attribute’s importance in the PR effect.

Insight into the Law of Large Numbers: A Comparison of Piagetian and Judgement Theory

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Jones ◽  
Paul L. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Law Of Large Numbers ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Task Environment ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Law ◽  
Insight Into

Subjects were tested for their understanding of the law of large numbers in three ways: by means of a Piagetian task involving the distribution of balls between two compartments, by means of written tasks similar to those devised by Kahneman and Tversky (1972), and by means of a task involving comparisons of samples of counters drawn from a larger population. For the sample comparison task, subjects relied heavily on proportional information-ignoring sample size, thereby supporting the conclusions of Kahneman and Tversky (1972). However with regard to the other two tasks an order effect was found: subjects did significantly better with the Kahneman and Tversky tasks if they had first been tested on a Piagetian task. In Experiment II, the order effect was replicated, indicating that subjects may have a narrow insight into the law of large numbers which is not recruited in appropriate contexts unless primed by the task environment.

scholarly journals Challenges Associated With the Assessment of Exposure to Ageism

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 646-646
Author(s):  
Liat Ayalon
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Context Effect ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Neutral Context ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Retirement Study

Abstract Ageism is defined as stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination towards people of any age. Ageism can be both positive and negative. In order for an individual to report exposure to ageism, several steps should occur: the individual has to notice the events, interpret them as ageist and report exposure to ageism. Any of these steps may go awry along the way. This presentation uses data from the European Social Survey and the Health and Retirement Study to illustrate the importance of item placement, item phrasing and respondent’s mood in responding to items concerning perceived exposure to ageism. A strong priming effect demonstrated a gap between reports of perceived exposure within the ageism module (33.7%) vs. reports within the neutral context (1.1%). A cross-lagged analyses revealed that one’s depressive symptoms are predictive of perceived exposure to ageism and not the other way around. Findings illustrate the importance of the context effect.

Effects of “Parental Filter” on Reported Vividness of Imagery

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. Mc Kelvie
Keyword(s):  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
Highly Correlated

127 undergraduates (66 women, 61 men) completed experimental forms of Ahsen's Adapted Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (AA-WIQ) in which the 16 items of Marks' Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (WIQ) are rated separately with either mother or father in mind. When the two ratings were made side-by-side for each item and those for the father filter were given first, there was some evidence of dimmer father- than mother-filtered imagery for women. However, this effect did not appear when the mother-filtered ratings were given first, when all items were rated under one parental filter before being rated with the other, or when the filter instruction was given only before the first four items (which refer to a relative or friend). These results do not support claims that reported imagery is generally dimmer under the father than under the mother filter, but it was suggested that dimmer father- than mother-filtered imagery for women may be an order effect or may appear when raters freely compare their images under the two filters. Because scores were highly correlated ( rs > .80) across filters, it was concluded that the choice of a parent for the first four items of Marks' WIQ does not jeopardize the use of the inventory as a research instrument to classify people as good or poor visualizers.

Resolving homography: The role of post-homograph context in reading aloud ambiguous sentences in Hebrew

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1420
Author(s):  
Amalia Bar-On ◽  
Elitzur Dattner ◽  
Oriya Braun-Peretz
Keyword(s):  
Ambiguity Resolution ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Context Effect ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Preceding Context

AbstractThis study examined whether the context immediately succeeding a heterophonic-homographic word (ht-homographic) plays a role in ambiguity resolution during voiced reading of Hebrew. A pretest was designed to find the preferred alternatives of 12 ht-homographic words: 20 adult subjects completed truncated sentences, each ending with a homographic word, preceded by a context allowing for both of its alternatives to be read. Following the pretest, each word was embedded in four research conditions determined by post-homographic context (keeping preceding context constant): two adjacent revealing contexts, one supporting the preferred alternative and the other the un-preferred alternative; and two distant revealing contexts, one supporting the preferred alternative and the other the un-preferred alternative. Four lists of 12 sentences, each including the four conditions, were then read aloud by four groups of 20 adults. Results from a generalized linear mixed-model analysis showed that the immediately succeeding context affected the deciphering of un-preferred alternatives in voiced reading. An item analysis further showed that highly preferred alternatives were less prone to the immediately succeeding context effect than slightly preferred alternatives. We conclude that the context immediately succeeding a ht-homographic word plays a role in ambiguity resolution during voiced reading, through interactions with the word’s lexical and syntactic characteristics.

QUANTUM PROBABILITY FROM CLASSICAL SIGNAL THEORY

2011 ◽  
Vol 09 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 281-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREI KHRENNIKOV ◽  
MASANORI OHYA ◽  
NOBORU WATANABE
Keyword(s):  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Quantum Probability ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Signal Theory ◽  
Covariance Operator ◽  
Noisy Channels ◽  
Input Signals ◽  
Gaussian Input ◽  
Classical Signal Theory

We present quantum mechanics (QM) as theory of special classical random signals. On one hand, this approach provides a possibility to go beyond conventional QM: to create a finer description of micro processes than given by the QM-formalism. In fact, we present a model with hidden variables of the wave-type. On the other hand, our approach establishes coupling between quantum and classical information theories. We recall that quantum information theory has already been used for description of the entropy of Gaussian input signals for noisy channels. The entropy of a classical random input was invented as the entropy of the quantum density operator corresponding to the covariance operator of the input process.1 In this paper, we proceed the other way around: we apply classical signal theory to create a measurement model which reproduces quantum probabilities.

Why quantum probability does not explain the conjunction fallacy

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katya Tentori ◽  
Vincenzo Crupi
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Probability ◽  
Conjunction Fallacy ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Human Judgment ◽  
Classical Probability ◽  
Probability Approach

AbstractWe agree with Pothos & Busemeyer (P&B) that formal tools can be fruitfully employed to model human judgment under uncertainty, including well-known departures from principles of classical probability. However, existing findings either contradict P&B's quantum probability approach or support it to a limited extent. The conjunction fallacy serves as a key illustration of both kinds of problems.

scholarly journals Intra-familial phenotypic heterogeneity and telomere abnormality in von Hippel-Lindau disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangyi Wang ◽  
Xiang Peng ◽  
Cen Chen ◽  
Xianghui Ning ◽  
Shuanghe Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Heterogeneity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Onset Age ◽  
Genetic Anticipation ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau ◽  
Birth Order Effect ◽  
Vhl Disease

AbstractVon Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a hereditary cancer syndrome with poor survival. The current recommendations have proposed uniform surveillance strategies for all patients, neglecting the obvious phenotypic varieties. In this study, we aim to confirm the phenotypic heterogeneity in VHL disease and the underlying mechanism. A total of 151 parent-child pairs were enrolled for genetic anticipation analysis, and 77 sibling pairs for birth order effect analysis. Four statistical methods were used to compare the onset age of patients among different generations and different birth orders. The results showed that the average onset age was 18.9 years earlier in children than in their parents, which was statistically significant in all of the four statistical methods. Furthermore, the first-born siblings were affected 8.3 years later than the other ones among the maternal patients. Telomere shortening was confirmed to be associated with genetic anticipation in VHL families, while it failed to explain the birth order effect. Moreover, no significant difference was observed for overall survival between parents and children (p=0.834) and between first-born patients and the other siblings (p=0.390). This study provides definitive evidence and possible mechanisms of intra-familial phenotypic heterogeneity in VHL families, which is helpful to the update of surveillance guidelines.

scholarly journals Perspectives on Correctness in Probabilistic Inference from Psychology

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel M. Pothos ◽  
Irina Basieva ◽  
Andrei Khrennikov ◽  
James M. Yearsley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Theory ◽  
Probability Theory ◽  
Probabilistic Inference ◽  
Quantum Probability ◽  
Conjunction Fallacy ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Classical Probability ◽  
Wason Selection Task ◽  
Classical Probability Theory

Abstract Research into decision making has enabled us to appreciate that the notion of correctness is multifaceted. Different normative framework for correctness can lead to different insights about correct behavior. We illustrate the shifts for correctness insights with two tasks, the Wason selection task and the conjunction fallacy task; these tasks have had key roles in the development of logical reasoning and decision making research respectively. The Wason selection task arguably has played an important part in the transition from understanding correctness using classical logic to classical probability theory (and information theory). The conjunction fallacy has enabled a similar shift from baseline classical probability theory to quantum probability. The focus of this overview is the latter, as it represents a novel way for understanding probabilistic inference in psychology. We conclude with some of the current challenges concerning the application of quantum probability theory in psychology in general and specifically for the problem of understanding correctness in decision making.

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