scholarly journals The Municipal Authority as an Organizational Framework for Regional Public Water Systems

1973 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-171
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Daugherty ◽  
J. Dean Jansma
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
The Public ◽  
Municipal Authority ◽  
Supply Industry ◽  
Public Water Systems ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Of Customers ◽  
Over Time

Demands on the public water supply “industry” have been increasing steadily. Most of the existing systems have experienced increased water use per customer over time, as well as a greater number of customers. There has also been a growing interest in and concern about providing adequate quantities of safe, treated water for all of the Nation's population. The cost of providing public water systems for “an estimated 30,000 smaller communities, unincorporated settled areas and farming sectors in rural territory without systems” was estimated at $6 billion in 1966 [1, p. 978]. The cost of completing this task has probably increased, even though many water systems have been installed in these communities since 1966.

The Internet Trap

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Hindman
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attention Economy ◽  
Digital News ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

The Internet was supposed to fragment audiences and make media monopolies impossible. Instead, behemoths like Google and Facebook now dominate the time we spend online—and grab all the profits from the attention economy. This book explains how this happened. It sheds light on the stunning rise of the digital giants and the online struggles of nearly everyone else—and reveals what small players can do to survive in a game that is rigged against them. The book shows how seemingly tiny advantages in attracting users can snowball over time. The Internet has not reduced the cost of reaching audiences—it has merely shifted who pays and how. Challenging some of the most enduring myths of digital life, the book explains why the Internet is not the postindustrial technology that has been sold to the public, how it has become mathematically impossible for grad students in a garage to beat Google, and why net neutrality alone is no guarantee of an open Internet. It also explains why the challenges for local digital news outlets and other small players are worse than they appear and demonstrates what it really takes to grow a digital audience and stay alive in today's online economy. The book shows why, even on the Internet, there is still no such thing as a free audience.

scholarly journals Economies of Size Among Municipal Water Authorities in Pennsylvania

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Daugherty ◽  
J. Dean Jansma
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Suburban Communities ◽  
Economies Of Size ◽  
Public Water Systems ◽  
Number Of Customers ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Water utilities are being subjected to progressively greater economic pressures. The demand for water is increasing, due to both a growing number of customers and rising per capita consumption. Consequently, many utilities are faced with declining reserves of water, necessitating additional investment to develop sources of supply. Frequently, new or enlarged facilities to treat, store and distribute the larger volume of water are required. Public policies, also, are promoting the extension or development of public water systems to serve sparsely populated suburban communities, small towns, and rural areas. All these changes affecting the demand for water, combined with rising construction costs, are causing water utility costs to skyrocket.

Developing an approach to calculate the WEI for the Austrian Rhine catchment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Broer ◽  
Arnulf Schönbauer ◽  
Helga Lindinger ◽  
Heike Brielmann ◽  
Roman Neunteufel
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Supply Industry ◽  
The University ◽  
Rhine Catchment

<p>Even though Austria is a water rich country, which uses approximately 3% of its water resources, regional and seasonal challenges to ensure the water supply might occur. To facilitate a long-term, sustainable strategy for water use, detailed information on available water resources and water demand as well as possible changes due to climate change are necessary. In the “Wasserschatz” project the current available groundwater resource and the water use for the following sectors: agriculture, public water supply, industry and selected services (technical snowing and golf courses) were elaborated.</p><p>For the Austrian part of the Rhine catchment, the Water Exploitation Index was calculated for the year 2016. Where applicable the abstraction data obtained in the “Wasserschatz” project were directly used in the WEI equation. The data for the WEI equation was obtained from very different data sources (measured data, estimated data, extrapolated data) a differentiated approach was needed for each type of data and for each sector.</p><p>A very important part of the WEI are the returns, for which a different method for each sector were developed (agriculture, public water supply, selected services, industry and energy). For agriculture it was assumed that water applied as irrigation was completely transpired into the atmosphere. For cattle, the abstraction data were calculated from the amount cattle, returns were estimated according to the milk production. The abstractions for the drinking water supply were obtained from a model developed by the Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (Vienna), the returns are assumed to be a fixed factor from the abstractions.  For the Industry abstraction data were obtained from the water register(official notices) and from questionnaires (real abstraction data). The responses from the questionnaires were categorized according to company size and NACE codes and the data was extrapolated to other companies. For the returns either data from the water register was used or factors from literature were used.</p><p>To obtain the renewable resources the calculated outflow of the Rhine catchment was used. The water use in the WEI is described as the abstractions – returns, where all the water that stays in the catchment is considered a return. For a water rich catchment as the Rhine, the WEI is expected to be very low. In a future step the WEI index for the Austrian part of the Danube will also be calculated. Another planned improvement is to disaggregate the available data and calculate a seasonal WEI+.</p>

scholarly journals Prioritizing Water Pipe Renewal Using Fuzzy Set Theory / Priorytetyzacja Odnowy Przewodów Wodociągowych z Zastosowaniem Teorii Zbiorów Rozmytych

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-250
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
The Public ◽  
Consequence Analysis ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present the novel approach to risk assessment in combination with failure and consequence analysis, depending on two parameters defined by the fuzzy functions: the repair time of water pipe and the cost of water pipe repair, what allow to determine particular risk levels. The presented methodology can be used to describe the functioning of the public water supply in terms of its renewal.

scholarly journals A Cost Increase Analysis of Weapon Systems Using the Paache Index: Cases from the German Bundeswehr

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Essig ◽  
Andreas H. Glas ◽  
Simon Mondry
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cost Increase ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Framework Model ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The media and the public often make claims regarding the excessive cost increases in the development and production of major weapon systems such as fighter planes, submarines or tanks. The purpose of this research is in assessing the cost increase of such weapon systems during their procurement periods with the help of the Paasche price index. In contrast to other approaches, which focus upon either the specific situations of single weapon systems or cost increases relative to planned budgets, we compare several projects of military services and their cost increases over time to reveal generalisable trends. For this purpose, we used a framework model that allows for performance and cost comparisons. This paper primarily emphasises the cost perspective by calculating a Paasche index for each chosen project. As a background case for our analysis, we have used the acquisition projects for major weapon systems in Germany. However, the framework model that this study employs is universally applicable. In contrast to the public perception of cost increases, we could not find any clear trend that would indicate that modern weapon systems have a significantly higher (or lower) cost increase than was the case for projects several decades before. To give brief insight into the empirical findings, the cost increase ratios of the Starfighter and Eurofighter jets have the same level, while cost increase ratios of other weapon systems (APC tanks, submarines) differ significantly (to the worse and to the better) over time. Our findings imply that there is no general trend that today the costs for weapon systems increase more/less than some decades ago. This paper calculates data only from the regarded seven cases therefore we could not question the causes for this observation on basis of our sample. However, it appears that, within a specific service or a specific vehicle type (tank, fighter jet, ship/boat), cost increases may be similar over time.

scholarly journals Upaństwowianie romantyzmu” w kinie II RP. O „Panu Tadeuszu” w reżyserii Ryszarda Ordyńskiego

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Szyngiel
Keyword(s):  
Social Engineering ◽  
Film Adaptation ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In

The article concerns the film Pan Tadeusz (1928) by Ryszard Ordyński, and issues related to the adaptation process and political reception of Mickiewicz’s artwork. In the first part of the text, the author discusses the application of 19th-century romantic ideas by the Sanacja authorities as part of their historical policy. The cult of Romanticism was realized on many levels, including everyday life as well as literature, art and journalism. Its functioning was conditioned by the existence of a holistic romantic narrative and the possibilities it brought in terms of building the continuity of tradition in social awareness. These possibilities resulted from the patriotic staffage, which over time surrounded the work of romantic bards. The second part of the text describes the tendencies dominating in Polish cinema at that time, the most important of which are the politicisation and the „Upaństwowienie romantyzmu” w kinie II RP domination of love themes. These directions influenced the final shape of the films made in the 1920s. Afterwards, R. Ordyński’s film was presented, taking into account the political and cultural background mentioned above. The production of the picture aroused great interest among the public opinion and reviewers. The subject of discussion at that time was fidelity of the film adaptation to the literary prototype. In the article, Pan Tadeusz was presented as an example of an artwork committed to ideology. The screen trivialization of the content of Mickiewicz’s poem took place at the level of creation of a world that was simplified and devoid of romantic ambivalence, as well as in meticulous presenting details at the cost of more significant elements of the work, and intentional lowering of the level of presented content. In this way, Pan Tadeusz was a commercial undertaking, and at the same time it participated in the process of a kind of social engineering. It was a tool for building national consciousness in a reborn Polish state and, in a way, for reigning souls.

scholarly journals Does Water Quality Improve When a Safe Drinking Water Act Violation Is Issued? A Study of the Effectiveness of the SDWA in California

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine K. Grooms
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water Act ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Scrutiny ◽  
Public Water Systems ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Public Notification ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract The Safe Drinking Water Act addresses harmful contaminants in drinking water by providing states the authority to monitor public water systems, notify the public of exceedances above allowable levels, and cite persistent violators. Violating water systems are subject to intense regulatory and public scrutiny. The response of contaminant levels to violation status has not been explored empirically. This paper addresses this relationship through an event study using data on arsenic and nitrate levels in California. I find that violation status has a significant positive effect on nitrate levels post-violation, but no effect on arsenic levels. I also examine the effect of the 2006 arsenic Maximum Contaminant Level revision, finding a discontinuity in contaminant levels at revision. These results suggest that while public disclosure may deter systems from violating, once they go into violation the Public Notification Rule is not effective at encouraging a return to compliance.

scholarly journals Waterminer – a regional spatio-temporal approach to water reuse management in mining areas in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-534
Author(s):  
S. Greassidis ◽  
V. Trinh Quoc ◽  
K. Brömme ◽  
H. Stolpe
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
External Water

Abstract Mining is usually associated with draining of large quantities of water. On the other hand, mining operations themselves are water users for purposes like coal or ore washing, dust mitigation, recultivation, etc. The normally existing water surplus can be seen as a resource for public purposes instead of discharging the water to rivers and the sea. It is typical for the mining operation that these water amounts vary spatio-temporally according to the mining process. The R&D project WaterMiner investigates the example of the Hon Gai hard coal mining area in Ha Long, Vietnam, as to how and to what extent under the variable spatio-temporal conditions the mine water can cover the water demand in the mines themselves and contribute to the public water supply in the surrounding settlement area of Hon Gai. The spatio-temporal change of mine water drainage, mine water treatment and mine-internal water use and the potential mine-external water use volumes in the project region are investigated by a material flow model and visualized by Sankey diagrams, maps, and tables. Several options for delivery of mine water for mine-external water uses as a contribution to the public water supply are shown.

Mecanismul de reglementare economică a utilizării apelor în bh RĂUT (în limitele RD Centru)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petru Bacal ◽  
◽  
Veronica Railean ◽  
Daniela Burduja ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Development Region ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

The scope of this study is application of economic regulation of water use in the Raut river basin (in the limits of Central Development Region from Republic of Moldova. The main objectives of studies are: 1) the analysis of the costs and tariffs of the water supply and sanitation services; 3) the cost recovery analysis of water of water use of the public water supply and sanitation systems; 3) evaluation of financial performance of water supply companies; 4) financing of water sector the area of study; 5) elaboration of recommendations for reforming of economic mechanism for sustainable use of water resources.

scholarly journals ἄριστον μέν ὕδωρ: An Examination of the Public Waterworks in Athens in the Early 5thC BCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seraphina Vasilodimitrakis-Hart
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
New Public ◽  
Fountain House ◽  
Public Water Systems ◽  
The City

This article examines the design and social impact of waterways in Athens in the early 5thC BCE. While the Athenian political landscape transitioned from a series of tyrannies to democracy at the end of the Archaic period (ca. 650-480 BCE), the archaeological record also shows widespread innovation in the development of public water systems, particularly in sanitation and water supply. A movement away from buildings constructed by the Athenian tyrants facilitated the development of the Classical Agora and the creation of new public-use spaces and structures, like the Southeast Fountain House and the Great Drain in the Agora. The fountain has long been identified with the famous Peisistratid Enneakrounos (“Nine Spouts”) fountain, but through investigation into the arguments of J.M. Camp and Jessica Paga, I propose that a later date ca. 500 BCE is more suitable for the historical and archaeological context of the fountain.  I investigate several Athenian waterworks built/maintained during the late Archaic period to the Classical period (~500-323 BCE): the Great Drain in the Agora, the Southeast Fountain House, the Klepsydra fountain, and the Asklepieion on the Akropolis. The works of Hippocrates, Thucydides, and—to a lesser extent—Pausanias, inform my examination of the implications of the construction of these waterworks and the development of democracy in the 5th century. These waterways show a dedicated shift from the private use of water and tyrannical building works, to a new, fully public and communal mode of engagement with the city and its resources.

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