The classification of Oceanic languages

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Oceanic Languages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Internal Relationships

ABSTRACTThis paper surveys the literature regarding the linguistic subgrouping and historical affiliations of languages within the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian language family. It provides an overview of the evidence for the Oceanic subgroup and its external affiliations, as well as an overview of the internal relationships between languages of the family. It explores questions that have been settled to the satisfaction of most people working within the field, and identifies outstanding issues still of importance to practitioners in the area. A final section discusses a range of literature which surveys aspects of Oceanic linguistics apart from its subgrouping.

A Bayesian approach to the classification of the Turkic languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Alexander Savelyev
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Independent Verification ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
The Family ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Common ◽  
Widespread View

Despite more than 150 years of research, the internal structure of the Turkic language family remains a controversial issue. In this study, the Bayesian phylogenetic approach is employed in order to provide an independent verification of the contemporary views on Turkic linguistic history. The data underlying the study are Turkic basic vocabularies, which are resistant to replacement and likely to reflect the genealogical relationships among the Turkic languages. The method tested in the chapter is based on the strict clock model of evolution, which assumes that relevant changes occur at the same rate at every branch of the family. This study supports the widespread view that the binary split between Bulgharic and Common Turkic was the earliest split in the Turkic family. The model further replicates most of the conventional subgroups within the Common Turkic branch. Based on a Bayesian analysis, the time depth of Proto-Turkic is estimated to be around 2,119 years BP, which is in accordance with the traditional estimates of 2,000–2,500 years BP.

Linguistic Evidence as a Window into the Prehistory of Oceania

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Pawley
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Southwest Pacific ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Oceanic Languages ◽  
The Family

Historical linguistics is a key witness in reconstructing the prehistory of Oceania. The extraordinary number of Papuan (non-Austronesian) language families in Near Oceania is consistent with archaeological evidence that this region was settled over 40,000 years ago. One family, Trans New Guinea, is exceptional in its wide distribution, suggesting that its expansion was underpinned by technological advances. Most Austronesian languages of Oceania fall into a single branch of the family, Oceanic, indicating that they stem from a bottleneck in the Austronesian expansion into the southwest Pacific, associated with the formation of Proto Oceanic (POc). The final stages of this formative period almost certainly took place in the Bismarck Archipelago and the subsequent rapid dispersal of Oceanic languages across the southwest Pacific can be connected with the region's colonization by bearers of the Lapita archaeological culture. The reconstructed lexicon of POc provides information about early Lapita material culture and social organization.

scholarly journals The internal classification of the Arawan languages

2010 ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Stefan Dienst
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Language Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Linguistic Classification ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT The Arawan language family of south-western Amazonia was named after the extinct Arawá language, which is only known from a short wordlist collected by William Chandless in 1867. This paper investigates what Chandless’s list tells us about the position of Arawá within the family and what can currently be said about the relationship between the living Arawan languages.KEYWORDS: Arawan, historical linguistics, linguistic classification. RESUMO A família lingüística Arawá do sudoeste da Amazônia recebeu o nome de uma língua extinta que é conhecida somente a partir de uma curta lista de palavras coletada por William Chandless em 1867. Este artigo examina o que a lista de Chandless revela sobre a posição da língua Arawá dentro da família e o que se pode dizer atualmente sobre a relação entre as línguas vivas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arawá, lingüística histórica, classificação lingüística

scholarly journals Aslian linguistic prehistory

Diachronica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dunn ◽  
Niclas Burenhult ◽  
Nicole Kruspe ◽  
Sylvia Tufvesson ◽  
Neele Becker
Keyword(s):  
Family Tree ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
The Family ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
External Relationships ◽  
Austroasiatic Languages ◽  
Lexical Data

This paper analyzes newly collected lexical data from 26 languages of the Aslian subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family using computational phylogenetic methods. We show the most likely topology of the Aslian family tree, discuss rooting and external relationships to other Austroasiatic languages, and investigate differences in the rates of diversification of different branches. Evidence is given supporting the classification of Jah Hut as a fourth top level subgroup of the family. The phylogenetic positions of known geographic and linguistic outlier languages are clarified, and the relationships of the little studied Aslian languages of Southern Thailand to the rest of the family are explored.

scholarly journals The internal classification of the Arawan languages

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Stefan Dienst
Keyword(s):  
Language Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship

The Arawan language family of south-western Amazonia was named after the extinct Arawá language, which is only known from a short wordlist collected by William Chandless in 1867. This paper investigates what Chandless’s list tells us about the position of Arawá within the family and what can currently be said about the relationship between the living Arawan languages.

Three new species, two new genera, and new family Biphragmosagittidae (Сhaetognatha) from Southwest Pacific Ocean

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-173
Author(s):  
A.P. Kassatkina
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Order ◽  
New Genera ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Three New Species

Resuming published and own data, a revision of classification of Chaetognatha is presented. The family Sagittidae Claus & Grobben, 1905 is given a rank of subclass, Sagittiones, characterised, in particular, by the presence of two pairs of sac-like gelatinous structures or two pairs of fins. Besides the order Aphragmophora Tokioka, 1965, it contains the new order Biphragmosagittiformes ord. nov., which is a unique group of Chaetognatha with an unusual combination of morphological characters: the transverse muscles present in both the trunk and the tail sections of the body; the seminal vesicles simple, without internal complex compartments; the presence of two pairs of lateral fins. The only family assigned to the new order, Biphragmosagittidae fam. nov., contains two genera. Diagnoses of the two new genera, Biphragmosagitta gen. nov. (type species B. tarasovi sp. nov. and B. angusticephala sp. nov.) and Biphragmofastigata gen. nov. (type species B. fastigata sp. nov.), detailed descriptions and pictures of the three new species are presented.

scholarly journals Extensive Phylogenetic Analysis of Piscine Orthoreovirus Genomic Sequences Shows the Robustness of Subgenotype Classification

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Marcos Godoy ◽  
Daniel A. Medina ◽  
Rudy Suarez ◽  
Sandro Valenzuela ◽  
Jaime Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Genomic Segment ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
The Family ◽  
Original Classification

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) belongs to the family Reoviridae and has been described mainly in association with salmonid infections. The genome of PRV consists of about 23,600 bp, with 10 segments of double-stranded RNA, classified as small (S1 to S4), medium (M1, M2 and M3) and large (L1, L2 and L3); these range approximately from 1000 bp (segment S4) to 4000 bp (segment L1). How the genetic variation among PRV strains affects the virulence for salmonids is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to describe the molecular phylogeny of PRV based on an extensive sequence analysis of the S1 and M2 segments of PRV available in the GenBank database to date (May 2020). The analysis was extended to include new PRV sequences for S1 and M2 segments. In addition, subgenotype classifications were assigned to previously published unclassified sequences. It was concluded that the phylogenetic trees are consistent with the original classification using the PRV genomic segment S1, which differentiates PRV into two major genotypes, I and II, and each of these into two subgenotypes, designated as Ia and Ib, and IIa and IIb, respectively. Moreover, some clusters of country- and host-specific PRV subgenotypes were observed in the subset of sequences used. This work strengthens the subgenotype classification of PRV based on the S1 segment and can be used to enhance research on the virulence of PRV.

scholarly journals Sequence data from isolated lichen-associated melanized fungi enhance delimitation of two new lineages within Chaetothyriomycetidae

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 911-927
Author(s):  
Lucia Muggia ◽  
Yu Quan ◽  
Cécile Gueidan ◽  
Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi ◽  
Martin Grube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Asexual Propagation ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rock Inhabiting Fungi ◽  
Stable Habitat

AbstractLichen thalli provide a long-lived and stable habitat for colonization by a wide range of microorganisms. Increased interest in these lichen-associated microbial communities has revealed an impressive diversity of fungi, including several novel lineages which still await formal taxonomic recognition. Among these, members of the Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes usually occur asymptomatically in the lichen thalli, even if they share ancestry with fungi that may be parasitic on their host. Mycelia of the isolates are characterized by melanized cell walls and the fungi display exclusively asexual propagation. Their taxonomic placement requires, therefore, the use of DNA sequence data. Here, we consider recently published sequence data from lichen-associated fungi and characterize and formally describe two new, individually monophyletic lineages at family, genus, and species levels. The Pleostigmataceae fam. nov. and Melanina gen. nov. both comprise rock-inhabiting fungi that associate with epilithic, crust-forming lichens in subalpine habitats. The phylogenetic placement and the monophyly of Pleostigmataceae lack statistical support, but the family was resolved as sister to the order Verrucariales. This family comprises the species Pleostigma alpinum sp. nov., P. frigidum sp. nov., P. jungermannicola, and P. lichenophilum sp. nov. The placement of the genus Melanina is supported as a lineage within the Chaetothyriales. To date, this genus comprises the single species M. gunde-cimermaniae sp. nov. and forms a sister group to a large lineage including Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriaceae, Cyphellophoraceae, and Trichomeriaceae. The new phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Chaetothyiomycetidae provides new insight into genus and family level delimitation and classification of this ecologically diverse group of fungi.

A comparison of methodological approaches to the subfamilial classification of the Naididae (Oligochaeta)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. L. Nemec ◽  
R. O. Brinkhurst
Keyword(s):  
Data Matrix ◽  
Jaccard Coefficient ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parsimony Method ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Linkage Methods ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

A data matrix of 23 generic or subgeneric taxa versus 24 characters and a shorter matrix of 15 characters were analyzed by means of ordination, cluster analyses, parsimony, and compatibility methods (the last two of which are phylogenetic tree reconstruction methods) and the results were compared inter alia and with traditional methods. Various measures of fit for evaluating the parsimony methods were employed. There were few compatible characters in the data set, and much homoplasy, but most analyses separated a group based on Stylaria from the rest of the family, which could then be separated into four groups, recognized here for the first time as tribes (Naidini, Derini, Pristinini, and Chaetogastrini). There was less consistency of results within these groups. Modern methods produced results that do not conflict with traditional groupings. The Jaccard coefficient minimizes the significance of symplesiomorphy and complete linkage avoids chaining effects and corresponds to actual similarities, unlike single or average linkage methods, respectively. Ordination complements cluster analysis. The Wagner parsimony method was superior to the less flexible Camin–Sokal approach and produced better measure of fit statistics. All of the aforementioned methods contain areas susceptible to subjective decisions but, nevertheless, they lead to a complete disclosure of both the methods used and the assumptions made, and facilitate objective hypothesis testing rather than the presentation of conflicting phylogenies based on the different, undisclosed premises of manual approaches.

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